Judas Iscariot: Leonid Andreiev

Leonid Andreyev

JUDAS ISCARIOT

First Edition

Contents

INTRODUCTION

JUDAS ISCARIOT AND OTHERS

CHAPTER I

CHAPTER II

CHAPTER III

CHAPTER IV

CHAPTER V

CHAPTER VI

CHAPTER VII

CHAPTER VIII

CHAPTER IX

THE MAN WHO FOUND THE TRUTH

CHAPTER I

CHAPTER II

CHAPTER III

CHAPTER IV

CHAPTER V

CHAPTER VI

CHAPTER VII

CHAPTER VIII

CHAPTER IX

CHAPTER X

CHAPTER XI

THE OCEAN

CHAPTER I

CHAPTER II

CHAPTER III

CHAPTER IV

CHAPTER V

CHAPTER VI

CHAPTER VII

INTRODUCTION

Leonid Andreyev

1871-1919

Leonid Nikolayevich Andreyev was a Russian playwright and short-story writer who led the Expressionist movement in national literature. Active between the Revolution of 1905 and the Communist Revolution that finally overthrew the Tsarist government, Andreyev began his literary career with the publication of About a Poor Student, a narrative based on his own experiences. However, it was only when Gorky discovered his stories in the Moscow Courier and other venues that Andreyev's literary career truly took off.

His first collection of stories was published in 1901 and sold a quarter of a million copies in a short time. He was acclaimed as a new star in Russia, where his name soon became synonymous with literary talent. In 1902, he published the short story In the Fog. Although he began in the traditional Russian literary style, Andreyev soon surprised his readers with his eccentricities, which grew even faster than his fame. Among his best-known stories are The Red Laugh (1904) and The Seven Who Were Hanged (1908).

In the theater, Andreyev wrote notable Symbolist plays such as The Life of Man (1906), Tsar Hunger (1907), Black Masks (1908), Anathema (1909), and He Who Gets Slapped (1915). His work reflects a profound pessimism and an intense exploration of the human condition, characteristics that marked his lasting contribution to Russian literature and world theater.

In the last years of his life, Andreyev faced difficult times. After the October Revolution of 1917, he opposed the Bolshevik regime and went into exile in Finland. Living in precarious financial conditions and suffering from health problems, his literary output decreased. Andreyev died on September 12, 1919, in Mustamäki (now part of Vyborg, Russia). His legacy, however, continued to influence generations of writers and playwrights.

About the work

Judas Iscariot and Others is a work by the Russian author Leonid Andreyev, first published in 1907. Andreyev, known for his expressionist style and his exploration of deep psychological and philosophical themes, presents in this play a provocative and complex view of Judas Iscariot, the infamous biblical figure who betrayed Jesus Christ. The play reimagines Judas' story, portraying him not merely as the archetypal traitor, but as a multifaceted character with complex motivations. Andreyev goes beyond the traditional Manichean view of Judas, suggesting that he is a human being with internal dilemmas, questions, and a profound moral struggle. In Andreyev's narrative, Judas is not simply driven by greed or evil, but is a tragic figure whose betrayal is ultimately a consequence of his own distorted understanding of faith and loyalty.

The work delves deeply into Judas' mind, examining his doubts, fears, and sense of inevitability. Andreyev humanizes Judas, allowing the reader or spectator to understand his betrayal as the result of a complex web of psychological and emotional factors. The work also questions the nature of faith and devotion, depicting Judas as someone who, in his quest for a deeper understanding of his faith, ends up committing the greatest transgression. This raises questions about the true nature of faith and the danger of dogmatic or extreme interpretations.

Andreyev employs an expressionist style, characterized by a distorted and subjective representation of reality to convey Judas' inner anguish. His writing is dense and laden with symbolism, contributing to an atmosphere of tension and introspection. The reception of the work was mixed. While some critics praised the psychological depth and Andreyev's courage in reimagining such a controversial biblical figure, others found the work heretical and disturbing. Nonetheless, Judas Iscariot and Others solidified Andreyev's reputation as an innovative and provocative writer.

Judas Iscariot and Others by Leonid Andreyev challenges the reader to reconsider prejudices and simplifications about Judas' betrayal. Through a deep exploration of the psychology and morality of the traitor, Andreyev offers a rich and complex vision that continues to resonate with contemporary themes of moral ambiguity and the nature of faith.

