Multicultural Spanish Dictionary: How everyday Spanish Differs from Country to Country

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

How to Use this Dictionary

Introduction

PART I: ENGLISH—SPANISH

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X-Y-Z

PART II: SPANISH—ENGLISH

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I-J-K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X-Y-Z

PART III: SUBJECT AREAS

Animals: Birds

Animals: Insects & Bugs

Animals: Mammals

Animals: Mollusks & Crustaceans

Animals: Reptiles, Amphibians & Fish

Common Adjectives

Drug Culture

Food: Breads & Pastries

Food: Fruits & Vegetables

Food: Kitchen & Meals

Hobbies & Recreation: Movies & Television

Hobbies & Recreation: Music

Hobbies & Recreation: Sports

Hobbies & Recreation: Workbench

Nature: Vegetation & Landscape

Nature: Weather

Personal Life: Clothing & Accessories

Personal Life: Greetings & Forms of Address

Personal Life: The Human Body

Personal Life: Personal Articles

Personal Life: Relationships

Shelter & Daily Life: Furnishings

Shelter & Daily Living: Housing

Shelter & Daily Living: Town & City

Transportation: Bicycle

Transportation: Car & Traffic

Transportation: Public Transport

Workplace: Computer

Workplace: Occupations

Workplace: Office

Multicultural Spanish Dictionary

How Everyday Spanish Differs from Country to Country

Second Revised Edition

Morry Sofer

General Editor

Agustín Martínez

Spanish Editor

Schreiber Publishing

Savage, Maryland

Multicultural Spanish Dictionary

Edited by Agustín Martínez

Published by:

Schreiber Publishing, Inc.

Post Office Box 858

Savage, MD 20763 USA

www.schreiberlanguage.com

copyright © 1999, 2006 Schreiber Publishing,

Second Revised Edition

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without prior written permission from the publisher, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Multicultural Spanish dictionary : how everyday Spanish differs from country to country / Morry Sofer, general editor ; Agustín Martínez, Spanish editor. -- 2nd rev. ed.

p. cm.

ISBN-13: 978-0-88400-317-5 (pbk.)

1. Spanish language--Dictionaries--English. 2. English language--Dictionaries--Spanish.

3. Spanish language—Provincialisms—Latin America—Dictionaries. I. Sofer, Morry. II. Martínez, Agustín, 1967- Multicultural Spanish dictionary.

PC4640.M26 2006

463’.21—dc22

2006013957

Acknowledgements

The publisher wishes to acknowledge the diligent work of the editors and contributors of this ground-breaking volume. The idea for this kind of innovative Spanish dictionary was born during annual conferences of the American Translators Association, to which most of the contributors belong. It grew out of the practical experience of Spanish translators who have been confronting the daily realities of having to find the right Spanish word for such common things as a flat tire or a bow tie. When called upon to participate in this effort, they all came forward and plunged into this exploratory task with great enthusiasm. Their contributions are greatly appreciated. Their names appear on the next page.

The same holds true with regard to this Second Revised Edition. My coworker, Diego Gutiérrez, volunteered to trim the entries from his native Colombia. Also, noting the absence of Paraguay, Lic. Oscar Manuel Pavía Benítez, a distinguished Paraguayan jurist and linguist, volunteered terms from his country, which Yamandú Sánchez, another Paraguayan, completed. The one country remaining was Nicaragua, which Lic. Margarita Cruz, a Nicaraguan linguist, graciously added to the mix. Finally, Alison Smith lent her editing and proofing skills in reviewing the final version. My sincerest thanks to all of them.

Mordecai Schreiber, Publisher

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Ana María Berger, Guatemala

Teresa María Campero, Bolivia

Nefertiti Casado-Hagan, Dominican Republic

Milagros Cobos, Spain

Lic. Margarita Cruz, Nicaragua

Enid González, Puerto Rico

Diego Gutiérrez, Colombia

Andrés Harnecker, Costa Rica

Ana Kalnay, Argentina

Ana Victoria Krizán, Ecuador

Agustín Martínez, Cuba

Anamaris Martínez, Panama

Arne Myne, Costa Rica

Lidia Nazak, Uruguay

Ruth Olson, Venezuela

Katia Panhans, Mexico

Lic. Oscar Manuel Pavía Benítez, Paraguay

Guadalupe Reynolds, Peru

Sandra M. Rivera de Aquino, Puerto Rico

Teresa Román, Chile

Yamandú Sánchez, Paraguay

Carolina Valencia, Colombia

Introduction to the Second Edition

When this book first appeared in 1999, it enjoyed instant success. It went into several printings and elicited many comments from users near and far. It was quite clear that there was a great need for such a specialized reference. This has been particularly true in the United States, where the Spanish-speaking population has grown rapidly in the past thirty years, becoming the largest ethnic and linguistic minority. Millions of Hispanics interact daily throughout the U.S. with people who share their native language yet not all of their native words. It soon became clear that a new revised edition was needed, and after several years of research the Second Revised Edition was completed.

