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    Identification Guide to Macro Jellyfishes of West Africa
    Identification Guide to Macro Jellyfishes of West Africa
    Identification Guide to Macro Jellyfishes of West Africa
    Ebook375 pages2 hours

    Identification Guide to Macro Jellyfishes of West Africa

    By Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

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    This identification guide includes 56 species of macro (> 5 cm in diameter) jellyfishes (cnidarians, ctenophores, and thaliaceans) that are known to occur off the coast of West Africa. It provides fully illustrated dichotomous keys to all taxa, an illustrated glossary of technical terms for each main group, and species accounts including the scientific name, diagnostic features, colour, size, ecology, stinging, geographical distribution, and one or more illustrations. The guide is intended for both specialists, and non-specialists who have a working knowledge of biology.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
    Release dateMar 17, 2022
    ISBN9789251358771
    Identification Guide to Macro Jellyfishes of West Africa
    Author

    Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

    An intergovernmental organization, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has 194 Member Nations, two associate members and one member organization, the European Union. Its employees come from various cultural backgrounds and are experts in the multiple fields of activity FAO engages in. FAO’s staff capacity allows it to support improved governance inter alia, generate, develop and adapt existing tools and guidelines and provide targeted governance support as a resource to country and regional level FAO offices. Headquartered in Rome, Italy, FAO is present in over 130 countries.Founded in 1945, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) leads international efforts to defeat hunger. Serving both developed and developing countries, FAO provides a neutral forum where all nations meet as equals to negotiate agreements and debate policy. The Organization publishes authoritative publications on agriculture, fisheries, forestry and nutrition.

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      Identification Guide to Macro Jellyfishes of West Africa - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

      Required citation:

      Gibbons, M.J., Morandini, A.C., Straehler-Pohl, I. & Bezio, N. 2022. Identification guide to macro jellyfishes of West Africa. FAO, Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb8584en

      The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.

      The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO.

      ISBN 978-92-5-135745-3

      E-ISBN 978-92-5-135877-1 (EPUB)

      © FAO, 2022

      Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo/legalcode).

      Under the terms of this licence, this work may be copied, redistributed and adapted for non-commercial purposes, provided that the work is appropriately cited. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that FAO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the FAO logo is not permitted. If the work is adapted, then it must be licensed under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If a translation of this work is created, it must include the following disclaimer along with the required citation: This translation was not created by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). FAO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original [Language] edition shall be the authoritative edition.

      Disputes arising under the licence that cannot be settled amicably will be resolved by mediation and arbitration as described in Article 8 of the licence except as otherwise provided herein. The applicable mediation rules will be the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules and any arbitration will be conducted in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL).

      Third-party materials. Users wishing to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, are responsible for determining whether permission is needed for that reuse and for obtaining permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user.

      Sales, rights and licensing. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through publications-sales@fao.org. Requests for commercial use should be submitted via: www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request. Queries regarding rights and licensing should be submitted to: copyright@fao.org.

      PREPARATION OF THIS DOCUMENT

      This identification guide was conceived and supported by the EAF-Nansen Programme "Supporting the Application of the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management considering Climate and Pollution Impacts" of the Fisheries and Aquaculture Division (NFI), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).

      The EAF-Nansen Programme bases its structure on the notion that knowledge on marine ecosystems and on the effect of fisheries and other human activities on them, including on their biodiversity and dynamics, is a fundamental element for decision-making in a situation where the use of ocean is increasing. In this context, the Programme has expanded its objectives and key research areas to improve knowledge on marine resources and ecosystems considering emerging issues, such as pollution and climate change. The Programme’s science plan guides the research work and one of its Themes (Theme 3) is fully dedicated to improving understanding of the biology, diversity, and ecological role of mesopelagic fish and jellyfish.