JUDAS ISCARIOT AND OTHERS

CHAPTER I

Jesus Christ had often been warned that Judas Iscariot was a man of very evil repute and that He ought to beware of him. Some of the disciples, who had been in Judaea, knew him well, while others had heard much about him from various sources and there was none who had a good word for him. If good people in speaking of him blamed him, as covetous, cunning and inclined to hypocrisy and lying, the bad, when asked concerning him, inveighed against him in the severest terms.

He is always making mischief among us, they would say and spit in contempt. He always has some thought which he keeps to himself. He creeps into a house quietly, like a scorpion but goes out again with an ostentatious noise. There are friends among thieves and comrades among robbers and even liars have wives, to whom they speak the truth; but Judas laughs at thieves and honest folk alike, although he is himself a clever thief. Moreover, he is in appearance the ugliest person in Judaea. No! he is no friend of ours, this foxy-haired Judas Iscariot, the bad would say, thereby surprising the good people, in whose opinion there was not much difference between him and all other vicious people in Judaea. They would recount further that he had long ago deserted his wife, who was living in poverty and misery, striving to eke out a living from the unfruitful patch of land which constituted his estate. He had wandered for many years aimlessly among the people and had even gone from one sea to the other, — no mean distance, — and everywhere he lied and grimaced and would make some discovery with his thievish eye and then suddenly disappear, leaving behind him animosity and strife. Yes, he was as inquisitive, artful and hateful as a one-eyed demon. Children he had none and this was an additional proof that Judas was a wicked man, that God would not have from him any posterity.

None of the disciples had noticed when it was that this ugly, foxy-haired Jew first appeared in the company of Christ: but he had for a long time haunted their path, joined in their conversations, performed little acts of service, bowing and smiling and currying favor. Sometimes they became quite used to him, so that he escaped their weary eyes; then again he would suddenly obtrude himself on eye and ear, irritating them as something abnormally ugly, treacherous and disgusting. They would drive him away with harsh words and for a short time he would disappear, only to reappear suddenly, officious, flattering and crafty as a one-eyed demon.

There was no doubt in the minds of some of the disciples that under his desire to draw near to Jesus was hidden some secret intention — some malign and cunning scheme.

But Jesus did not listen to their advice; their prophetic voice did not reach His ears. In that spirit of serene contradiction, which ever irresistibly inclined Him to the reprobate and unlovable, He deliberately accepted Judas and included him in the circle of the chosen. The disciples were disturbed and murmured under their breath but He would sit still, with His face towards the setting sun and listen abstractedly, perhaps to them, perhaps to something else. For ten days there had been no wind and the transparent atmosphere, wary and sensitive, continued ever the same, motionless and unchanged. It seemed as though it preserved in its transparent depths every cry and song made during those days by men and beasts and birds — tears, laments and cheerful song, prayers and curses — and that on account of these crystallized sounds the air was so heavy, threatening and saturated with invisible life. Once more the sun was sinking. It rolled heavily downwards in a flaming ball, setting the sky on fire. Everything upon the earth which was turned towards it: the swarthy face of Jesus, the walls of the houses and the leaves of the trees — everything obediently reflected that distant, fearfully pensive light. Now the white walls were no longer white and the white city upon the white hill was turned to red.

And lo! Judas arrived. He arrived bowing low, bending his back, cautiously and timidly protruding his ugly, bumpy head — just exactly as his acquaintances had described. He was spare and of good height, almost the same as that of Jesus, who stooped a little through the habit of thinking as He walked and so appeared shorter than He was. Judas was to all appearances fairly strong and well knit, though for some reason or other he pretended to be weak and somewhat sickly. He had an uncertain voice. Sometimes it was strong and manly, then again shrill as that of an old woman scolding her husband, provokingly thin and disagreeable to the ear, so that ofttimes one felt inclined to tear out his words from the ear, like rough, decaying splinters. His short red locks failed to hide the curious form of his skull. It looked as if it had been split at the nape of the neck by a double sword-cut and then joined together again, so that it was apparently divided into four parts and inspired distrust, nay, even alarm: for behind such a cranium there could be no quiet or concord but there must ever be heard the noise of sanguinary and merciless strife. The face of Judas was similarly doubled. One side of it, with a black, sharply watchful eye, was vivid and mobile, readily gathering into innumerable tortuous wrinkles. On the other side were no wrinkles. It was deadly flat, smooth and set and though of the same size as the other, it seemed enormous on account of its wide-open blind eye. Covered with a whitish film, closing neither night nor day, this eye met light and darkness with the same indifference but perhaps on account of the proximity of its lively and crafty companion it never got full credit for blindness.

