The Torah For Dummies

Introduction

The Torah is both the most sacred object and the most sacred text in Judaism. It consists of the first five books of the Bible: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. The word Torah comes from the same root as the Hebrew word hora’ah (hoe-rah-ah), which means instruction or teaching. The Torah’s purpose, simply stated, is to provide people with instructions for finding and following the path of God and the path to God.

Although the words in the Torah, which is also known as the Five Books of Moses, consists of exactly 304,805 letters, the great sages of Jewish tradition teach that all the wisdom in the universe is hidden within these letters. Jewish tradition looks carefully at these letters and at the words they form, and great sages throughout history have provided — and continue to provide — the proper instruction for analyzing the Torah text and revealing its divine messages.

As my teacher, the renowned Rabbi Adin Steinsaltz of Jerusalem, has said, Other religions have a concept of scripture as deriving from Heaven, but only Judaism seems to be based on the idea that the Torah Scripture is itself Heaven. In other words, the Torah of the Jews is the essence of divine revelation; it is not only a basis for social, political, and religious life but is something of supreme value.

When you study the Torah, you aren’t just studying the word of God. According to Jewish belief, Torah study is actually an authentic encounter with God. The Torah can be viewed as a collection of concentrated emanations and transmutations of divine wisdom. I’m a Jew who studies the Torah in one form or another every day. I’ve been studying the Torah for nearly 40 years, and I’ve come to believe that the Torah is the most profound collection of wisdom and guidance I’ve ever encountered.

About This Book

It’s essential to know that you can’t understand the Five Books of Moses simply by reading it like a storybook. A core belief among the Jewish people is that when Moses encountered God on Mount Sinai and received the Torah, he actually received two Torahs — one written and one oral. The two parts together make up what the Jewish people consider to be the Torah.

The relationship between the Written Torah and the Oral Torah has often been compared to the relationship between the United States Constitution on the one hand and both federal and state legislation as well as the decisions of the Supreme Court on the other hand. The written Constitution contains basic principles, but it’s the legislation and court decisions that expand upon these principles and give them life. Jewish tradition teaches that the Oral Torah works in much the same way, expanding upon the basic written principles of the Five Books of Moses. These basic principles are constantly being applied to new situations as human history unfolds.

In The Torah For Dummies, I explain how both aspects of the Torah work together to form an operating manual for life. Like all For Dummies books, you don’t need to read The Torah For Dummies from cover to cover. Each chapter is self-contained. I’ve constructed each section so that you can flip through the book, find something of interest, and read it without needing to know what the other chapters say. I’ve written this book in plain, down-to-earth language, and if I need to mention an essential technical or foreign word or phrase, I make sure to define it the first time I use it.

Even though the Torah is deep and profound, Jewish tradition teaches that the Torah is written in the language of humans and is meant to be accessible and understandable. I’ve made sure that my explanations and descriptions of the Torah and its contents resulted in a plain-language reference book that will serve you well, even if you have had absolutely no prior experience or familiarity with the Torah.

My goal in writing The Torah For Dummies is to introduce you to the Torah, its structure, its contents, and its significance in Jewish life. I also want you to understand how the ideas in the Torah provide the basis of Western civilization and the foundations of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

Conventions Used in This Book

Because the Torah is a vast subject with so many parts, qualities, aspects, and subjects, I had to establish a few conventions while writing to make the subject as clear and understandable as possible. As you read The Torah For Dummies, please keep in mind my conventions regarding the following:

bullet The word Torah: Don’t jump too quickly to define the word Torah. It has abstract connotations as well as very specific usages. For the most part, when I use the word in this book, I’m referring to the Five Books of Moses. But as you will find out, Torah also refers to the oral tradition that has been passed down from generation to generation ever since Moses encountered God at Mount Sinai. In addition, the word Torah refers to the entire body of Jewish teachings.

bullet References to God: Although the Five Books of Moses refers to God using male pronouns like He and Him, in principle God has no gender and is beyond anything the human mind can grasp on any level. Occasionally, I refer to God using male pronouns for simplicity’s sake, but I try to avoid this as much as possible.

bullet Pronunciation of Hebrew words: Many Hebrew words and phrases appear throughout this book in boldface text, and because not everyone’s familiar with the language, I offer pronunciation help. The syllable that receives the accent is always in italics. But you should be aware that there are two ways to pronounce many Hebrew words:

• Ashkenazic: This is the Central and Eastern European pronunciation that’s used in most, but not all, Orthodox synagogues. An example is Shabbos (shah-bus; Sabbath), with the accent on the first syllable.

