A Layperson’S Guide to Understanding Research and Data Analysis
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About this ebook
Lynda Rose Bruce
Dr. Bruce loves to learn. In fact, she has dedicated her life to learning, teaching, and analyzing data for many organizations. She earned a BA in psychology and MA in counseling from Chico State University in California. She then earned an EdD from the University of California at Berkeley with a focus on measurement and quantitative methods in educational psychology. Out of an interest for spirituality and metaphysics, she earned a PhD in integral energy medicine from Holos graduate school. She worked for twenty-eight years at Sonoma State University in Northern California starting as the psychometrist and ending up as the associate vice president for institutional research. She also holds a black belt in Kodenkan Jujitsu. She enjoys cooking, gardening, playing the piano, and spending time with her family and friends.
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Book preview
A Layperson’S Guide to Understanding Research and Data Analysis - Lynda Rose Bruce
Copyright © 2013 by Lynda Rose Bruce, EdD, PhD.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2013919860
ISBN: Hardcover 978-1-4931-2560-9
Softcover 978-1-4931-2559-3
eBook 978-1-4931-2561-6
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the copyright owner.
Rev. date: 11/05/2013
To order additional copies of this book, contact:
Xlibris LLC
1-888-795-4274
www.Xlibris.com
Orders@Xlibris.com
142833
CONTENTS
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1
Introduction
Epistemological Development
Research Pods
Learning Outcomes
Chapter 2
Independent And Dependent Variables
Chapter 3
Reliability
Validity
Selecting A Measure
Mental Measurements Yearbook
Tests In Print
Chapter 4
Defining A Research Hypothesis
Describing And Exploring Data
Statistical Notation
The Normal Distribution
Standard Scores
Chapter 5
Sampling And Selecting Samples For Comparison
Statistical Symbols For The Sample And The Population
Type I And Type Ii Error
Hypothesis Testing With Two Samples
Chapter 6
Comparing Two Samples
Assumptions Of The T Statistic
Analysis Of Variance
Multiple Comparisons
Beyond The Analysis Of Variance
Chapter 7
Parametric And Nonparametric Statistics
Chi-Square
Chapter 8
When To Use Which Test
Chapter 9
How To Read A Research Article
Chapter 10
Conclusion
References
In loving memory of my mother,
Florence Eleanor Swedlund Rose
(November 3, 1923-March 15, 2012),
and my father,
Edward Calvin Rose
(October 20, 1922-present)
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to acknowledge Leslie Deming, my partner in life, without whom this book would never have been possible. She is a daily source of inspiration and support. She was my colleague in doing research and statistics for fifteen years and continues to provide wonderful suggestions and ideas. A special thank-you is sent to Dr. Noel Byrne and President Eduardo Ochoa for their recommendations for this work. I would like to thank my many friends for upholding me during times of distress and helping me celebrate during times of joy—Ardath, Anita, Diane, Linda, Mary, Beth, Karen and Jeff, Cynthia, Pat—and to the wonderful staff at Xlibris, especially Xena Teves, who was a taskmaster and helped me move this from an idea into a completed project. Thank you for believing in me and helping me.
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
Hello and welcome. I am so glad to welcome you into the wonderful and powerful world of quantitative methods, which have been developed over the past two hundred years to help us better understand and get to the truth. There are limitations, which we will explore, and also there is plenty of room for your intuitive knowing, which is also welcome. I have found from teaching research and statistics courses that intuitive knowing is a very dominant source of knowing for many people. So I am here to enhance that and empower you to communicate your truth to the larger scientific world that is trained in the field of quantitative methods.
The following is a brief sketch of my background:
EdD. University of California at Berkeley, 1994, focus on measurement and quantitative methods in educational psychology dissertation—Rasch and Partial Credit Models Applied to Student Outcomes Assessment in the California State University
PhD. Holos University for graduate studies, 2001, integral energy medicine dissertation—Checklist of Health Issues and Illness (CHII): Developing a Reliable and Valid Measure of the Seven Chakras
Twenty-eight years in higher education testing and institutional research primarily at Sonoma State University in Rohnert Park, California; associate vice president of institutional research
This book is written for busy people who need to understand the information that is flooding them and find ways to interpret it. You may be a business executive, a medical doctor, a