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    Study of Crude Drugs
    Study of Crude Drugs
    Study of Crude Drugs
    Ebook278 pages2 hours

    Study of Crude Drugs

    By M. A. Iyengar

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    DRUGS: Acacia, Aconite, Agar, Alginate, Aloes, Arnla, Arachis Oil, Arjuna, Artemisia, Asafoetida, Asoka, Aswagandha, Bael, Bahera, Balsam of Tolu, Banafsha, Bavchi, Bees Wax, Belladonna Herb, Belladonna Root, Benzoin, Bitter Almond, Brahmi, Camphor, Cannabis, Cantharides, Capsicum, Caraway, Cardamom, Cascara, Cassia, Castor Oil, Catechu (Black), Catechu (Pale), Chaulmoogra Oil, Chenopodium Oil, Chirata, Chrysarobin, Cinchona, Cinnamon, Clove, Cocaine, Colchicum, Colocynth, Colophony,  Coriander, Cotton, Datura Herb, Digitals, Dill, Dioscorea, Ephedra, Ergot, Eucalyptus, Fennel, Gelatin, Gentian, Ginger, Gokhru, Guar Gum, Honey, Hyoscyamus, Ipecac, Ipomoea, Isapgol, Jalap, Jatamansi, Kaladana, Kalmegh, Kaolin, Kapur Kachri, Kesar, Kokum Butter, Kurchi, Lanolin, Lehsun, Lemongrass Oil, Lemon Peel, Licorice, Linseed, Lobelia, Male Fern, Mentha Oil, Mustard, Myrobalan, Myrrh, Nutmeg, Nux vomica, Opium, Orange Peel, Pectin, Physostigma, Picrorhiza, Pipal, Podophyllum, Pudina, Punarnava, Pyrethrum, Quassia, Quillaia, Rasna, Rauwolfia, Rhubarb, Satavari, Saussurea, Senega, Senna, Sesame Oil, Shankhpushpi, Shark-Liver Oil, Starch, Storax, Strophanthus, Tamarind, Tannic Acid, Tar, Tragacanth, Tulsi, Turmeric, Turpentine Oil, Urginea, Vaj, Valerian, Vasaka, Vidang, Vinca, Wild Cherry Bark
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherBSP BOOKS
    Release dateNov 5, 2019
    ISBN9789386211279
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      Book preview

      Study of Crude Drugs - M. A. Iyengar

      Study of Crude Drugs

      Study Of Crude Drugs

      Fifteenth Edition

      Prof. Dr. M. A. IYENGAR

      Former Faculty

      Department of Pharmacognosy

      Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences

      MANIPAL – 576 104

      INDIA

      Study of Crude Drugs

      ISBN : 978-81-7800-288-0 (Paperback)

      © 1981

      2019 21th Reprint

      All rights reserved.

      Dedicated to this place

      MANIPAL

      the halo that enshrines education

      the sceptre that endows a healing touch

      the light that guides the pride of tomorrow.

      It is gratifying to note the warm reception accorded to my books published hitherto and I take this opportunity to thank those numerous student friends and well-wishers whose encouragement stimulated me. to continue in my venture. I hope this book too would receive the same warm treatment at their hands.

      Study of Crude Drugs is a companion volume to the other books authored by me. The Pharmacy Council of India has thoroughly revised the syllabus. I on my part have tried to meet the requirements of the syllabus which however have not been defined properly. I have tried here to provide suitable material in the form of information and to present it in the way in which it may most easily be assimilated. One hundred and twentyfive drugs are dealt with in a set proforma. The information on chemistry is indicative rather than extensive. Everything in this book is intended to help the student to express himself correctly and fluently in Pharmacognosy and any item not directly serving this end has been deliberately excluded.

      Acknowledgement: Thanks giving is a pleasant task. Any work of this nature however small it may be, needs the help of many heads and hands. The author is highly indebted to Shri Y. R. Chada, Director and Chief Editor, Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi, who kindly gave permission to transfer some of the morphological descriptions of drugs from one of the rare and classical works. The Indian Pharmaceutical Codex by Dr. B. Mukherji. Grateful thanks are also due to Ms. Lea Febiger, Philadelphia and Ms. Bailliere Tindall, London. .

      Shri S. Gopalakrishna Nayak, my colleague in the Department, has as usual rendered valuable help in bringing out this edition. I am gratefully indebted to him. Another colleague Shri H. K. Kakrani, has obliged me by supplying relevant information and I owe him grateful thanks.