• Sephardic: This is the modern Israeli pronunciation that’s used in most liberal synagogues and some Orthodox synagogues in the United States. An example is Shabbat (shah-baht; Sabbath), with the accent on the second syllable.

In this book, I mostly use the transliteration and pronunciation commonly used in Israel, but sometimes I give the Ashkenazic pronunciation, especially if it has become common usage.

bullet The names of the Five Books of Moses: I use the common names for each of the Five Books of Moses. For example, the first book, Genesis, is actually called Bereshit (beh-ray-sheet) in Hebrew and in Jewish tradition. Even though I would love for you to know the real names of each book, I’ve come to the conclusion that using the common names is more useful, especially for a beginner.

bullet Sages, commentators, and rabbis: Throughout this book, I use these terms interchangeably. The term sage is a common one in Jewish life and generally refers to any highly regarded Torah teacher. By definition, someone whose commentaries on the Torah have come to be accepted among traditional Jews throughout history is known as a sage. Occasionally, I refer to the rabbis. What I mean by that isn’t simply anyone who happens to be a rabbi but rather those rabbis who have earned reputations asluminaries among the Jewish people.

bullet English translations of verses from the Torah: The Torah is written in Hebrew; the English translations appearing in this book are mine, but I want you to know that I’m quite familiar with all the available English translations of the Torah and I’ve often borrowed phrases from them. Generally, my translations are composites of all the available English translations as well as my own translations, and my decisions are based on my judgments as to what’s the clearest and most understandable language to modern English-speaking readers.

bullet Jewish observance: This book is not a guide to Jewish religious observance. If you’re interested in following the teachings of the Torah, there are many books available specifically to help you with that. The best way to learn how to live a religious Jewish life is to find a qualified rabbi or teacher who can direct you in the process of learning the way of the Torah.

What You’re Not to Read

If you have the time and inclination to read this book from cover to cover, by all means, get to it! However, if you’re only looking for the most helpful, most essential facts and explanations, you can skip the sidebars, which appear in shaded gray boxes throughout this book. They’re interesting (I hope!) anecdotes and pieces of information that supplement the text but aren’t essential for an understanding of the topics being explored.

Foolish Assumptions

When writing this book, I had to make some assumptions about you. First of all, I don’t assume that you’re Jewish, nor do I assume that you want to be. And although the Torah is just as much about spiritual practice as it is about general spiritual ideas, I don’t assume that you want to adopt every practice, custom, and ritual, nor do I assume that you necessarily agree with all the theological assumptions found in the Torah.

Following are some additional assumptions I’ve made. If you fit into any of these categories, this book is for you:

bullet You’ve heard about the Torah and are curious about it because you know that it’s the central book and foundation of Judaism.

bullet You know that both Christianity and Islam have their roots in Judaism and the Torah, and you’re interested in understanding those roots.

bullet You have some familiarity with the Bible and know some of its contents (like Noah’s Ark and the Ten Commandments), but you still want more.

bullet You’re a spiritual seeker, and you’ve heard that the Torah is the cornerstone of the Jewish path and the hiding place of all the secrets of Kabbalah.

bullet You’re Jewish but realize that you never received a good Jewish education or you want to supplement, enrich, broaden, and expand your Jewish knowledge.

bullet You’re not Jewish, but you’d like to understand more about Jewish life, including that of your Jewish friends and neighbors.

bullet You’ve attended a synagogue service and have witnessed the reverence that the Jewish people give to the Torah, and you’d like to know more about it.

bullet You’ve seen popular films like The Ten Commandments and Raiders of the Lost Ark, and you’re curious about the contexts of those films.

bullet You’ve seen a lot of Christian preachers on television quoting from and explaining the Torah from their points of view, but you’d like to know how Judaism understands its holy book.

How This Book Is Organized

I’ve organized this book so that you can skip around easily. In order to help you get in, get the information you need, and get out without reading cover to cover, I divided the book into parts that give you one piece of the Torah picture at a time.

