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    Exploring Psychology: Three Essays
    Exploring Psychology: Three Essays
    Exploring Psychology: Three Essays
    Ebook81 pages1 hour

    Exploring Psychology: Three Essays

    By Ph.D. Roberta Provenzano

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    About this ebook

    This set of essays, divided into three thematic sections: Psychology as the study of the Soul, Psychology as science of consciousness, and Psychology as a human science, means to highlight three stages in the evolution of psychology, from the times when it was not yet a separate discipline but was part of philosophy, to the modern era where it h

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherGotham Books
    Release dateJun 16, 2023
    ISBN9798887753393
    Exploring Psychology: Three Essays

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      Book preview

      Exploring Psychology - Ph.D. Roberta Provenzano

      cover.jpg

      Gotham Books

      30 N Gould St.

      Ste. 20820, Sheridan, WY 82801

      https://gothambooksinc.com/

      Phone: 1 (307) 464-7800

      © 2023 Roberta Provenzano. All rights reserved.

      No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means without the written permission of the author.

      Published by Gotham Books (June 16, 2023)

      ISBN: 979-8-88775-340-9 H

      ISBN: 979-8-88775-338-6 P

      ISBN: 979-8-88775-339-3 E

      Because of the dynamic nature of the Internet, any web addresses or links contained in this book may have changed since publication and may no longer be valid.

      The views expressed in this work are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher, and the publisher hereby disclaims any responsibility for them.

      FOREWORD

      This set of essays, divided into three thematic sections: Psychology as the Study of the Soul, Psychology as the Science of Consciousness, and Psychology as a Human Science, means to highlight three stages in the evolution of psychology, from the times when it was not yet a separate discipline but was part of philosophy, to the modern era where it has become an independent, scientific study of the mind and behavior.

      Written in an easy-to-grasp manner, they are intended to give a concise overview of the evolution of psychology and to capture the interest of readers versed or not in this field. The three essays are a posthumous publication of Roberta Provenzano, Ph.D., assembled and edited by Carmen Barthet, Friend, and legal representative.

      Provenzano said that psychology cannot be limited to behaviorism or psychoanalysis, and must be holistic, finding its place in the Second Copernican Revolution, bringing more wisdom and happiness to this world".

      Behaviorism, a materialistic system which denies the reality of mind and consciousness, is not dealt with in this review. Behaviorists affirm that if psychology is to be a science at all, it must follow the patterns of physical sciences, that is conform to the materialistic, mechanistic, objective mold. This is the very position of the famous Behaviorist B.F. Skinner, for whom free will is inexistent. However, though she disagreed with his theory, Roberta admired him as an outstanding and fascinating scholar and loved to meet him and attend his lectures at the APA conventions, as shown on the signed picture below.

      New York, 8 November 2022

      The latest WORD on

      Behaviorism

      A picture containing text, newspaper, screenshot Description automatically generatedA close-up of a signature Description automatically generated with medium confidence

      B.F. Skinner chats with admirers

      INTRODUCTION

      The present essays are meant to emphasize what makes psychology a study of the mind, with its own approach, scientific experimental methods, and unique interpretation linked to either materialistic, humanistic, or spiritualistic dimensions of reality.

      Starting at the beginning, that is with Greek philosophy, this presentation proposes first an oversight of Platonism and Aristotelianism, the two most prominent philosophic currents that have shaped Western civilization since Antiquity, providing however two sensibly different and even opposed concepts of reality.

      Within his idealistic and dualistic system, Plato (427-347 B.C.) formulated a clear distinction between mind and matter, a position that has endured till the present time.

      Another tenet of Plato’s metaphysics, logically related to the mind/matter dichotomy, is the opposition between ideas conceived by reason, and things perceived by the senses. In Plato’s metaphysics, ideas have a perfection that is never present in concrete things, and remain unchanged, even when the sense objects which they reflect disappear. To Plato, it seems evident that the permanent, the perfect, the changeless, and the absolute inherent to ideas are more real than the perishable, inconstant, imperfect objects.

      The world revealed by the senses is only a shadow of the realm of ideas 1 *.

      To Plato rationality rests on a priori, or self-evident axioms, such as used in syllogisms or deductive reasoning, proceeding from general statements to particulars.

      The main component in Plato’s metaphysics is the concept of the soul. The soul, or principle of life integrates three elements: desire, will, and thought, each with its own virtue – moderation, courage, and wisdom.

      The soul is the self-moving force in man, and part of the self-moving soul of all things. It is pure vitality, incorporated, and immortal. It existed before temporarily dwelling in the body.

      Then comes an overview of Aristotle (384-322 B.C) who states that psychology is « the study of the soul », as specifically embodied in his major work De anima (« on the soul »). For Aristotle, the soul had two aspects, a mortal, and an immortal. The mortal aspect is connected to the functions of bodily structures that perish at death, while the immaterial aspect connected to the intellect is immortal.

      Aristotle agrees with Plato that the deductive method is the only acceptable one; however, there is a crucial difference between Plato and Aristotle on how to arrive at the first principles. The first principles for Aristotle are derived from experience. Rationality thus involves a necessary empirical or experimental element. He, therefore, dismisses the platonic concept of arriving at

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