The law of the sea: Fourth edition
By Robin Churchill, Vaughan Lowe and Amy Sander
()
About this ebook
For nearly forty years, The law of the sea has been regarded as an authoritative and standard work on the subject, combining detailed analysis and relevant, practical examples with a clear and engaging style. Completely revised and updated, this new edition will be a vital resource for anyone with an interest in maritime affairs.
The book provides a rigorous analysis of the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and the many other legal instruments that regulate human activities at sea, as well as taking full account of the numerous decisions of international courts and tribunals in recent years. It also traces the historical background to the law and its broader political, economic and environmental context. The new edition includes substantially expanded coverage of contemporary threats faced by the marine environment from human activities, such as the loss of marine biodiversity, the effects of climate change on the oceans and the vast amounts of plastic polluting the sea.
This volume is written by three highly qualified authors, drawing on their extensive experience of teaching and researching the law of the sea, as well as their practical experience in advising governments and acting as counsel and arbitrators in international litigation.
Related to The law of the sea
Related ebooks
Jurisprudence of international law: The humanitarian dimension Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsAdmiralty Law for the Maritime Professional Rating: 1 out of 5 stars1/5The Language of Statutes: Laws and Their Interpretation Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Navigating the Seas of Maritime Law Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsPollution, Politics, and International Law: Tankers at Sea Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsRuling the Waves: The Political Economy of International Shipping Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsThe changing rules on the use of force in international law Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsThe basics of international law: The UK context Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsHuman rights in Europe: A study of the European Convention on Human Rights Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsThe boundaries of international law: A feminist analysis, with a new introduction Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsThe Application of the High Seas Regime in the Exclusive Economic Zone Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsManaging the Frozen South: The Creation and Evolution of the Antarctic Treaty System Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsInternational Law for Seagoing Officers, 7th Edition Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsThe treatment and taxation of foreign investment under international law: Towards international disciplines Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsThe Maritime Dimension of European Security: Seapower and the European Union Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsPrinciples of direct and superior responsibility in international humanitarian law Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsInternational Organizations and Environmental Protection: Conservation and Globalization in the Twentieth Century Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsGovernance of Seas and Oceans Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsThe Liberalization of Maritime Transport Services: With Special Reference to the WTO/GATS Framework Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsCyber-espionage in international law: Silence speaks Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsIslands and Rocks in the South China Sea: Post-Hague Ruling Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsThe Sovereignty of the Sea: An Historical Account of the Claims of England to the Dominion of the British Seas Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsState of the Union Addresses Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsInnovating Victory: Naval Technology in Three Wars Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsAt the Crossroads Between Peace and War: The London Naval Conference of 1930 Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsLegal & Financial Aspects of Architectural Conservation: The Smolenice Castle Conference Central Europe Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsNautical Rules of the Road Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5International Law Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsPrinciples of International Law Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5
Law For You
Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Everything Guide To Being A Paralegal: Winning Secrets to a Successful Career! Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Wills and Trusts Kit For Dummies Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Legal Words You Should Know: Over 1,000 Essential Terms to Understand Contracts, Wills, and the Legal System Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Win In Court Every Time Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Verbal Judo, Second Edition: The Gentle Art of Persuasion Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Trans: When Ideology Meets Reality Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5The Socratic Method: A Practitioner's Handbook Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Win Your Case: How to Present, Persuade, and Prevail--Every Place, Every Time Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Legal Writing in Plain English: A Text with Exercises Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5The Everything Executor and Trustee Book: A Step-by-Step Guide to Estate and Trust Administration Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5The LLC and Corporation Start-Up Guide: Your Complete Guide to Launching the Right Business Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Legal Writing: QuickStudy Laminated Reference Guide Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsCritical Race Theory: The Cutting Edge Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The ZERO Percent: Secrets of the United States, the Power of Trust, Nationality, Banking and ZERO TAXES! Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Law For Dummies Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Death in Mud Lick: A Coal Country Fight against the Drug Companies That Delivered the Opioid Epidemic Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5No Place to Hide: Edward Snowden, the NSA, and the U.S. Surveillance State Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Notorious RBG: The Life and Times of Ruth Bader Ginsburg Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5How to Think Like a Lawyer--and Why: A Common-Sense Guide to Everyday Dilemmas Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Estate & Trust Administration For Dummies Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsCriminal Law Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsDivorcing a Narcissist: The Lure, the Loss and the Law Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratings8 Living Trust Forms: Legal Self-Help Guide Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5The Mueller Report: Final Special Counsel Report of President Donald Trump and Russia Collusion Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Jews Don’t Count Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Dictionary of Legal Terms: Definitions and Explanations for Non-Lawyers Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5
Reviews for The law of the sea
0 ratings0 reviews
Book preview
The law of the sea - Robin Churchill
The law of the sea
MELLAND SCHILL STUDIES IN INTERNATIONAL LAW
General editors
Iain Scobbie
Jean D’Aspremont
Founded as a memorial to Edward Melland Schill, a promising scholar killed during the First World War, the Melland Schill Lectures (1961–74) were established by the University of Manchester following a bequest by Edward’s sister, Olive B. Schill, to promote the understanding of international law and implicitly lessen the possibilities for future conflict. Dedicated to promoting women’s employment rights and access to education, Olive’s work is commemorated in both the Melland Schill series and the Women in International Law Network at the University of Manchester.
The Melland Schill lecture series featured a distinguished series of speakers on a range of controversial topics, including Quincy Wright on the role of international law in the elimination of war, Robert Jennings on the acquisition of territory, and Sir Ian Sinclair on the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.
In the 1970s, Gillian White, the first woman appointed as a Professor of Law in mainland Britain, transformed the lectures into a monograph series, published by Manchester University Press. Many of the works previously published under the name ‘Melland Schill monographs’ have become standard references in the field, including: A. P. V. Rogers’ Law on the battlefield, which is currently in its third edition, and Hilary Charlesworth and Christine Chinkin’s The boundaries of international law, which offered the first book-length treatment of the application of feminist theories to international law.