When in a paroxysm of joy or excitement, Judas would close his sound eye and shake his head. The other eye would always shake in unison and gaze in silence. Even people quite devoid of penetration could clearly perceive, when looking at Judas, that such a man could bring no good....

And yet Jesus brought him near to Himself and once even made him sit next to Him. John, the beloved disciple, fastidiously moved away and all the others who loved their Teacher cast down their eyes in disapprobation. But Judas sat on and turning his head from side to side, began in a somewhat thin voice to complain of ill-health and said that his chest gave him pain in the night and that when ascending a hill he got out of breath and when he stood still on the edge of a precipice he would be seized with a dizziness and could scarcely restrain a foolish desire to throw himself down. And many other impious things he invented, as though not understanding that sicknesses do not come to a man by chance but as a consequence of conduct not corresponding with the laws of the Eternal. Thus Judas Iscariot kept on rubbing his chest with his broad palm and even pretended to cough, midst a general silence and downcast eyes.

John, without looking at the Teacher, whispered to his friend Simon Peter —

Aren’t you tired of that lie? I can’t stand it any longer. I am going away.

Peter glanced at Jesus and meeting his eye, quickly arose.

Wait a moment, said he to his friend.

Once more he looked at Jesus; sharply as a stone torn from a mountain, he moved towards Judas and said to him in a loud voice, with expansive, serene courtesy —

You will come with us, Judas.

He gave him a kindly slap on his bent back and without looking at the Teacher, though he felt His eye upon him, resolutely added in his loud voice, which excluded all objection, just as water excludes air —

It does not matter that you have such a nasty face. There fall into our nets even worse monstrosities and they sometimes turn out very tasty food. It is not for us, our Lord’s fishermen, to throw away a catch, merely because the fish have spines, or only one eye. I saw once at Tyre an octopus, which had been caught by the local fishermen and I was so frightened that I wanted to run away. But they laughed at me. A fisherman from Tiberias gave me some of it to eat and I asked for more, it was so tasty. You remember, Master, that I told you the story and you laughed, too. And you, Judas, are like an octopus — but only on one side.

And he laughed loudly, content with his joke. When Peter spoke, his words resounded so forcibly, that it seemed as though he were driving them in with nails. When Peter moved, or did anything, he made a noise that could be heard afar and which called forth a response from the deafest of things: the stone floor rumbled under his feet, the doors shook and rattled and the very air was convulsed with fear and roared. In the clefts of the mountains his voice awoke the inmost echo and in the morning-time, when they were fishing on the lake, he would roll about on the sleepy, glittering water and force the first shy sunbeams into smiles.

For this apparently, he was loved: when on all other faces there still lay the shadow of night, his powerful head and bare breast and freely extended arms were already aglow with the light of dawn.

The words of Peter, evidently approved as they were by the Master, dispersed the oppressive atmosphere. But some of the disciples, who had been to the seaside and had seen an octopus, were disturbed by the monstrous image so lightly applied to the new disciple. They recalled the immense eyes, the dozens of greedy tentacles, the feigned repose — and how all at once: it embraced, clung, crushed and sucked, all without one wink of its monstrous eyes. What did it mean? But Jesus remained silent, He smiled with a frown of kindly raillery on Peter, who was still telling glowing tales about the octopus. Then one by one the disciples shame-facedly approached Judas and began a friendly conversation, with him but — beat a hasty and awkward retreat.

Only John, the son of Zebedee, maintained an obstinate silence; and Thomas had evidently not made up his mind to say anything but was still weighing the matter. He kept his gaze attentively fixed on Christ and Judas as they sat together. And that strange proximity of divine beauty and monstrous ugliness, of a man with a benign look and of an octopus with immense, motionless, dully greedy eyes, oppressed his mind like an insoluble enigma.

He tensely wrinkled his smooth, upright forehead and screwed up his eyes, thinking that he would see better so but only succeeded in imagining that Judas really had eight incessantly moving feet. But that was not true. Thomas understood that and again gazed obstinately.