Part I: The Torah 101

This part provides you with the basics. You get an overview of the entire subject, in particular the major sections of the Torah as well as some of its most important ideas and concepts. I introduce the main character of the Torah — God. There’s a lot to say about God, even though, by definition, it’s impossible for humans to grasp God. But once you understand the paradox that the Torah expects you to establish an intimate, personal relationship with a God whom you can’t conceive of, you begin to understand that God is the basis of everything. And because the Torah is often profoundly misunderstood, I also explore what the Torah isn’t in this part.

Part II: One by One: The Books of the Torah

The Five Books of Moses consists of, well, five books: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. In this part, I walk you through each of the five books, one by one, summarizing the major events and concepts appearing in each. After reading each chapter in this part, you should have a pretty good idea of the books’ contents, from stories you didn’t know of to ones that sound familiar (like the splitting of the Red Sea or the giving of the Ten Commandments). I’ll warn you now that you may end up saying to yourself, "Oh, so that’s where that comes from!"

Part III: The Torah: An Operating Manual for Planet Earth

Even though the Torah has a lot to say about spiritual topics like God, faith, good and evil, and angels, it’s a book of action. Its emphasis is on the world in which people live and function. In this part, I show you how the Torah concerns itself with personal behavior, like honoring parents, giving charity, treating animals with kindness, and just about every personal human activity. I also show you how the Torah has an equal concern for behavior in communal affairs, like the court system, employee/employer relations, and property rights.

Part IV: The Importance of the Torah in Judaism

The Torah scroll is the most sacred object in Jewish life. In this part, I show you how the contents of the Torah form the basis for Jewish holy days and Jewish customs and practices (like eating kosher food), and the way in which the Torah scroll is used during synagogue services. According to Jewish tradition, every Jewish person must either write a Torah scroll or support those who do, so in this part, I provide you with the details of how a Torah scroll is written. Finally, every Jewish person is required to study the Torah, so I describe just how this is done and provide you with some suggestions if you want to participate in the study of the Torah.

Part V: The Part of Tens

Every For Dummies book has a Part of Tens. One natural list of ten items relating to the Torah is the Ten Commandments. But it’s not so simple: Not only are there two versions of the Ten Commandments in the Torah, but different groups of Christians even count them differently! Another group of ten that I give you in this part is ten famous (and often misunderstood) quotations from the Torah, many of which you’ll know.

Part VI: Appendixes

In this part, I include a glossary of terms that you should know for a basic vocabulary about the Torah. And last but not least, I give you a list of the 613 commandments found in the Torah, broken down into positive commandments (what you should do) and negative commandments (what you shouldn’t do).

Icons Used in This Book

All For Dummies books feature icons (little pictures that grab your attention) in the margins to serve you well. Think of them as road signs pointing to different kinds of information in the chapters.

This icon alerts you to ideas and concepts that my Torah teachers have given me over the years.

This icon alerts you to concepts, terms, and ideas in the Torah that are of particular importance. Keep the points marked with this icon in mind, and you can’t go wrong.

This icon points out helpful information that you can use if you make the Torah a part of your life.

This icon points to misconceptions about the Torah or actions that are strictly forbidden by the Torah. Read this information carefully!

This icon highlights instances when I quote directly from the Torah or some other important Jewish source, often from some of the great sages of Jewish history.

Where to Go from Here

You can begin this book wherever you like. But you may want to start with the following suggestions:

bullet If you’re interested in all 613 commandments in the Torah, go to Appendixes B and C.

bullet If you want to get a good overview of each of the Five Books of Moses, read Part II.

bullet If you want to put the Torah’s basic principles into practice immediately, read Chapters 9 and 10.

No matter where you start, I can’t deny that I’m excited for you. The Torah is awesome. There’s a blessing that Jews have said for centuries before studying the Torah as a way of offering thanks to God; the blessing is this: Blessed are You, Lord our God, Ruler of the universe, Who has sanctified us by Your commandments and has commanded us to get involved with the words of the Torah. This blessing doesn’t require you to obey the Torah, believe in the Torah, or follow the Torah. It simply says to get involved with its words. I hope you do.

Part I

The Torah 101

In this part . . .

Even though you can begin reading any chapter in this book first, you may want to get some of the basics under your belt. In this part, I cover some of the fundamental elements found in the Torah itself, such as its setup and laws. I also give you a quick overview of the contents of the Five Books of Moses. Perhaps most importantly I devote an entire chapter to God, who is the ultimate author of the Torah; in fact, God is the author of the universe and everything that exists.

