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    Pharmacology Research And Textbook 2
    Pharmacology Research And Textbook 2
    Pharmacology Research And Textbook 2
    Ebook99 pages1 hour

    Pharmacology Research And Textbook 2

    By Aliasghar Tabatabaei Mohammadi, Reza Nouralizadeh, Navid Naghsh and

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    About this ebook

    Research And Textbook about Pharmacology for medical doctors.

     
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherNobel Sciences
    Release dateJul 7, 2023
    ISBN9791222424248
    Pharmacology Research And Textbook 2

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      Book preview

      Pharmacology Research And Textbook 2 - Aliasghar Tabatabaei Mohammadi

      Pharmacology

      Research And Textbook

      2

      Chapter1: HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitors and Neurodevelopment

      Chapter2: Coenzyme Q10

      Chapter3: Ferroptosis

      Author in Chief: Aliasghar Tabatabaei Mohammadi

      Gmail: Dr.Alitabatabaei98@gmail.com

      Melorin Biotech, London, UK

      https://orcid.org/ 0000-0002-3285-8701

      Authors

      Reza Nouralizadeh

      Affiliation: Department of Food and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jundishapour University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran

      Gmail: nouralizadeh.r@ajums.ac.ir

      ORCID: 0000-0002-9007-1886

      Chapter: 1

      Navid Naghsh

      Affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran

      Gmail: navidnaghsh8@gmail.com

      Chapter: 1

      Shaghayegh Abbasi

      Affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences,Yazd, Iran

      Gmail: sh.abbasi.pharm@gmail.com

      Chapter: 2

      Erfan Ghanbarzadeh

      Affiliation: Melorin Biotech, London, UK

      Gmail: imerfan2017@gmail.com

      Chapter: 2

      Seyedhamid Hoseini

      Affiliation: Tehran University of Medical Sciences

      Gmail: Hamidhoseini1996@gmail.com

      ORCID: 0009-0006-0196-7311

      Chapter: 3

      Chapter1: HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitors and Neurodevelopment

      In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the number of children born to mothers who are either infected with or at risk of contracting human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1). This rise is attributed to the increased availability and affordability of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for pregnant women or those of childbearing age. It is estimated that each year, up to 1.3 million HIV-1-infected women on ART give birth, with recorded mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission rates of less than 1%.

      While this is undoubtedly a positive development, the outcomes of children who are exposed to antiretroviral drugs during pregnancy, especially in terms of pre- and post-natal neurodevelopment, remain poorly understood. One of the key reasons for this is the underrepresentation of pregnant women in clinical trials, which makes it challenging to fully evaluate any potential risks associated with these drugs.

      One drug that has recently come under scrutiny is dolutegravir (DTG), which has been linked to an increased risk of neural tube defects (NTDs) when used around the time of conception. While the overall risk is still relatively low, this has raised concerns among healthcare providers and policymakers, who are now exploring ways to mitigate these risks while still ensuring that pregnant women have access to the life-saving benefits of ART.

      Given the complex nature of these issues, it is essential that researchers and stakeholders continue to work together to better understand the impact of ART on maternal and fetal health. By improving our understanding of the risks and benefits of these drugs, we can help ensure that all women, regardless of their HIV status, have access to safe and effective treatments that can improve both their own health and the health of their children.

      In 2018, a potential association between the use of dolutegravir (DTG) and neural tube defects (NTDs) was first identified in Botswana. Since then, there has been growing concern about the impact that integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs), which include DTG, may have on fetal neurodevelopment when used during pregnancy. While data on the incidence of neurodevelopmental outcomes associated with INSTI use is limited due to the recent widespread use of these drugs by pregnant women, it is clear that more research is needed to fully understand the risks involved.

      To address this issue, we provide an overview of the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) that are commonly used during pregnancy. We also discuss the latest updates on the pharmacokinetics and adverse events associated with INSTI use during pregnancy, as well as the underlying mechanisms that could affect fetal neurodevelopment. Our goal is to educate both clinical and basic scientists on the potential consequences of INSTIs on fetal outcomes as a foundation for future scientific investigations.

      While the benefits of ART are well-established, it is important to carefully consider the potential risks associated with these drugs, particularly during pregnancy. One area of concern is the effect that INSTIs may have on fetal neurodevelopment. Animal studies have suggested that some INSTIs could potentially interfere with neural tube closure, leading to NTDs. However, it is important to note that the overall risk of these outcomes appears to be relatively low, and any decision to use ART during pregnancy must be made on a case-by-case basis, taking into account factors such as the mother's health status, viral load, and potential drug interactions.

      Despite the limitations of existing data on the impact of ART on fetal outcomes, there is a growing consensus that further research is needed to fully understand the risks and benefits of these drugs. By continuing to study these issues, we can develop a better understanding of how to optimize ART regimens for pregnant women, ensuring that they receive the best possible care while minimizing any potential risks to their health and the health of their children.

      In recent years, tremendous progress has been made in the treatment and prevention of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infections, thanks to the development and widespread use of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Currently, there are approximately thirty FDA-approved antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) from eight different classes used for HIV-1 treatment [1,2]. ART regimens have evolved from a combination of multiple pills taken several times a day to a daily single pill containing up to three ARVs [1,2]. These regimens are adjusted based on factors such as viral resistance, tolerability, and adverse events. When adhered to, ART regimens have significantly extended the quality of life for people living with HIV-1.

      Despite these remarkable advances over the past 40 years, HIV-1-infected pregnant women and their fetuses continue to be vulnerable to the adverse effects of ARVs. This is highlighted by the potential risk of neural tube defects (NTDs) associated with periconceptional usage of dolutegravir (DTG), which was first recorded in Botswana in 2018 [3]. Although the overall risk of NTDs associated with DTG use during pregnancy remains low, healthcare providers and policymakers alike are now taking a closer look at the potential risks associated with this drug and other antiretroviral agents used during pregnancy.

      It is essential to balance the benefits of ART for maternal health and viral suppression with the potential risks to fetal health. Pregnant women with HIV-1 require regular monitoring and appropriate care to ensure optimal outcomes for both mother and child. One approach may involve modifying ART regimens based on individual patient factors and medication tolerability, while also considering any potential risks to the developing fetus.

      Given the complexity of these issues, it is crucial that researchers and stakeholders work together to better understand the impact of ART on maternal and fetal health. By improving our understanding of the risks and benefits of these drugs, we can help ensure that all women living with HIV-1 have access to safe and effective

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