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    The Case of Wagner
    The Case of Wagner
    The Case of Wagner
    Ebook109 pages1 hour

    The Case of Wagner

    By Friedrich Nietzsche

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    The book is a critique of Richard Wagner and the announcement of Nietzsche's rupture with the German artist, who had involved himself too much, in Nietzsche's eyes, in the nationalist movement. His music is no longer represented as a possible "philosophical affect," and Wagner is ironically compared to Georges Bizet. However, Nietzsche presents Wagner as only a particular symptom of a broader "disease" that is affecting Europe: that is, nihilism. The book shows Nietzsche as a capable music-critic, and provides the setting for some of his further reflections on the nature of art and its relationship to the future health of humanity.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherInteractive Media
    Release dateSep 23, 2019
    ISBN9781787360631
    Author

    Friedrich Nietzsche

    Friedrich Nietzsche wird 1844 in Röcken in Sachsen geboren. Nach dem Studium der Philologie und Theologie in Bonn und Leipzig wird er mit 24 Jahren Professor für Klassische Philologie in Basel. Dort lernt er Richard Wagner kennen, der sein Denken zusammen mit den Schriften Schopenhauers am stärksten beeinflußt. Im Krieg 1870/71 wird Nietzsche freiwillig Krankenpfleger, kehrt aber selbst erkrankt zurück und muß sich 1879 von seinem Lehramt dispensieren lassen.Als Außenseiter unter den deutschen Philosophen des späten 19. Jahrhunderts bleibt der Philologe Nietzsche in der Philosophie Autodidakt. In seinem ersten philosophischen Werk Die Geburt der Tragödie aus dem Geiste der Musik (1872) entwickelt Nietzsche die These, daß in den Wagnerschen Dramen die Tragödie aus der Musik wiedergeboren wird und formuliert den Antagonismus zwischen Apollinischem und Dionysischem.Schon die Unzeitgemäßen Betrachtungen von 1876 zeigen die Entfremdung von Wagner, die Distanz zur Philosophie Schopenhauers wird mit Menschliches, Allzumenschliches offenbar. Nietzsche wählt die Unabgeschlossenheit der aphoristischen Form, die für ihn zu einem neuen „Denkstil für freie Geister“ paßt. Während des immer stärkeren Rückzugs in die Einsamkeit bereitet Nietzsche die Neuausgaben seiner Werke vor, für die er neue Vorreden schreibt, die als Selbstinterpretationen gelesen werden können. In den Jahren ab 1883 erscheinen die zentralen philosophischen Dichtungen des Spätwerks Also sprach Zarathustra, Jenseits von Gut und Böse oder Ecce homo. 1889 erleidet Nietzsche in Turin den endgültigen geistigen Zusammenbruch und wird in eine Nervenheilanstalt eingeliefert. In zunehmender geistiger Umnachtung verbringt er seine letzten Lebensjahre in der Pflege seiner Mutter und seiner Schwester. Nietzsche stirbt 1900 in Weimar.

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      The Case of Wagner - Friedrich Nietzsche

      FOOTNOTES

      PREFACE

      I am writing this to relieve my mind. It is not malice alone which makes me praise Bizet at the expense of Wagner in this essay. Amid a good deal of jesting I wish to make one point clear which does not admit of levity. To turn my back on Wagner was for me a piece of fate, to get to like anything else whatever afterwards was for me a triumph. Nobody, perhaps, had ever been more dangerously involved in Wagnerism, nobody had defended himself more obstinately against it, nobody had ever been so overjoyed at ridding himself of it. A long history!—Shall I give it a name?—If I were a moralist, who knows what I might not call it! Perhaps a piece of self-mastery.—But the philosopher does not like the moralist, neither does he like high-falutin’ words.…

      What is the first and last thing that a philosopher demands of himself? To overcome his age in himself, to become timeless. With what then does the philosopher have the greatest fight? With all that in him which makes him the child of his time. Very well then! I am just as much a child of my age as Wagner—i.e., I am a decadent. The only difference is that I recognised the fact, that I struggled against it. The philosopher in me struggled against it.