Chapter 1

Beginning with Torah Basics

In This Chapter

bullet Meeting the Torah’s author — God

bullet Discovering the most important elements of the Torah

bullet Glimpsing each of the Five Books of Moses

bullet Understanding how to live a righteous life according to the Torah

bullet Seeing how the Torah guides the lives of the Jewish people

The Torah, also known as the Five Books of Moses, is the most sacred object and the most important text of the Jewish people. As a sacred scroll found in every synagogue throughout the world, it’s referred to as a sefer Torah (say-fehr toe-rah; Torah scroll); as a bound book, it’s referred to as a chumash (khuh-mahsh; five).

The Torah is more than a text, though; it’s also the spiritual tradition of the Jewish people, communicated by God (the Creator and Master of the universe) to Moses (the greatest prophet of the Jewish people) on Mount Sinai in 1280 BCE and handed down from generation to generation.

You can understand the word Torah in a third way as well. Torah is the vast and constantly growing body of teachings and wisdom of Judaism, and in this sense it even includes what a qualified Jewish teacher will teach tomorrow. The study of Torah is not necessarily the same as the "study of the Torah. The Torah usually means the Written Torah, the Five Books of Moses, whereas Torah" is Torah studies in the more general sense.

In this chapter, I introduce you to various aspects of the Torah, such as its structure, teachings, and study. I invite you to explore this chapter and discover some basics about this unique document of documents that has taught the world about charity; love; the importance of educating children; honesty in the marketplace; the concepts of bankruptcy, courts, and witnesses; and so many other aspects of modern experience that are embedded into the fabric of our lives.

Introducing God, the Torah’s Author

Even though the Torah is mainly about God, it’s also important to remember that the Torah’s author is God. Although the first line of the Torah says, In the beginning of God’s creation of heaven and earth . . ., it’s God who is speaking. God chose Moses to receive and write down a divine message, which is why the Torah is also known as the Five Books of Moses, but the Torah emanates from God. God reaches into the human world with the Torah.

Jewish tradition teaches that God didn’t create the world out of nothing. God’s creation is an emanation of divine light that God sculpted into all that exists. God is not just in everything. Rather, everything is God. This is, of course, a paradox. On the one hand, people live their lives feeling separate from God, but at the same time, Jewish tradition teaches that on the deepest level everything is God.

In studying the Torah, you’ll often encounter paradoxes. Many spiritual teachers teach that when you encounter a paradox, it usually means that you’re going in the right direction. The endless struggle to grasp and understand what is meant by God is both the most important activity of life and, at the same time, an impossible task. The study of Torah is the way in which Jews participate in this paradoxical struggle. Some of the ideas that students of the Torah struggle with include:

bullet Humans are created in God’s image.

bullet God has many names, but no name can possibly be adequate.

bullet God exists.

bullet God has no gender.

bullet God is unique; nothing is like God is any way.

bullet God is everywhere.

bullet God is, was, and will be; God transcends time.

bullet God is beyond human comprehension.

The Torah is mainly God’s communication to people about how to behave. Most of the Torah is directed toward the Jewish people, although it also contains instructions for all other peoples of the world. But for reasons that only God knows, the Jewish people are given extra burdens and responsibilities. God chose the Jewish people, but in no way does this status of being chosen by God imply superiority.

People have responsibilities to God and to each other, and the Torah is filled with instructions about how to fulfill both (see the later section Living Life According to the Torah for more about people’s responsibilities to each other). Regarding a person’s relationship to God, the Torah stresses

bullet Connecting with God through God’s commandments

bullet Having faith in God

bullet Maintaining trust in God

bullet Accepting direction from God

bullet Understanding that God directs everything that occurs

bullet Struggling to comprehend God

bullet Communicating with God through prayer

See Chapter 2 for more information about God, the ultimate author.

Examining the Torah’s Important Elements

Jewish tradition maintains that the Five Books of Moses contains everything. Yes, everything. Although the Torah is a religious document, it isn’t a collection of abstractions in spiritual language. Rather, it uses concrete descriptions in the form of laws and stories to express abstract notions. The Torah also deals with all aspects of life, from business, agriculture, and industry to family life, sexuality, and ritual. The Torah directs human conduct in all its aspects. It urges followers to see the whole world as a Holy Temple in which each student functions as a priest whose job it is to constantly purify and sanctify the entirety of life.