      Jellyfish are common to most marine ecosystems, and an ever-increasing number of reports suggest increased abundances and frequencies of jellyfish blooms around the world. There are indications that fisheries and climate change may be among the key drivers of this growing trend, but the knowledge base is hardly satisfactory, especially around Africa (except off Namibia and South Africa). Further, a much deeper understanding of jellyfish biodiversity, biology, ecology, and ecological role in coastal ecosystems is needed to understand how fluctuations in their biomass impact coastal ecosystems and fish populations that are already being harvested.

      Accurate species identification remains a crucial point for any study in biology and ecology. However, the identification of jellyfish species can be difficult, and it is often challenging for even the more experienced researchers. This is due to the lack of identification tools, specific training in their use, and to the fact that most jellyfish species are soft-bodied and fragile and thus are easily damaged during sampling.

      For this reason, the EAF-Nansen Programme decided to support the production of the first identification guide to macro (> 5 cm in diameter) jellyfish species occurring off West Africa.

      Programme manager: Merete Tandstad (FAO, Rome)

      Technical editing, scientific revision, and formatting: Edoardo Mostarda (FAO, Rome)

      Scientific illustrator: Nicholas Bezio (University of Maryland, United States of America)

      Cover illustration: Nicholas Bezio (University of Maryland, United States of America)

      ABSTRACT

      This identification guide includes 56 species of macro (> 5 cm in diameter) jellyfishes (cnidarians, ctenophores, and thaliaceans) that are known to occur off the coast of West Africa. It provides fully illustrated dichotomous keys to all taxa, an illustrated glossary of technical terms for each main group, and species accounts including the scientific name, diagnostic features, colour, size, ecology, stinging, geographical distribution, and one or more illustrations. The guide is intended for both specialists, and non-specialists who have a working knowledge of biology.

      CONTENTS

      Acknowledgements

      INTRODUCTION

      Presentation and format

      Sample fixation, preservation and image collection

      Jellyfish sting treatment

      PICTORIAL KEY TO MAIN JELLYFISH GROUPS

      PHYLUM CNIDARIA

      CLASS CUBOZOA

      Illustrated glossary of technical terms

      Key to orders of Cubozoa occurring in the area

      ORDER CARYBDEIDA

      Key to families of Carybdeida occurring in the area

      Family Alatinidae

      Key to species of Alatinidae occurring in the area and neighbouring waters

      Alatina alata

      Alatina grandis

      Family Carybdeidae

      Key to species of Carybdeidae occurring in the area and neighbouring waters

      Carybdea murrayana

      Carybdea marsupialis

      Family Tamoyidae

      Tamoya ancamori

      ORDER CHIRODROPIDA

      Family Chirodropidae

      Key to genera of Chirodropidae occurring in the area and neighbouring waters

      Key to species of Chirodropus occurring in the area

      Chirodropus gorilla

      Chirodropus palmatus

      CLASS SCYPHOZOA

      Illustrated glossary of technical terms

      Key to subclasses of Scyphozoa occurring in the area

      SUBCLASS CORONAMEDUSAE

      Key to families of Coronamedusae occurring in the area

      Family Atollidae

      Key to species of Atolla occurring in the area

      Atolla chuni

      Atolla parva

      Atolla russelli

      Atolla vanhoeffeni

      Atolla wyvillei

      Family Periphyllidae

      Key to species of Periphyllidae occurring in the area

      Periphylla periphylla

      Periphyllopsis braueri

      SUBCLASS DISCOMEDUSAE

      Key to orders and families of Discomedusae occurring in the area and neighbouring waters