      I also wish to express my sincere thanks to the following: The Management and Academy of General Education, Manipal, Shri T. Ramesh U. Pai, Registrar, Academy of General Education, Manipal, Dr. Ramdas Pai, Medical Director, KMCH, Manipal, Prof. Dr. A. Krishna Rao, Dean., KMC, Manipal, Prof. Dr' P. K. R. Warrier, Prof, and Head of the Department of Surgery, KMCH, Manipal, (Mrs.) Dr. Malati Chauhan, and Prof. Dr. Devani both of LMzCollege of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad and Prof. Dr. H. Wagner, Director, Instituet fuer Pharmazeutische Arzneimi'ttellehre der Universitaet Muenchen, West Germany.

      And finally, Mr. Mohandas Pai, Mr. Satish Pai, Mr. Bhaskar Rao and the friendly staff of Manipal Power Press.

      If quality is the way of life, nothing can stop it. Thanks to all concerned.

      With gratitude and grateful thanks, I acknowledge the commendable, consistent and continuous support from my good friend Dr. Amit Agarwal, Director (R & D) NATURAL REMEDIES Private Limited, Bangalore.

      CONTENTS

      Preface

      How to use this Book ?

      Introduction to Elementary Phytochemistry

      DRUGS

      Acacia

      Aconite

      Agar

      Alginate

      Aloes

      Amla

      Arachis Oil

      Arjuna

      Artemisia

      Asafoetida

      Asoka

      Aswagandha

      Bael

      Bahera

      Balsam of Tolu

      Banafsha

      Bavchi

      Bees Wax

      Belladonna Herb

      Belladonna Root

      Benzoin

      Bitter Almond

      Brahmi

      Camphor

      Cannabis

      Cantharides

      Capsicum

      Caraway

      Cardamom

      Cascara

      Cassia

      Castor Oil

      Catechu (Black)

      Catechu (Pale)

      Chaulmoogra Oil

      Chenopodium Oil

      Chirata

      Chrysarobin

      Cinchona

      Cinnamon

      Clove

      Cocaine

      Colchicum

      Colocynth

      Colophony

      Coriander

      Cotton

      Datura Herb

      Digitals

      Dill

      Dioscorea

      Ephedra

      Ergot

      Eucalyptus

      Fennel

      Gelatin

      Gentian

      Ginger

      Gokhru

      Guar Gum

      Honey

      Hyoscyamus

      Ipecac

      Ipomoea

      Isapgol

      Jalap

      Jatamansi

      Kaladana

      Kalmegh

      Kaolin

      Kapur Kachri

      Kesar

      Kokum Butter

      Kurchi

      Lanolin

      Lehsun

      Lemongrass Oil

      Lemon Peel

      Licorice

      Linseed

      Lobelia

      Male Fern

      Mentha Oil

      Mustard

      Myrobalan

      Myrrh

      Nutmeg

      Nux vomica

      Opium

      Orange Peel

      Pectin

      Physostigma

      Picrorhiza

      Pipal

      Podophyllum

      Pudina

      Punarnava

      Pyrethrum

      Quassia

      Quillaia

      Rasna

      Rauwolfia

      Rhubarb

      Satavari

      Saussurea

      Senega

      Senna

      Sesame Oil

      Shankhpushpi

      Shark-Liver Oil

      Starch

      Storax

      Strophanthus

      Tamarind

      Tannic Acid

      Tar

      Tragacanth

      Tulsi

      Turmeric

      Turpentine Oil

      Urginea

      Vaj

      Valerian

      Vasaka

      Vidang

      Vinca

      Wild Cherry Bark

      Appendix I

      Appendix II

      Index to Plant (animal) Genera and Species

      Bibliography

      OTHER PUBLICATIONS BY THE SAME AUTHOR

      HOW TO USE THIS BOOK?

      One hundred and twentyfive drugs have been screened through a set proforma. The items of proforma are based on the total knowledge of a drug. The official title, the parts used in medicine,the family to which it belongs, synonyms of different Indian languages, photographs and line diagrams of crude drugs, their morphological descriptions, the chemical or active constituents, chemical tests if any, the actual and existing uses in theraphy and substitutes and adulterants where possible are the features in this proforma. Thus the knowledge about a drug is presented in a nutshell. The drugs are arranged in an alphabetical order.