The Torah consists of two parts: One is written and the other is oral. Flip to Chapter 3 for a full introduction to the treasures of the Torah.

The Written Torah

As the Torah describes, Moses was the greatest teacher and prophet who ever lived. It’s important, however, to always keep in mind that Moses wasn’t a perfect being. He had the noble attribute of humility, although he was also self-effacing sometimes, and he didn’t always do the right thing. As my teacher has often said, In Judaism, there are no plastic saints.

At Mount Sinai, Moses encountered God in an intimate way unlike anyone before or since, and Moses wrote down what God told him to write. The result was the Five Books of Moses. It is these five books that are the main focus of The Torah For Dummies. Table 1-1 shows you the names of the Five Books of Moses, which come from Greek because a few thousand years ago the Torah was translated into that language. The table also gives you the Hebrew names of the books and their translations.

The Torah isn’t the Bible. The Jewish Bible is the book that Christians call the Old Testament, and the Five Books of Moses are the first five sections of the Jewish Bible. The other sections are the books of the Prophets (of which there are eight) and the books of other sacred writings (of which there are 11). In all, there are 24 books in the Jewish Bible, also often referred to as the Hebrew Scriptures.

The Oral Torah

When Moses encountered God and received God’s message, the divine transmission included oral teachings that were never meant to be written down. An oral tradition allows for flexibility; too often when an oral teaching is written down, it’s taken too literally and loses its power to adapt to changing times and circumstances. It was only after much debate and discussion that the great sages of the Jewish people decided to write down the oral teachings in a process that began a few thousand years ago. This compromise was based on the historical fact that the enemies of the Jewish people were killing so many of the Children of Israel and the sacred traditions were at a great risk of being lost.

The major elements of the Oral Torah include

bullet The Mishnah (mish-nah; repetition): A book consisting of six sections, written in Hebrew, that serve as a summary of the oral teachings as handed down by Moses, along with the Written Torah, to the elders of the Jewish people.

bullet The Gemara (geh-mah-rah; completion): Additions, written mostly in Aramaic, that serve to analyze the Mishnah, define its fine points, and also illustrate how the Five Books of Moses and the Mishnah are applied to the ever-changing conditions of life.

The Mishnah and the Gemara appear together in the Talmud (tahl-mood; learning), which is a set of books consisting of 63 sections and also includes additional commentaries by great teachers throughout the centuries.

bullet The Midrash (mid-rahsh; interpretation): A few dozen books written over a number of centuries that serve to expand upon the details found in the Five Books of Moses and other books of the Jewish Bible. The various collections of Midrashim (plural for Midrash) teach both divine moral lessons and divine laws.

bullet Halachah (ha-lah-khah; the way to walk): The term for Jewish law. Jewish laws are either positive (do this) or negative (don’t do this), and 613 of them are traditionally found in the Five Books of Moses (see Appendixes B and C for the full list). This number is deceptive because there are actually thousands of Jewish teachings that grow out of the primary 613 commandments in the Torah.

Taking One Torah Book at a Time

There’s an ancient Jewish tradition that the entire Five Books of Moses is actually one long name of God. The Written Torah is also traditionally seen as five separate books, each with its own character and content. The following are the Five Books of Moses, which I cover in detail in Part II:

bullet Genesis: The book of Genesis focuses on the creation of the universe and the creation of the Jewish family, starting with Adam and Eve, Noah, his son Shem, and ultimately with the patriarch Abraham and matriarch Sarah. The book is filled with many dramas involving the individuals who form the foundation of the Jewish people, most notably Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Sarah, Rebecca, Rachel, Leah, and Joseph.

bullet Exodus: The book of Exodus essentially tells the story of the Jewish people’s experience of slavery in Egypt and ultimate liberation under the leadership of Moses and his brother Aaron. This book also describes Moses’s encounters with God and the receiving of the divine transmission called the Torah at Mount Sinai.

bullet Leviticus: This book of the Torah contains the least amount of narrative among the five. Rather, it’s concerned with the rules and functions of a branch of the Jewish family that serves a unique priestly role within Judaism; it’s also filled with laws, rules, and regulations of a wide variety.

bullet Numbers: The book of Numbers largely concerns itself with the 40-year journey through the desert, from Egypt to the Promised Land (Israel), taken by the Children of Israel. Earlier in the Torah, God promises the Land of Israel to Abraham, and it’s Moses’s mission to lead the freed slaves — who are the descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob — to the Promised Land. The book of Numbers provides details of many of their encounters and experiences in the desert and also includes many of the laws incumbent upon the Jewish people.

bullet Deuteronomy: The book of Deuteronomy is largely Moses’s farewell address to his people. In this book, Moses recounts many of the key experiences of the Jewish people after their liberation from Egypt. He also takes the opportunity to repeat many teachings contained in the first four books of the Written Torah. This book ends with the death of Moses.