      Family Cyaneidae

      Cyanea annasethe

      Family Drymonematidae

      Drymonema dalmatinum

      Family Phacellophoridae

      Phacellophora camtschatica

      Family Pelagiidae

      Key to genera and species of Pelagiidae occurring in the area

      Mawia benovici

      Pelagia noctiluca

      Key to species of Chrysaora occurring in the area and neighbouring waters

      Chrysaora africana

      Chrysaora agulhensis

      Chrysaora fulgida

      Chrysaora hysoscella

      Family Ulmaridae

      Key to genera and species of Ulmaridae occurring in the area

      Aurelia spp

      Discomedusa lobata

      Poralia rufescens

      Stygiomedusa gigantea

      Key to species of Deepstaria occurring in the area

      Deepstaria enigmatica

      Deepstaria reticulum

      ORDER RHIZOSTOMEAE

      Key to families of Rhizostomeae occurring in the area

      Family Rhizostomatidae

      Key to genera of Rhizostomatidae occurring in the area

      Eupilema inexpectata

      Key to species of Rhizostoma occurring in the area

      Rhizostoma luteum

      Rhizostoma pulmo

      Key to families of other Rhizostomeae occurring in the area

      Family Catostylidae

      Crambionella stuhlmanni

      Key to species of Catostylus occurring in the area

      Catostylus tagi

      Family Cepheidae

      Cephea coerulea

      Key to species of Cotylorhiza occurring in the area

      Cotylorhiza ambulacrata

      Cotylorhiza tuberculata

      Family Leptobrachidae

      Thysanostoma flagellatum

      Family Mastigiidae

      Mastigias roseus

      Phyllorhiza punctata

      CLASS HYDROZOA

      Family Aequoreidae

      Aequorea spp

      Zygocanna spp

      Family Physaliidae

      Physalia physalis

      Family Porpitidae

      Porpita porpita

      Velella velella

      PHYLUM CTENOPHORA

      Beroe spp

      PHYLUM CHORDATA

      CLASS THALIACEA

      ORDER SALPIDA

      Illustrated glossary of technical terms

      Family Salpidae

      Cyclosalpa spp

      Ihlea spp

      Pegea spp

      Salpa spp

      Soestia spp

      Thetys spp

      ORDER PYROSOMATIDA

      Family Pyrosomatidae

      Pyrostremma spp

      Pyrosoma spp

      Pyrosomella spp

      GLOSSARY

      BIBLIOGRAPHY

      INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES

      ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

      Mark J. Gibbons would like to thank the organizers of the EAF-Nansen Programme, especially Dr Gabriella Bianchi, for all the help they have provided in making it possible to include jellyfish in the science plan of African EAF efforts. He is grateful to the staff at FAO for the long hours they have spent making travel arrangements for students to collect material at sea, and to the staff at IMR in Bergen for the trouble they have taken to ensure the collected material arrived safely in Cape Town. He is grateful to the National Research Foundation in South Africa and the University of the Western Cape for their ongoing financial support of jellyfish science. Ms Verena Ras and Mr Michael Brown are thanked for their contributions to some of the text and for their comments on the balance. He is particularly grateful to the polite, firm and accommodating officers of the RV Dr Fridtjof Nansen, but more grateful still to the ever-helpful, smiling and hardworking crew of the same: acknowledgements to fellow scientists from across the region on board ship are a given. And finally, this project would not have been possible without the artwork of an American genius and the calm but insistent patience of an Italian editor - thank you.

      André C. Morandini was partly funded by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP 2019/20042-6) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (309440/2019-0).

      INTRODUCTION

      Jellyfish are planktonic animals whose biomass comprises about 96 percent water. This includes organisms from three phyla that are morphologically and phylogenetically very distinct, and which have very different life-histories: Cnidaria, Ctenophora, and Chordata. Aside from their pelagic lifestyle, these organisms have one thing in common: they can occur at very high densities and when that happens, they can have very profound impacts on their environment. Some can also have direct and/or indirect effects on human activities and our use of coastal waters and marine resources.

      The direct negative effects of jellyfish in large numbers include the clogging of fishing nets, the contamination of fish catches, the blocking of the filters used by coastal desalination and power plants and of course, through envenomation, a reduction in the recreational use of shallow waters. Jellyfish may also negatively affect human activities indirectly, through competition with and predation on the adults and juveniles (respectively) of commercially important fish species and through an alteration of the way that materials and energy move through pelagic food webs.

      But jellyfish are not just cause for concern. They have evolved within and are an integral component of pelagic marine ecosystems, where they may serve to regulate the abundance of other species that would otherwise have an overwhelming impact on the structure of the ecosystem. Through their carcasses and faeces, they

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