      The actual name (Official Title) is followed by a definition as given in Pharmacopoeia of India and Official or Botanical (Biological) source when it is not an IP Drug, the definition covering the botanical name, part of the plant used with remarks if any, and the plant family. The Latin name of every plant appears with the author's name at the end; but the students need not take particular note of this. Photos of uncommon drugs are provided; as a Chinese saying goes, '1,000 hearings are not that effective as one seeing'. Further, line diagrams have been added in thisedition so as to help the students to drawdirectly from the specimens in their records with the aid of these diagrams. Synonyms available in all the important Indian languages are furnished. A student will understand a drug better in his own mother tongue. Chemical and active consituents of a drug are broadly classified and presented with percentage yield. Names of important constituents are also mentioned under the corresponding group headings. A separate chapter on introductory Phytochemistry gives the simple meanings of words like - alkaloids, glycosides etc., their types and the basic structures. One has to understand this part first, after which one can easily remember the various chemical or active constituents.

      Important chemical tests are given where needed and the students are advised to carry out these tests themselves independently in their practical classes. The study of Substitutes and Adulterants of the official drug forms an important aspect of Pharmacognosy and care has been taken to provide this information where available. Further, ,one more addition in this new edition is the histological details of 5 drugs prescribed for the Final D.Pharm. and these are suitably incorporated. Last but not least, all the important medicinal uses are provided. Meanings of various terminologies are explained in brackets immediately after the concerned word immaterial of the number of times the terms being repeated. In other words, care has been taken to make things for students as easy as possible.

      The appendices incorporated at the end will facilitate revision and recapitulation of things studied earlier in the text. An index of genera and species appears at the end.

      INTRODUCTION TO ELEMENTARY PHYTOCHEMISTRY

      Phytochemistry (Phyton-plant) is the chemistry dealing with plants or plant products or natural products (chemistry of natural products). Natural products comprise different chemical constituents. These chemical constituents may be therapeutically active or inactive. The ones which are active are called active constituents or active principles (alkaloids, glycosides etc.). The inactive ones are called inert chemical constituents (starch, cellulose etc.). Such inert constituents, though they possess no pharmacological or therapeutical activity, are essential for the normal physiological processes.

      Active constituents can therefore be defined as chemical constituents which exert even in minute quantities a therapeutic action either on the entire organism or even on a small tissue of the organism. The extraction of these active principles may be very simple like making aqueous infusion, decoction, tincture etc. or may be slightly more elaborate like extracting with various organic solvents and later effecting further separation by employing suitable methods like chromatography etc. Following are the active constituents included in the course:

      Alkaloids: Alkaloids are naturally occurring, nitrogenous organic compounds. They are mostly basic in character and exist in plants in the form of salts of inorganic or organic acids. The nitrogen they contain may be a part of the open chain or a part of the ring system (heterocyclic).

      It may be worth quoting here another definition of alkaloids given by a well known chemotaxonomist - Professor Hegnauer - Alkaloids are more or less toxic substances which act primarily on the central nervous system, have a basic character, contain heterocyclic nitrogen, and are synthesised in plants from amino acids or their immediate derivatives. In most cases they are of limited distribution in the plant kingdom.

      On the basis of their basic aromatic structures, alkaloids may be classified into the following groups (see Chart 1). It should be mentioned here that only the drugs under discussion and the corresponding types of alkaloids are furnished.

      1. Tropane (Belladonna herb, Hyoscyamus and Datura) 2. Indole (Rauwolfia, Ergot etc.) 3. Quinoline (Cinchona) 4. Isoquinoline (Ipecac) 5. Steroid (Kurchi) 6. Phenanthrene (Opium-Morphine) 7. Pyrazole (Withania) 8. Diterpenoid (Aconite).

      For detecting alkaloids in phytochemical screening the following general reagents are frequently used: Mayer's, Dragendorff's and Hager's.

      Although alkaloids in general are very important therapeutically there are some which are not used in medicine at all. Alkaloids act in small doses mainly on the central or autonomic nervous system. A glance at the various alkafoidal drugs in this book gives an idea that alkaloids are good analgesics, antipyretics, antispasmodics, stimulants, narcotics, sedatives, to mention a few.

      Glycosides: Glycosides are naturally occurring organic compounds which yield on hydrolysis a sugar portion and a non-sugar portion referred to as aglycone. The type

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