Living Life According to the Torah

The Torah is God’s instruction book to humankind. For practical purposes, you can see these instructions as two different yet overlapping types: One is the instructions by God about how people should behave as individuals on a personal level, and the other is how people should behave in a community.

Watching your personal behavior

The Torah’s instructions to people about personal behavior are based on the assumption that the details are what matters. Sure, it’s lovely to say that people should be nice to each other and should love each other, but it has been proven again and again that lofty generalizations like Be nice or Be fair are never enough. The trend in the Torah is to add details rather than to make broad, sweeping statements. Without specific instructions to follow, people all too often don’t really get the picture or behave as they’re supposed to. The Written and Oral Torahs together show how the highest, deepest, and most profound ideals from God are applied to the ever-changing circumstances of life.

Head to Chapter 9 for more information on keeping your personal behavior in line with the Torah, including tips on treating both your family and strangers kindly.

Playing well with others in the community

The great American poet Robert Frost wrote, Good fences make good neighbors. This is a terrific summary of the way in which the Torah concerns itself with communal behavior. As with the Torah’s teachings about personal behavior, the details are what matters. While some of the general principles can be summarized as Be honest, Be compassionate, Be a good boss, and Be a good citizen, it’s not enough to give sweet, abstract instructions on how people in a community should behave toward one another. Good rules, good definitions, and good fences serve a community well. The Written Torah and the Oral Torah go into minute detail on the main principles, covering just about every conceivable situation in community life.

Check out Chapter 10 for details on living by the word of the Torah in the community, including information on doing better business, dealing with property rights, and keeping order in the court.

Connecting the Torah to Judaism

The way of Judaism as a spiritual tradition is the way of Torah. The Torah is the link between God and the Jewish people. Jewish belief, Jewish law, Jewish practice, Jewish customs, Jewish holy days, and Jewish values all grow out of the Torah, as you find out in the following sections.

Taking note of the holiness of time

The great Jewish sages teach that it’s possible to connect with holiness (which means connecting with God) in three ways: the holiness of space, the holiness of the human soul, and the holiness of time:

bullet The holiness of space focuses on a spot in Jerusalem known as the Holy of Holies; it’s surrounded by the Holy Temple. The Holy Temple is situated in the Holy City of Jerusalem, and the Holy City is in the Holy Land of Israel. An example of a constant recognition of the holiness of space is that the Torah instructs Jews throughout the world to face Jerusalem during the three daily prayer sessions.

bullet The holiness of the human soul implies that the human soul can refine itself and make itself holy through the holy behavior as instructed by the Torah.

bullet The holiness of time is expressed through special rituals and prayers that are recited at special times and occasions. The Torah instructs the Jewish people that one of the best ways to connect with God is to observe the commandments that guide them through the various units of time.

The Jewish sages teach that the Torah concerns itself with every moment of life: from the moment of birth to the moment of death, and from the moment you wake until the moment you sleep. Just as God is everywhere in space, so too is God everywhere in time. The Torah instructs its students regarding

bullet The day (three prayer sessions and other daily requirements)

bullet The week (the six working days and the Holy Sabbath)

bullet The month (the observation of the new moon each month)

bullet The year (many holy days that appear throughout the annual Jewish calendar and are detailed in the Torah)

Chapter 11 has the complete scoop on observing holy days in Torah time.

Following Jewish customs

The Written Torah and the Oral Torah have a lot to say about how Jewish people should conduct themselves throughout each important stage of life, as shown in Table 1-2.

The Torah also has a lot to say to the Jewish people regarding all aspects of life, including

bullet The use of symbols in Judaism, such as

• Mezuzah (a sign on the doorpost of every Jewish home)

• Tzitzit (a sign on the corners of clothes that some Jews wear)

• Tefillin (a sign that actually wraps itself around your head and arm)

bullet The way to eat (eating