Closely linked to the Melland Schill Studies in International Law series and carefully supervised by the editors, these volumes have been updated and reissued in paperback with new material.
Principles of direct and superior responsibility in international humanitarian law Ilias Bantekas
The treatment and taxation of foreign investment under international law Fiona Beveridge
War crimes and crimes against humanity in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Christine Byron
The boundaries of international law Hilary Charlesworth and Christine Chinkin
The law of the sea Robin Churchill and Vaughan Lowe
International law and policy of sustainable development Duncan French
The values of international organizations James D. Fry, Bryane Michael and Natasha Pushkarna
The changing rules on the use of force on international law Tarcisio Gazzini
Contemporary law of armed conflict Leslie Green
Child soldiers in international law Matthew Happold
Human rights in Europe J. G. Merrills and A. H. Robertson
The rights and duties of neutrals Stephen Neff
Law on the battlefield A. P. V. Rogers
Indigenous peoples and human rights Patrick Thornberry
Jurisprudence of international law Nicholas Tsagourias
The law of international organisations Nigel D. White
The law of the sea
Fourth edition
Robin Churchill, Vaughan Lowe and Amy Sander
MANCHESTER UNIVERSITY PRESS
This edition copyright © Robin Churchill, Vaughan Lowe and Amy Sander 2022
Previous editions copyright © R. R. Churchill and A. V. Lowe 1983, 1985, 1988, 1999
The right of Robin Churchill, Vaughan Lowe and Amy Sander to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
First edition published 1983 by Manchester University Press
Reprinted with addenda 1985
Revised edition printed 1988
This edition published 2022
by Manchester University Press
Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL
www.manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978 1 5261 6480 3 hardback
ISBN 978 0 7190 7968 9 paperback
This edition first published 2022
The publisher has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for any external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
Typeset by Newgen Publishing UK
Contents
List of figures
Series editor’s foreword
Preface
Abbreviations
Table of cases
Table of treaties
1Introduction
Scope of the book
Early development of the subject
Sources of the modern law of the sea
Attempts at codification
The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
International organisations
The present legal regime
Materials on the law of the sea
2Baselines
Introduction
The low-water line
Artificially constructed baselines
Islands and baselines
Publicising baselines
Baselines and sea level rise
Concluding observations
3Internal waters
Definition
Legal status
The right of access to ports and other internal waters
Jurisdiction in internal waters
4The territorial sea
Development of the concept
Legal status of the bed, subsoil and superjacent airspace of the territorial sea
The breadth of the territorial sea
The right of innocent passage
The right to deny and suspend passage
Rights and duties of the coastal State
5Straits
Definition
The regime under customary law and the Territorial Sea Convention
The regime under UNCLOS
The UNCLOS regime and customary law
Special regimes
6The legal regime of archipelagic waters
Introduction
Development of a special regime for archipelagos
The legal status of archipelagic waters
Navigational rights of other States in archipelagic waters
Obligations of an archipelagic State in its archipelagic waters
Conclusion
7The contiguous zone
Introduction
Development of the concept
Breadth of the contiguous zone
Claims to a contiguous zone
Legal status of the contiguous zone
8The continental shelf
Introduction
The legal status of the continental shelf
The outer limit of the continental shelf
The Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf
The continental shelf of Antarctica
The rights and duties of the coastal State
Non-independent territories
9The exclusive economic zone
Introduction
Evolution of the EEZ
Extent and delineation of the EEZ
The legal nature of the EEZ
Claims to an EEZ
Concluding observations
10The delimitation of maritime boundaries
Introduction
The process of maritime boundary delimitation
Delimitation of territorial sea boundaries
Delimitation of maritime boundaries beyond the territorial sea but within 200 miles of the baseline
Delimitation of continental shelf boundaries beyond 200 miles
Grey areas
Obligations of States with overlapping maritime zones pending delimitation of a maritime boundary
Areas of joint management and exploitation and other co-operative arrangements
The effect of sea level rise on maritime boundary agreements
Concluding observations
11The high seas
Introduction
Definition
The legal status of the high seas
Freedom of the high seas
Jurisdiction on the high seas
12The International Seabed Area
Introduction
The background to the provisions of UNCLOS
Principles of the UNCLOS regime: an overview
The International Seabed Authority
The system of exploitation
The common heritage of mankind
13Safety of navigation
Introduction
The international legal framework for the adoption, implementation and enforcement of safety measures
Construction, design and equipment standards
The qualifications and working conditions of ships’ crews
Measures relating to the movement of ships
Other safety measures
Concluding observations
14The international regime governing marine fisheries
Introduction
Some background issues
The evolution of international fisheries law
The regime for fisheries within national jurisdiction
The regime for fisheries on the high seas
Instruments applying both within and beyond national jurisdiction
Concluding observations
15Protection of the marine environment: an introduction
Introduction
The framework of international law for protecting the marine environment
Principles for marine environmental policy-making and legislation
Control of marine pollution: an introduction
Conservation of marine biodiversity: an introduction
16Protection of the marine environment: controlling marine pollution
Introduction
Pollution from ships
Pollution by dumping
Pollution from seabed activities subject to national jurisdiction
Pollution from activities in the Area
Pollution from land-based sources
Pollution from or through the atmosphere
Concluding observations
17Protection of the marine environment: conserving marine biodiversity
Introduction
Holistic instruments
Protection of marine habitats
Conservation of species
Concluding observations
18The international legal regime for marine scientific research
Introduction
Development of the international legal regime for marine scientific research
The meaning of ‘marine scientific research’
The scope of the competence to conduct marine scientific research under UNCLOS
General principles governing marine scientific research
The legal status of research installations and equipment
International co-operation in marine scientific research
Marine scientific research under regimes other than UNCLOS
Concluding observations
19The transfer of marine technology
Introduction
The transfer of marine technology under UNCLOS
Capacity-building
20Landlocked States and the law of the sea
Introduction
The navigational rights of landlocked States
The access of landlocked States to marine resources
The access of landlocked States to the sea
Conclusions
21Settlement of disputes
Settlement of disputes under general international law
Settlement of disputes under UNCLOS
General issues concerning dispute settlement
Index
List of figures
1Maritime zones
2The construction of baselines
3Categories of strait
4The 200-mile limit and continental margin
Series editor’s foreword
It is a great pleasure to introduce this new, much anticipated, edition of Robin Churchill and Vaughan Lowe’s The law of the sea in which they have been ably joined by Amy Sander as co-author. This is the authoritative and comprehensive English language exposition of the law of the sea during peacetime, which should become the standard work for both teaching and reference. This book has both a relevance and an attraction beyond the circle of international law students and scholars interested in or specialising in the law of the sea – for example, it should become the standard handbook for those interested in the international legal regulation of the marine environment, and the classification and content of maritime jurisdictional zones which coastal States may claim.