It should be pointed out that there have been more than a few misunderstandings about the nature of this book, and of the ways to use it. For this reason we add the following section on how to use this dictionary. More information about this dictionary can be found in the Introduction.

How to Use this Dictionary

This dictionary is different from other Spanish dictionaries in that it only provides words that are not the same in every Spanish-speaking country. The Spanish word for apple is manzana, used everywhere where Spanish is spoken, hence it is not included. Grapefruit, on the other hand, is called toronja in some countries, and pomelo in other countries, hence it is included.

What is also important to keep in mind is that there is a far greater mobility today than ever before, whereby many Latin Americans have moved to Spain in recent years, while others move from Central to South America and so on. All of this impacts on Spanish usage, and many linguistic distinctions have been blurred. Consequently, none of the Spanish terms in this book are cast in stone. All the contributors to this book brought the terms of their respective native countries, but keep in mind that some of those terms are not static. They do tend to change.

Do not use this dictionary as a substitute for the standard Spanish dictionary, but rather as a specialized source when confronted with variations or uncertainties of the use of common everyday words that differ from country to country. If you travel to a particular Spanish-speaking country, you may find this a very useful source for the common words of that country.

Introduction

What kind of Spanish do you speak?

This may seem to be an odd question, since Spanish is Spanish is Spanish. Not so. When you go to the grocery store in Uruguay, you go to the almacén. In Peru you go to the bodega. In Uruguay the bodega is a wine cellar. In fact, if you travel to a dozen different Latin American countries, you will find a dozen different names for grocery store.

There are scores of Spanish-English dictionaries to choose from, but none of them takes cognizance of the variety of everyday Spanish words as used throughout Latin America and in Spain. In fact, if you compare the word grocery in a number of widely used Spanish-English dictionaries, you will find that there is little consistency among them as to which Spanish term they list first, and none of them lists them all.

This is where The Multicultural Spanish Dictionary comes in. It is not meant to replace the standard Spanish-English dictionaries, but rather to pick up where they leave off. As such, it has many uses. It can serve native speakers of Spanish who are interested in finding out how certain words vary in other parts of the Hispanic world. It can also serve non-native speakers who have dealings with or travel to one or more Spanish-speaking country and need to know how a particular word is rendered in each country. In short, anyone who works with the Spanish language needs to add this book to his or her reference shelf.

Since this small volume is breaking new ground, it is far from being an exhaustive work. The editors have chosen the most common areas of everyday life and have attempted to cover the most commonly used words in each area. To facilitate the use of this book, words are accessible in three ways:

Part I: English - Spanish: words which vary in one or more Spanish speaking countries (e.g., apple, is not included in this section, since everyone calls it manzana; grapefruit is included, since most call it toronja, yet in Argentina, Chile, Spain, and Uruguay it is called pomelo). Each English word is matched with what appears to be the most widely used Spanish equivalent and followed by variations according to country (a key to country abbreviations is provided at the bottom of each page).

Part II: Spanish - English: words which vary in one or more Spanish-speaking countries. Here the most commonly used Spanish word is followed by Pri., for Primary Term, while variations are given with the country indicator.

Part III: Subject Areas: This English-into-Spanish section include all the common words in that particular category. Words which vary are bolded.

Each Spanish-speaking country included in this book is represented by a native speaker of the language of that country. One must keep in mind, however, that even within a country—particularly large countries like Mexico or Argentina—there may be more than one way of rendering a common word. In a big city, grocery store may be supermercado, the free rendition of the American English word supermarket, while in a smaller town one still goes to the corner grocery, which retains the old name. Language can never be reduced to one absolute term, especially in our fast-changing world. No matter how thoroughly researched, a dictionary is always a working guide rather than a definitive and immutable source. With this in mind, one can put this book to good use without expecting it to always provide the final word.

At a conference on the Spanish language held in Mexico in the late 1990s, scholars, writers, linguists, and even heads of state (including the King of Spain) discussed the nature and direction of the Spanish language. Is Spain still the standard-bearer of Spanish? Has Latin America, or one particular Latin American country, such as Mexico, taken the lead? Is there a standard Spanish language? These questions sparked much debate but little agreement.

It is important to note that, three years after this book was first published, the official dictionary of the Royal Academy of the Spanish Language finally agreed to include words from Latin America and other parts of the Spanish-speaking world, as well as English words commonly used in Spanish (mostly in technical fields).