Judas gathered courage: he straightened out his arms, which had been bent at the elbows, relaxed the muscles which held his jaws in tension and began cautiously to protrude his bumpy head into the light. It had been the whole time in view of all but Judas imagined that it had been impenetrably hidden from sight by some invisible but thick and cunning veil. But lo! now, as though creeping out from a ditch, he felt his strange skull and then his eyes, in the light: he stopped and then deliberately exposed his whole face. Nothing happened; Peter had gone away somewhere or other. Jesus sat pensive, with His head leaning on His hand and gently swayed His sunburnt foot. The disciples were conversing together and only Thomas gazed at him attentively and seriously, like a conscientious tailor taking measurement. Judas smiled; Thomas did not reply to the smile; but evidently took it into account, as he did everything else and continued to gaze. But something unpleasant alarmed the left side of Judas’ countenance as he looked round. John, handsome, pure, without a single fleck upon his snow-white conscience, was looking at him out of a dark corner, with cold but beautiful eyes. And though he walked as others walk, yet Judas felt as if he were dragging himself along the ground like a whipped cur, as he went up to John and said: Why are you silent, John? Your words are like golden apples in vessels of silver filigree; bestow one of them on Judas, who is so poor.

John looked steadfastly into his wide-open motionless eye and said nothing. And he looked on, while Judas crept out, hesitated a moment and then disappeared in the deep darkness of the open door.

Since the full moon was up, there were many people out walking. Jesus went out too and from the low roof on which Judas had spread his couch he saw Him going out. In the light of the moon each white figure looked bright and deliberate in its movements; and seemed not so much to walk as to glide in front of its dark shadow. Then suddenly a man would be lost in something black and his voice became audible. And when people reappeared in the moonlight, they seemed silent — like white walls, or black shadows — as everything did in the transparent mist of night. Almost everyone was asleep when Judas heard the soft voice of Jesus returning. All in and around about the house was still. A cock crew; somewhere an ass, disturbed in his sleep, brayed aloud and insolently as in daytime, then reluctantly and gradually relapsed into silence. Judas did not sleep at all but listened surreptitiously. The moon illumined one half of his face and was reflected strangely in his enormous open eye, as on the frozen surface of a lake.

Suddenly he remembered something and hastily coughed, rubbing his perfectly healthy chest with his hairy hand: maybe someone was not yet asleep and was listening to what Judas was thinking!

CHAPTER II

They gradually became used to Judas and ceased to notice his ugliness. Jesus entrusted the common purse to him and with it there fell on him all household cares: he purchased the necessary food and clothing, distributed alms and when they were on the road, it was his duty to choose the place where they were to stop, or to find a night’s lodging.

All this he did very cleverly, so that in a short time he had earned the goodwill of some of the disciples, who had noticed his efforts. Judas was an habitual liar but they became used to this, when they found that his lies were not followed by any evil conduct; nay, they added a special piquancy to his conversation and tales and made life seem like a comic and sometimes a tragic, tale.

According to his stories, he seemed to know everyone and each person that he knew had some time in his life been guilty of evil conduct, or even crime. Those, according to him, were called good, who knew how to conceal their thoughts and acts; but if one only embraced, flattered and questioned such a man sufficiently, there would ooze out from him every untruth, nastiness and lie, like matter from a pricked wound. He freely confessed that he sometimes lied himself; but affirmed with an oath that others were still greater liars and that if anyone in this world was ever deceived, it was Judas.

Indeed, according to his own account, he had been deceived, time upon time, in one way or another. Thus, a certain guardian of the treasures of a rich grandee once confessed to him, that he had for ten years been continually on the point of stealing the property committed to him but that he was debarred by fear of the grandee and of his own conscience. And Judas believed him — and he suddenly committed the theft and deceived Judas. But even then Judas still trusted him — and then he suddenly restored the stolen treasure to the grandee and again deceived Judas. Yes, everything deceived him, even animals. Whenever he pets a dog it bites his fingers; but when he beats it with a stick it licks his feet and looks into his eyes like a daughter. He killed one such dog and buried it deep, laying a great stone on the top of it — but who knows? Perhaps just because he killed it, it has come to life again and instead of lying in the trench, is running about cheerfully with other dogs.

All laughed merrily at Judas’ tale and he smiled pleasantly himself, winking his one lively, mocking eye — and by that very smile confessed that he had lied somewhat; that he had not