This is a much expanded version of the previous edition, which meticulously takes into account new developments and new concerns, while all the time maintaining a close eye on more traditional issues. It is both timeless and yet contemporary in its scope. It underlines the continuing legal importance of maritime issues in international affairs that more often than not may possess an acute political dimension, but which also have the potential to exert an acute and deleterious impact on the natural world, on biodiversity, and ultimately on humankind. One need only consider the possible eradication of unique site-specific environments and associated species as a result of deep-sea mining whose consequences are unfathomed; the threats posed to fish stocks and thus food security for much of the world’s maritime apex predators, and to the predators themselves, as well as for human populations dependent on fisheries; or the impact of climate change on island States.
Issues which have more traditionally been the focus of discussions about the law of the sea similarly have a revitalised relevance. Coastal States’ claims to maritime jurisdictional areas can be sites of current contention, such as disputes about entitlement to sovereign rights in or control over areas of the South China Sea, which are not simply tussles over coastal States’ control over hydrocarbons or fishing rights, but could also have ramifications for States’ claims of overflight and raise unease about shipping lanes vital to international trade, maritime security and freedom of navigation. All these concerns are exacerbated by the fabrication of maritime ‘territory’ by way of the creation of artificial islands, often based on bare rocks that sometimes, but not always, hardly poke above the surrounding sea and which are generally coupled with ungrounded claims to maritime jurisdiction, control and powers of exclusion.
The elaboration of the law of the sea, like many other areas of international law, has often involved compromise. This was inherent in the negotiating process of the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea with its emphasis on a ‘package deal’ where States negotiated by consensus, making concessions on some issues with the aim of gaining perceived advantages in others. The process was also, to some extent, driven by ideological concerns redolent of the times, principally the aim to realise the objectives of the 1970s/1980s New International Economic Order and the redistribution of wealth from developed to developing States. These factors resulted in tensions within the text; for example, provision for outer continental shelf claims beyond 200 miles from a coastal State’s baselines may be seen to lie uneasily with the doctrine of the common heritage of humanity.
The 1982 Convention, which has been envisaged as a constitution of the oceans, is a product of its time, in places providing detailed regulation and in others a framework for future regulation, but naturally enough its authors could not fully anticipate contemporary concerns and emphases, if at all. Changed times bring different technological, economic and political contexts, challenges and realities to be addressed. Consider, for example, the stripped-down remainders of the deep-seabed mining regime contained in the 1994 Implementation Agreement, which was seen as necessary to ensure the participation of industrialised States in the regime and institutions of the Convention that they had declined to accept in 1982. Currently progress seems slow on the elaboration of environmental and liability regulations that would allow this mining to proceed. This is only one example of the augmentation of the 1982 Convention, and perhaps the most important example of this is the 1995 Fish Stocks Agreement, which develops its laconic and bare provisions on the conservation and management of straddling and highly migratory fish stocks.
Accordingly, the exposition and analysis set out in this volume by necessity must go beyond the boundaries of the 1982 Convention. As the authors contend:
The law of the sea appears now to be entering a new, post-UNCLOS phase, in which the detailed and delicate balance between coastal State controls and the interests of flag States in preserving traditional freedoms of the seas is being overwritten by new principles and rules addressing the preoccupations of the States that see themselves as having major roles, and at least some responsibilities, in securing a satisfactory system of governance for the oceans. A salient characteristic of this phase is the decreasing importance of broad principles, such as coastal State sovereignty and the freedom of the high seas, and an increasing focus on the detailed rules that bind specific States – the international law equivalent, perhaps, of focusing on the fine print in contracts.
The dynamics of this process makes this new edition of this valued and acclaimed work timely as it seeks to place the 1982 Convention in its contemporary context of law and policy. The method employed is a close reliance on primary legal materials, which is supplemented by the citation of leading academic commentary. Accordingly, while the text offers a detailed in-depth analysis of the law of the sea, it also offers the reader the opportunity to read beyond the text by indicating suggestions for further research. The wealth of materials cited is quite simply breathtaking in its scope, demonstrating the expertise of the authors and their complete command of the field. The law of the sea is simply a masterly work of exposition, analysis and commentary. It is both lucid and erudite. We anticipate that this new edition, like previous editions, will influence legal thought and practice on this subject for many years to come.
Iain Scobbie
Preface
The aim of this new edition of this book, like that of the three previous editions, is to provide a broad introduction to the international law of the sea. In particular, the book seeks to outline and analyse the provisions of the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and to explain their operation, as well as to give some account of the numerous treaties and provisions of customary international law that relate to it.