      My greatest preoccupation hitherto has been the problem of decadence, and I had reasons for this. Good and evil form only a playful subdivision of this problem. If one has trained one’s eye to detect the symptoms of decline, one also understands morality,—one understands what lies concealed beneath its holiest names and tables of values: e.g., impoverished life, the will to nonentity, great exhaustion. Morality denies life.… In order to undertake such a mission I was obliged to exercise self-discipline:—I had to side against all that was morbid in myself including Wagner, including Schopenhauer, including the whole of modern humanity.—A profound estrangement, coldness and soberness towards all that belongs to my age, all that was contemporary: and as the highest wish, Zarathustra’s eye, an eye which surveys the whole phenomenon—mankind—from an enormous distance,—which looks down upon it.—For such a goal—what sacrifice would not have been worth while? What self-mastery! What self-denial!

      The greatest event of my life took the form of a recovery. Wagner belongs only to my diseases.

      Not that I wish to appear ungrateful to this disease. If in this essay I support the proposition that Wagner is harmful, I none the less wish to point out unto whom, in spite of all, he is indispensable—to the philosopher. Anyone else may perhaps be able to get on without Wagner: but the philosopher is not free to pass him by. The philosopher must be the evil conscience of his age,—but to this end he must be possessed of its best knowledge. And what better guide, or more thoroughly efficient revealer of the soul, could be found for the labyrinth of the modern spirit than Wagner? Through Wagner modernity speaks her most intimate language: it conceals neither its good nor its evil: it has thrown off all shame. And, conversely, one has almost calculated the whole of the value of modernity once one is clear concerning what is good and evil in Wagner. I can perfectly well understand a musician of to-day who says: I hate Wagner but I can endure no other music. But I should also understand a philosopher who said, Wagner is modernity in concentrated form. There is no help for it, we must first be Wagnerites.…

      1.

      Yesterday—would you believe it?—I heard Bizet’s masterpiece for the twentieth time. Once more I attended with the same gentle reverence; once again I did not run away. This triumph over my impatience surprises me. How such a work completes one! Through it one almost becomes a masterpiece oneself—And, as a matter of fact, each time I heard Carmen it seemed to me that I was more of a philosopher, a better philosopher than at other times: I became so forbearing, so happy, so Indian, so settled.… To sit for five hours: the first step to holiness!—May I be allowed to say that Bizet’s orchestration is the only one that I can endure now? That other orchestration which is all the rage at present—the Wagnerian—is brutal, artificial and unsophisticated withal, hence its appeal to all the three senses of the modern soul at once. How terribly Wagnerian orchestration affects me! I call it the Sirocco. A disagreeable sweat breaks out all over me. All my fine weather vanishes.

      Bizet’s music seems to me perfect. It comes forward lightly, gracefully, stylishly. It is lovable, it does not sweat. All that is good is easy, everything divine runs with light feet: this is the first principle of my æsthetics. This music is wicked, refined, fatalistic, and withal remains popular,—it possesses the refinement of a race, not of an individual. It is rich. It is definite. It builds, organises, completes, and in this sense it stands as a contrast to the polypus in music, to endless melody. Have more painful, more tragic accents ever been heard on the stage before? And how are they obtained? Without grimaces! Without counterfeiting of any kind! Free from the lie of the grand style!—In short: this music assumes that the listener is intelligent even as a musician,—thereby it is the opposite of Wagner, who, apart from everything else, was in any case the most ill-mannered genius on earth (Wagner takes us as if … , he repeats a thing so often that we become desperate,—that we ultimately believe it).

      And once more: I become a better man when Bizet speaks to me. Also a better musician, a better listener. Is it in any way possible to listen better?—I even burrow behind this music with my ears. I hear its very cause. I seem to assist at its birth. I tremble before the dangers which this daring music runs, I am enraptured over those happy accidents for which even Bizet himself may not be responsible.—And, strange to say, at bottom I do not give it a thought, or am not aware how much thought I really do give it. For quite other ideas are running through my head the while.… Has any one ever observed that music emancipates the spirit? gives wings to thought? and that the more one becomes a musician the more one is also a philosopher? The grey sky of abstraction seems thrilled by flashes of lightning; the light is strong enough to reveal all the details of things; to enable one to grapple with problems; and the world is surveyed as if from a mountain top—With this I have defined philosophical pathos—And unexpectedly answers drop into my lap, a small hailstorm of ice and wisdom, of problems solved. Where am I? Bizet makes me productive. Everything that is good makes me productive. I have gratitude for nothing else, nor have I any other touchstone for testing what is good.

      2.

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