The Varieties of Spanish

There are several reasons for the great variety of common Spanish words. Historically, Spanish originated in the Iberian Peninsula, at the southwestern tip of Europe. It descended directly from the Latin spoken by the Romans who invaded the peninsula around 200 B.C. Three other Latin-based languages which emerged on the peninsula are Portuguese, Catalan, and Galician. In the eighth century, Spain was invaded by the Moors from nearby North Africa, who brought with them their Arabic culture and language. For nearly eight centuries they ruled the peninsula and left their mark on the Spanish language. Many Spanish words, particularly those beginning with al, Arabic for the, are derived from Arabic. These include almohada (pillow), albañil (mason), and albaricoque (apricot). Other linguistic influences in the peninsula predate Latin. For example, the Basque language of northern Spain produced the word izquierda (left), derived from the Basque ezkerra.

But perhaps the greatest cultural impact on Spanish came after Spain colonized the New World. During the ensuing four centuries, Spanish spread from California in North America to Tierra del Fuego at the southern tip of South America, making Spanish one of the most widely spoken languages in the world. In the New World, the Spanish language was exposed to many indigenous languages and cultural influences. This had an enormous impact on European Spanish, creating in effect multiple varieties of the mother tongue. In Mexico, the Aztec language and culture provided Mexican Spanish with names of flora and fauna and with place names. In Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia, the Quechua language of the Incas intermingled with Spanish and produced everyday words like adobe (sun-baked brick), and choclo (corn). In Caribbean countries like Cuba, African slaves gave Spanish words like marimba (an African xylophone). Many of Puerto Rico’s place names date back to the Taino Indians. In Argentina and Uruguay, significant immigration from Italy greatly influenced the local Spanish, creating an accent which is a mixture of Spanish and Italian, and adding such greetings as chau to the local speech.

Another major influence on Spanish is American English. Its impact is felt in the areas of Latin America closest to the United States, such as northern Mexico and Puerto Rico, to a lesser extent in Central America, and much less in South America. In Guatemala, for example, to park (a car) is parquear, while Argentinians still say estacionar. In South America soccer ball is pelota, whereas in Puerto Rico it is bola.

One may wonder why there are so many ways of saying trunk (of car) and flat tire throughout Latin America. One possible explanation is the following: Unlike the United States, which established a unified economy early on and developed a uniform technical terminology in areas such as the automotive industry, each country or region within a country in Latin America operated within its own local economic and social structure and was compelled to develop its own technical words. Thus, when the first cars arrived in Uruguay with a trunk on the back resembling a large box, Uruguayans called it a baúl (storage trunk), a name which has stuck to this day, while in other Latin American countries the word for car trunk is of a more recent origin.

In some cases, politics has created a difference in terminology. Just take the Argentinian and Chilean coast guards, which have not always been on good terms. In maritime Spanish, what Chile called boya (buoy) Argentina at one point called baliza (beacon), and vice versa, just to make sure that their buoys and beacons along the coast were not mixed up.

To quote our Colombian contributor, Irrational as life itself, Spanish is not cast in stone. It is a constant process of dynamic expressions of people from town and country. Clearly, Spanish speakers worldwide cherish their freedom of expression, and the day when they all will start calling things by the same name is not near.

PART I: ENGLISH—SPANISH

A

abdomen (n) abdomen

Chi. guata

Col., Dom.R., Nic. vientre

Par. barriga, panza

Per., Ur. barriga

Adam’s apple (n phr) manzana de Adán

Arg. nuez de Adán

Col. coto

Cub. nuez

Nic. manzana

Spa. nuez de la garganta

addicted (adj) adicto

Col. narcómano

Nic. drogadicto, drogo (colloq.)

addiction (n) dependencia

Col., Cos.R., Dom.R., Mex., Nic., Pan., Pue.R. adicción

adult (n) adulto

Col. mayor de edad

Nic. roco (colloq), vetarro (colloq), viejo

aerobics (n) aerobismo

Col., Mex. aerobics

Dom.R., ElS., Gua., Nic. Pan., Pue.R., Uru. aeróbicos

Spa. aerobic

air conditioning (n phr) aire acondicionado

Cos.R. airecondicionado

airfare (n) precio del pasaje

Arg., Ecu. tarifa

Col. tarifa aérea

Mex. tarifa de vuelo

Spa. precio del billete de avión

Venz. precio del boleto

airline (n) aerolínea

Col., Dom.R., Nic. línea aérea

airplane (n) avión

Col. aeronave

alcoholic beverage (n phr) bebida alcohólica

Chi., Nic. trago

alley (n) callejón

Per. pasaje

aluminum foil (n phr) papel de aluminio

Chi., Col., Nic., Pan. papel aluminio

Cos.R., ElS., Gua., Pan., Per. lámina de aluminio

amateur (n) amateur

Col., Mex., Nic., Venz. aficionado

Chi. amador

Cub. no profesional

Per. novato

anchovy (n) anchoa

Chi. anchoveta

Cos.R., Dom.R., Pue.R., boquerón

Per. anchoveta, boquerón

antiperspirant (n) desodorante