The previous edition of this book was published in 1999. Since then, there have been numerous and substantial developments in the law of the sea. The three institutions established by the 1982 Convention – the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, the International Seabed Authority and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea – which had only just begun to operate when the manuscript for the previous edition was completed, have all been active. So, too, have arbitral tribunals established in accordance with Annex VII of the Convention and, outside the dispute settlement framework of the Convention, the ICJ. Furthermore, many global and regional treaties relating to the law of the sea have been concluded, and an inter-governmental conference to draft an international legally binding instrument under the Convention on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond national jurisdiction has been convened and, at the time of writing, was still ongoing. All these developments have taken place against the backdrop of growing alarm about the state of the marine environment, and of the planet generally, caused by the increasingly adverse impact of human activities such as pollution, over-exploitation of natural resources, destruction of habitats, emissions of greenhouse gases and so on.
This new edition charts all these legal developments and tries to explain the wider context in which they have taken place. All the chapters have been thoroughly updated; some have been restructured; and a few have been almost completely rewritten. New chapters have been added on an introduction to protection of the marine environment and the conservation of marine biodiversity; and material on the transfer of marine technology has been hived off from the chapter on marine scientific research into a new chapter. The chapter on military uses of the sea, which appeared in all previous editions of this book, has been omitted, although some of the matters with which it dealt are now addressed in other chapters. As in previous editions, the references to sources of treaties and cases are given only in the tables of treaties and cases at the front of the book in order to avoid footnotes becoming too extensive. For the same reason, we have been sparing in our references to the now vast literature on the law of the sea. We can only offer our apologies to the authors of significant works that we have not cited. We have also excluded website references except for information that we consider could not be easily located using a search engine. In previous editions of this book, our abbreviation for the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea was ‘LOSC’. However, in recent years ‘UNCLOS’ has increasingly come to be used as the abbreviation, and accordingly we now follow that practice.
All references to ‘miles’ in this book are to nautical miles. One nautical mile is approximately equivalent to 1.15 statute miles or 1.85 kilometres.
Robin Churchill and Vaughan Lowe have been fortunate to have been joined as co-authors for this edition by Amy Sander. Vaughan Lowe and Amy Sander drafted chapters 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 12 and 21. Robin Churchill drafted chapters 2, 6, 9, 10 and 13–20. Each author revised their initial drafts to take account of the comments of the other authors on those drafts. Nevertheless, any expressions of opinion by one author may not necessarily be shared by the other authors. To the best of our ability, we have stated the law as at 1 May 2021. Website references were correct as at the same date.
In preparing this edition, we have received help from many people. In particular, we would like to thank the anonymous reviewer for her/his comments on the whole of the manuscript and Professor Alex Oude Elferink and Dr Solène Guggisberg for commenting on drafts of chapters 10 and 14, respectively. We would also like to thank our publishers, Manchester University Press, and particularly Dr Lucy Burns, for their assistance, courtesy and endless patience as deadlines kept being missed. We are especially grateful to our families for all their support.
Robin Churchill
Vaughan Lowe
Amy Sander
May 2021
Abbreviations
Table of cases
Cases are listed alphabetically by court or tribunal. Most of the cases listed below are available online.
Permanent Court of International Justice
Case of the S.S. ‘Lotus’ (France/Turkey), PCIJ Rep., Series A, No. 10 (1927) 128, 381–2
Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions, PCIJ Rep., Series A, No. 2 (1924) 855
Territorial Jurisdiction of the International Commission of the River Oder, PCIJ Rep., Series A, No. 23 (1929) 118
International Court of Justice
Aegean Sea Continental Shelf (Greece v. Turkey), Interim Measures of Protection, Order [1976] ICJ Rep. 3 363
Aegean Sea Continental Shelf (Greece v. Turkey), Jurisdiction [1978] ICJ Rep. 3 309
Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia) (pending) 71
Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (The Gambia v. Myanmar), Provisional Measures, Order [2020] ICJ Rep. (not yet reported) 449, 876
Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v. Greece) [2011] ICJ Rep. 644 857
Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections, [2011] ICJ Rep. 70 322, 561
Arbitral Award of 3 October 1899 (Guyana v. Venezuela) (pending) 857, 862
Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) and Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica) [2015] ICJ Rep. 665 610–11
Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (Djibouti v. France) [2008] ICJ Rep. 177 862
Constitution of the Maritime Safety Committee of the Inter-governmental Maritime Consultative Organization, Advisory Opinion [1960] ICJ Rep. 150 468
Continental Shelf (Libya/Malta) [1985] ICJ Rep. 13 33, 227, 256, 293, 309, 320, 326, 329, 351
Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libya) [1982] ICJ Rep. 18 111, 168–70, 309, 320
Corfu Channel (United Kingdom v. Albania) Preliminary Objection [1948] ICJ Rep. 15 862
Corfu Channel (United Kingdom v. Albania) [1949] ICJ Rep. 4 143–4, 150, 855, 870
Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area (Canada/USA) [1984] ICJ Rep. 246 309, 328–9, 336, 861
Fisheries (United Kingdom v. Norway) [1951] ICJ Rep. 116 14, 54, 65–9, 109, 112, 138, 141, 188, 870
Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada) [1998] ICJ Rep. 432 525, 533
Fisheries Jurisdiction (United Kingdom v. Iceland), Jurisdiction [1973] ICJ Rep. 3 140–1, 862
Fisheries Jurisdiction (Federal Republic of Germany v. Iceland) [1974] ICJ Rep. 175 265, 563
Fisheries Jurisdiction (United Kingdom v. Iceland) [1974] ICJ Rep. 3 33, 265, 523
Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Mali) [1986] ICJ Rep. 554 16
Gabčikovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary v. Slovakia) [1997] ICJ Rep. 7 609, 616
Guatemala’s Territorial, Insular and Maritime Claim (Guatemala/Belize) (pending) 308
Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea intervening) [2002] ICJ Rep. 303 308, 322, 327, 329, 332, 335–6, 338, 342
Land and Maritime Delimitation and Sovereignty over Islands (Gabon/Equatorial Guinea) (pending) 308, 325
Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras, Nicaragua intervening) [1992] ICJ Rep. 351 80, 82, 84, 309, 861
Legal Consequences of the Separation of the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius in 1965, Advisory Opinion [2019] ICJ Rep. 95 16
Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion [1996] ICJ Rep. 226 609
Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain) [2001] ICJ Rep. 40 62, 71, 75, 90, 92–3, 142, 308, 313–14, 327, 330–2, 336–7, 339–40, 346, 349–52, 354–5, 368–9
Maritime Delimitation between Guinea-Bissau and Senegal (Guinea-Bissau v. Senegal) (discontinued, 1995) 309
Maritime Delimitation in the Area between Greenland and Jan Mayen (Denmark v. Norway) [1993] ICJ Rep. 38 309, 318–21, 326, 329
Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v. Ukraine) [2009] ICJ Rep. 61 31, 51, 87, 106, 308, 323, 325, 327, 329–33, 338, 340–2
Maritime Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) [2018] ICJ Rep. 100 57, 97, 104, 308, 312–13, 315, 327, 330, 334, 337–8, 340, 862
Maritime Delimitation in the Indian Ocean (Somalia v. Kenya) (Judgment on the merits pending); Preliminary Objections [2017] ICJ Rep. 3 139, 235, 307, 322, 347, 865, 870
Maritime Dispute (Peru v. Chile) [2014] ICJ Rep. 3 43, 139, 294, 308, 325, 327, 330, 335–6, 338, 342, 870
Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. USA) [1986] ICJ Rep. 14 13, 114, 116, 143, 175
North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Denmark; Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands) [1969] ICJ Rep. 3 3, 36, 225, 228, 309, 319–22, 561, 848–9, 856–7, 862, 870
Nuclear Tests (Australia v. France) [1974] ICJ Rep. 253 16, 379, 861, 876
Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean (Bolivia v. Chile) [2018] ICJ Rep. 507 841–2, 857, 862
Passage through the Great Belt (Finland v. Denmark), Provisional Measures, Order [1991] ICJ Rep. 12 178, 266
Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay) [2010] ICJ Rep. 14 485, 610, 619
Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 nautical miles from the Nicaraguan Coast (Nicaragua v. Colombia) (Judgment on the merits pending), Preliminary Objections [2016] ICJ Rep. 100 237, 247, 250, 308, 347, 352
Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United Kingdom) Provisional Measures, Order [1992] ICJ Rep. 3 32
Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal) [2012] ICJ Rep. 422 876
Request for an Examination of the Situation in accordance with Paragraph 63 of the Court’s Judgment of 20 December 1974 in the Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France) Case, Order [1995] ICJ Rep. 288 379
Right of Passage over Indian Territory (Portugal v. India) [1960] ICJ Rep. 6 848
Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras) [2007] ICJ Rep. 659 104, 237, 308, 312, 314–15, 330–1, 344, 346
Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia) [2012] ICJ Rep. 624 33, 43, 62, 90, 92–3, 98, 139, 230, 236–7, 308, 325, 327, 330, 332, 334, 337, 338–41, 346, 870
Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia v. Japan, New Zealand intervening) [2014] ICJ Rep. 226 766–8, 784, 812, 861, 876
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
‘ARA Libertad’ (Argentina v. Ghana), Provisional Measures, Order [2012] ITLOS Rep. 332 123, 164, 869
‘Arctic Sunrise’ (Kingdom of the Netherlands v. Russian Federation), Provisional Measures, Order [2013] ITLOS Rep. 230 117, 260
‘Camouco’ (Panama v. France), Prompt Release [2000] ITLOS Rep. 10 547
Conservation and Sustainable Exploitation of Swordfish Stocks in the South-Eastern Pacific Ocean (Chile v. European Union) (discontinued, 2009) 874
Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire in the Atlantic Ocean (Ghana/Côte d’Ivoire) [2017] ITLOS Rep. 4 226, 249–50, 308, 315, 322, 325, 330–1, 338, 340, 346, 349–51, 356, 359–63, 869, 874
Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire in the Atlantic Ocean (Ghana/Côte d’Ivoire), Provisional Measures, Order [2015] ITLOS Rep. 146 239, 363–4, 609, 614, 619, 684–5
Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Mauritius and Maldives in the Indian Ocean (Mauritius/Maldives) (Judgment on the merits pending); Preliminary Objections [2021] ITLOS Rep. (not yet reported) 308, 322, 324, 352, 866, 874
Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Bay of Bengal (Bangladesh/Myanmar) [2012] ITLOS Rep. 4 230–1, 237, 246–7, 249, 259, 308, 312, 316, 323, 327, 330–1, 333–4, 336–7, 339, 340, 342, 344–6, 349–51, 352, 354–5, 874
Detention of Three Ukrainian Naval Vessels (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), Provisional Measures, Order [2019] ITLOS Rep. (not yet reported) 123, 864, 868
‘Enrica Lexie’ Incident (Italy v. India), Provisional Measures, Order [2015] ITLOS Rep. 182 872
‘Grand Prince’ (Belize v. France), Prompt Release [2001] ITLOS Rep. 17 469
‘Hoshinmaru’ (Japan v. Russian Federation), Prompt Release [2005–7] ITLOS Rep. 18 547
Land Reclamation by Singapore in and around the Straits of Johor (Malaysia v. Singapore), Provisional Measures, Order [2003] ITLOS Rep. 10 60, 611–12, 614, 619, 872
‘Monte Confurco’ (Seychelles v. France), Prompt Release [2000] ITLOS Rep. 86 546
MOX Plant (Ireland v. United Kingdom), Provisional Measures, Order [2001] ITLOS Rep. 95 611, 614, 619, 701
M/V ‘Louisa’ (St Vincent and the Grenadines v. Spain) [2013] ITLOS Rep. 4 117, 207, 546
M/V ‘Norstar’ (Panama v. Italy), Preliminary Objections [2016] ITLOS Rep. 44 464, 863–4
M/V ‘Norstar’ (Panama v. Italy) [2019] ITLOS Rep. (not yet reported) 111, 117, 128, 208, 272, 293, 373, 377, 381, 408, 855
M/V ‘Saiga’ (No. 1) (St Vincent and the Grenadines v. Guinea) [1997] ITLOS Rep. 16 117, 272
M/V ‘Saiga’ (No. 2) (St Vincent and the Grenadines v. Guinea) [1999] ITLOS Rep. 10 42, 218, 220, 271–2, 278, 295, 389, 403, 406–7, 457, 464, 468–9, 471, 855, 874–5
M/T ‘San Padre Pio’ (Switzerland v. Nigeria), Provisional Measures, Order [2019] ITLOS Rep. (not yet reported) 117, 273, 290
M/T ‘San Padre Pio’ (No. 2) (Switzerland v. Nigeria) (pending) 290, 849, 874
M/V ‘Virginia G’ (Panama v. Guinea-Bissau) [2014] ITLOS Rep. 4 263, 272, 293, 295, 464, 468–70, 532–3, 543–8, 855
Request for an Advisory Opinion by the Sub-Regional Fisheries Commission, Advisory Opinion [2015] ITLOS Rep. 4 5, 277–8, 474, 485, 533, 539, 549, 552–5, 562, 619, 627, 719–20, 873
Responsibilities and Obligations of States with respect to Activities in the Area, Advisory Opinion [2011] ITLOS Rep. 10 5, 424–5, 440, 442, 445–9, 485, 549, 609–11, 613–14, 620, 697–8, 873, 876
Southern Bluefin Tuna Cases (New Zealand v. Japan; Australia v. Japan), Provisional Measures, Order [1999] ITLOS Rep. 280 539, 614, 627, 872
‘Tomimaru’ (Japan v. Russian Federation), Prompt Release [2005–07] ITLOS Rep. 74 470–1
‘Volga’ Case (Russian Federation v. Australia), Prompt Release [2002] ITLOS Rep. 10 406–7, 547
Arbitral Awards under Annex VII of UNCLOS
Arbitration between Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago (2006), PCA Case No. 2004-02, RIAA XXVII (2008), 147 247, 308, 316, 323–4, 327, 329, 336, 338–9, 342, 344, 538, 865, 867
Arbitration between Guyana and Suriname (2007), PCA Case No. 2004-04, RIAA XXX (2012), 1 226, 308, 313–14, 327, 329, 338, 356–63, 389
Arctic Sunrise Arbitration (Netherlands v. Russia), PCA Case No. 2014-02, Award on Jurisdiction (2014), RIAA XXXII (2019), 185 868
Arctic Sunrise Arbitration (Netherlands v. Russia), PCA Case No. 2014-02, Award on the Merits (2015), RIAA XXXII (2019), 205 207, 244–6, 259–60, 264, 268–9, 273, 277–8, 289–90, 377, 386, 406–9, 464, 855, 864, 874
Atlanto-Scandian Herring Arbitration (Denmark in respect of the Faroe Islands v. European Union) Termination Order (2014), PCA Case No. 2013-30 556
Bay of Bengal Maritime Boundary Arbitration (Bangladesh v. India) (2014), PCA Case No. 2010-16, RIAA XXXII (2019), 1 58, 106, 237, 247, 259, 308, 313–14, 327, 330–2, 336–40, 346, 349–52, 354–5, 368–9
Chagos Marine Protected Area Arbitration (Mauritius v. United Kingdom) (2015), PCA Case No. 2011-03, RIAA XXXI (2018), 365 134, 240, 261, 286–90, 297, 378, 528, 538, 570, 624–5, 627, 721, 743, 864, 866–7
Dispute concerning Coastal State Rights in the Black Sea, Sea of Azov and Kerch Strait (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections (2020), PCA Case No. 2017-06 178, 863, 875
Duzgit Integrity Arbitration (Malta v. São Tomé and Príncipe) (2016), PCA Case No. 2014-07 142, 149, 163, 192, 246, 464, 656, 855
‘Enrica Lexie’ Incident (Italy v. India) (2020), PCA Case No. 2015-28 219, 271, 277–8, 281, 289, 293, 295, 378, 380–3, 391, 403, 464, 469
MOX Plant (Ireland v. United Kingdom), Termination of Proceedings, Order No. 6 (2008), PCA Case No. 2002-01 611, 701, 864
South China Sea (Philippines v. China), Jurisdiction and Admissibility (2015), PCA Case No. 2013-19, RIAA XXXIII (2020) 1 730, 863–5
South China Sea (Philippines v. China) (2016), PCA Case No. 2013-19, RIAA XXXIII (2020) 153 4, 5, 35, 56, 60–2, 74–5, 81–2, 110–11, 134, 139, 241–2, 267–8, 286–7, 290, 416, 461, 485, 508–9, 529–31, 549, 597, 609–12, 619, 627, 719–22, 862, 868, 876–7
Southern Bluefin Tuna Cases (Australia v. Japan; New Zealand v. Japan), Jurisdiction and Admissibility (2000), RIAA XXIII (2006), 1 864
Other Arbitral Awards
Aramco v. Saudi Arabia (1958), 27 ILR 117 112–13
Araunah Arbitration (1888), Moore, Int. Arb., Vol. I, 824 207
Bering Fur Seals Arbitration (Great Britain v. USA) (1893), RIAA XXVIII (2006), 263 525
Creole (1853), Moore, Int. Arb., Vol. IV, 4375 115, 126
Croatia/Slovenia Arbitration (2017), PCA Case No. 2012-04 84–5, 110, 148, 308, 313, 859
The David, Compañia de Navegación Nacional (Panama v. USA) (1933), RIAA VI (2006), 382 160
Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between France and the United Kingdom (1977), RIAA XVIII (2006), 3 92, 109, 309, 318, 320, 859
Delimitation of Maritime Areas between Canada and France (1992), RIAA XXI (2006), 265 309, 328, 344
Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Guinea and Guinea-Bissau (1985), RIAA XIX (2006), 147 309, 328
Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Guinea-Bissau and Senegal (1989), RIAA XX (2006), 119 309, 325
Dispute between Argentina and Chile concerning the Beagle Channel (1977), RIAA XX1 (2006), 53 305, 309, 313
Dispute concerning Access to Information under Article 9 of the OSPAR Convention (Ireland v. United Kingdom) (2003), PCA Case No. 2001-03, RIAA XXIII (2006), 59 707, 860
Dispute concerning Filleting within the Gulf of St Laurence (La Bretagne) (Canada/France) (1986), RIAA XIX (2006) 225 (French text only); 82 ILR 627 (English text) 295, 543
Dubai/Sharjah Border Arbitration (1981), 91 ILR 543 87, 309
Eritrea v. Yemen Arbitration, First Stage (Territorial Sovereignty and Scope of the Dispute) (1998), PCA Case No. 1996-04, RIAA XXII (2006), 211 529
Eritrea v. Yemen Arbitration, Second Stage (Maritime Delimitation) (1999), PCA Case No. 1996-04, RIAA XXII (2006), 335 68, 93, 308, 312, 328, 367, 529
Grisbådarna (Norway/Sweden) (1909), PCA Case No. 1908-01, RIAA XI (2006), 147 141, 309, 313–14
I’m Alone (Canada, USA) (1935), RIAA III (2006), 1609 405
Iron Rhine Arbitration (Belgium/Netherlands) (2005), PCA Case No. 2003-02, RIAA XVII (2008), 35 616, 849
Kate A. Hoff, Administratrix of the Estate of Samuel B. Allison, Deceased (USA) v. Mexico (The Rebecca) (1929), RIAA IV (2006), 444 115, 126
Muscat Dhows (France, Great Britain) (1905), PCA Case No. 1904-01, RIAA XI (2006), 83 464
North Atlantic Coast Fisheries (Great Britain, United States of America) (1910), PCA Case No. 1909-01, RIAA XI (2006), 167 150
Petroleum Development (Trucial Coast) Ltd. v. Sheikh of Abu Dhabi (1951), 18 ILR 144 225
Savarkar (Great Britain, France) (1911), PCA Case No. 1910-03, RIAA XI (2006), 243 156
WTO Panel Report
WTO, Colombia: Indicative Prices and Restrictions on Ports of Entry – Report of the Panel (2009) WT/DS366/R, www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds366_e.htm 117, 183, 838
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
Prosecutor v. Kunarac, Case IT-96-23-T (2001), www.icty.org/x/cases/kunarac/tjug/en/kun-tj010222e.pdf 398
Central American Court of Justice
El Salvador v. Nicaragua, AJIL 11 (1917), 674 84
European Court of Human Rights
Medvedyev and Others v. France, Application No. 3394/03, Grand Chamber (2010), ECHR Reports 2010-III, 61 215, 388, 401, 546
Women on the Waves v. Portugal, Application No. 31276/05, Judgment (2009), https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-91046%22]} 148
Other Regional Human Rights Bodies
African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, The Social and Economic Rights Action Centre and the Centre for Economic and Social Rights v. Nigeria, ACHPR No. 155/96 (2001), https://africanlii.org/afu/judgment/african-commission-human-and-peoples-rights/2001/34 607
Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Advisory Opinion OC-23/17 (2017), www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/opiniones/seriea_23_ing.pdf 607
Court of Justice of the European Union
Air Transport Association of America and Others v. Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change, Case C-366/10 [2011] ECR I-13755 477
Commission v. Netherlands, Case C-299/02 [2004] ECR I-9761 473
Council of the European Union v. European Commission, Case C-73/14 ECLI:EU:C:2015:663 874
R. ex p. International Association of Independent Tanker Owners (Intertanko) v. Secretary of State for Transport, Case C-308/06 [2008] ECR 4057 4
SIOT v. Ministre delle Finanze, Case 266/81 [1983] ECR 731 844
Reports of Conciliation Commissions
Conciliation Commission on the Continental Shelf Area between Iceland and Norway: Report and Recommendations to the Governments of Iceland and Norway (1981), RIAA XXVII (2006), 1 305, 859
In the Matter of a Conciliation between the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste and the Commonwealth of Australia, Decision on Australia’s Objection to Competence (2016), PCA Case No. 2016-10 306, 864, 868
Report and Recommendations of the Compulsory Conciliation Commission between Timor-Leste and Australia in the Timor Sea (2018), PCA Case No. 2016-10 306, 868
Reports of Commissions of Inquiry
Investigation of Certain Incidents affecting the British trawler Red Crusader, Report (1962) RIAA XXIX (2012), 521 858
Report of the Secretary-General’s Panel of Inquiry on the 31 May 2010 Flotilla Incident (2011) https://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/world/Palmer-Committee-Final-report.pdf 858
National Courts
Australia
CPCF v. Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2015] HCA 1 215, 219
New South Wales v. The Commonwealth (1975), 8 ALR 1 136
Queen v. Tang [2008] HCA 39 398
Belgium
Castle John and Nederlandse Stichting Sirius v. NV Mabeco and NV Parfin (1986), 77 ILR 537 386
Sverre (1907), P. C. Jessup, The Law of Territorial Waters and Maritime Jurisdiction (New York: Jennings, 1927), 160 124
Watson (1856), P. C. Jessup, The Law of Territorial Waters and Maritime Jurisdiction (New York: Jennings, 1927), 67 124
Canada
Cushin and Lewis v. R. (1935) L. R. Ex. C. R. 103 126
R. v. Sunila and Soleyman (1986) 28 DLR (4th) 450 208, 408
Re Attorney-General of Canada and Attorney-General of British Columbia (1984) 8 DLR (4th) 161 136
Reference re Mineral and Other Natural Resources of the Continental Shelf (1983) 90 ILR 234 136, 226
Reference re Offshore Mineral Rights of British Columbia (1967) 65 DLR (2d.) 353 136
Costa Rica
State v. Dave Johnson Plazen (1927), Annual Digest of Public International Law Cases 1927–28, Case No. 99 124
France
Carlo-Alberto (1832), Sirey, Jurisprudence 1, 664 126
Cordoba (1912), Revue de Droit International Privé 8 (1912), 636 124
The Johmo (Ministre d’Etat v. Starr et British Commonwealth Insurance Co.) (1970), RGDIP 74 (1970), 1114 125, 133
The Sally and the Newton (1806), 126 Bulletin des lois 602; also reproduced in K. R. Simmonds (ed.), Cases on the Law of the Sea (Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana, 1976), Vol. I, 77–8 125, 854
Tempest (1859), 1 Dalloz, Jurisprudence générale 88 123
Ireland
ACT Shipping (Pte) Ltd v. The Minister for the Marine Ireland and the Attorney General [1995] 3 Irish Reports 426 116, 659
Italy
Re Pulos and others (1976) 77 ILR 587 208
Redstart (1895), P. C. Jessup, The Law of Territorial Waters and Maritime Jurisdiction (New York: Jennings, 1927), 67 124
Sito (1957) Journal de Droit International 89 (1962), 113 207
Kenya
Hassan M Ahmed v. Republic [2009] eKLR 389
Mexico
Public Minister v. Jensen (1894), P. C. Jessup, The Law of Territorial Waters and Maritime Jurisdiction (New York: Jennings, 1927), 67 124
Netherlands
Attican Unity (1986), 101 ILR 436 164
Cygnus Case (Somali Pirates) (2010), 145 ILR 491 389
Guangzhou Shipping Company v. Minister of Transport, Public Works and Water Management (Long Lin), NYIL 27 (1996), 354 116, 659
State of the Netherlands v. Stichtung Urgenda (2019), https://uitspraken.rechtspraak.nl/inziendocument?id=ECLI:NL:HR:2019:2007 608
New Zealand
Sellers v. Maritime Safety Inspector [1999] 2 NZLR 44 477
Norway
A and SIA North Star Ltd. v. Public Prosecution Authority (2019), HR-2019-282-S, English translation https://lovdata.no/dokument/HRENG/avgjorelse/hr-2019-282-s-eng 248
Philippines
Prof. Merlin M. Magallona et al. v. Hon. Eduardo Ermita et al. G.R. No. 187167 (2011), http://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/1/29267 202
United Kingdom/Great Britain/England
Attorney General v. Bates (The Case of Impositions) (1606), 2 State Trials 371 113
Le Louis (1817) 165 ER 1464 207
Molvan v. A. G. for Palestine [1948] AC 351 404
Mortensen v. Peters 14 SLT 227 465, 853
Parlement Belge (1878–79) 4 P.D. 129 (1880) 5 PD 197 132
Post Office v. Estuary Radio Ltd. [1968] 2 QB 740 80, 85, 854
R. v. Keyn (The Franconia) (1876) 2 Ex. D. 63 131–3
R. v. Mills (unreported, Croydon Crown Court, 1995) (ICLQ 44 (1995), 949–58) 208, 408
The Anna (1805) 165 ER 809 137
USA
Alaska v. United States (2005), 545 United States Reports 75 110
Brig Concord (1815), 13 United States Reports 387 126
Cunard SS Co v. Mellon (1923), 262 United States Reports 100 125
Haitian Centers Council Inc. v. McNary (1992), 969 F. 2d 1350 (2d. Cir. 1992) 411
Institute of Cetacean Research et al. v. Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (2013), U.S. App. LEXIS 10717 (9th Cir. 24 May 2013) 396
McCulloch v. National Labor Relations Board (1963), 34 ILR 51 121
Patterson v. Bark Eudora (1903), 190 United States Reports 169 114
People v. Wong Cheng (1922), Annual Digest of Public International Law Cases 1919–22, Case No. 73 124
Spector v. Norwegian Cruise Line Ltd (2005), 545 United States Reports 119 121
Taiyo Maru (1974), 395 F. Supp. 413 218
US v. Alaska (1996), 521 United States Reports 1 82
US v. California (1947), 332 United States Reports 19 136
US v. California (1977), 432 United States Reports 40 88
US v. Gonzalez (1985), 776 F. 2d 931 218
US v. Louisiana (1950), 339 United States Reports 1 136
US v. Louisiana (1969), 394 United States Reports 11 103
US v. Louisiana (1985), 470 United States Reports 93 82
US v. Maine (1975), 420 United States Reports 515 136
US v. Marino-Garcia 679 F. 2d 1373 (1982), cert. denied 459 United States Reports 1114 (1983) 405
US v. Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd., 11 F Supp 2d 1358 (1998) (DC, South Florida) 653
US v. Texas (1950), 339 United States Reports 707 136
US v. Tinoco, 304 F. 3d 1088 (11th Cir. 2002), No. 01-11012 405
US v. Wildenhus (1887), 120 United States Reports 1 123–5
Table of treaties
Treaties are listed in chronological order of adoption/signature. Protocols, regardless of their date, are included with their parent conventions. The UN Treaty Series, which is given as the source of many of the treaties in this table, is available online at https://treaties.un.org/Pages/Content.aspx?path=DB/UNTS/pageIntro_en.xml