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Theatre
Theatre
Theatre
Ebook303 pages

Theatre

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In Theatre, W. Somerset Maugham–the author of the classic novels Of Human Bondage and Up at the Villa–introduces us to Julia Lambert, a woman of breathtaking poise and talent whose looks have stood by her forty-six years. She is one of the greatest actresses England–so good, in fact, that perhaps she never stops acting.

It seems that noting can ruffle her satin feathers, until a quiet stranger who challenges Julia's very sense of self. As a result, she will endure rejection for the first time, her capacity as a mother will be affronted, and her ability to put on whatever face she desired for her public will prove limited. In Theatre, Maugham subtly exposes the tensions and triumphs that occur when acting and reality blend together, and–for Julia–ultimately reverse.
LanguageEnglish
Release dateJan 5, 2011
ISBN9780307787125
Theatre
Author

W. Somerset Maugham

W. Somerset Maugham (1874–1964) was a British novelist, playwright, and short story writer. Maugham studied medicine, later becoming a surgeon. In 1897, he published his first novel, Liza of Lambeth, which became so popular he took up writing full-time. By 1914, Maugham was famous, having published ten novels and produced ten plays. During World War I, he served as an ambulance driver—and occasional spy—and continued to write, publishing the controversial autobiographical novel Of Human Bondage (1915), one of his best-known works.

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Rating: 3.8008850442477877 out of 5 stars
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  • Rating: 3 out of 5 stars
    3/5
    Stunning twist at the end, the son whom Julia thought little of, gave her the lecture of her life, telling her she is acting even when she isn't on the stage. But Julia recovered her self-possession, brushed it off and chose to think her son is wrong, when all of us readers know how true the son is. Though Julia is hard to like, perhaps she is the epitome of us all. We are acting all the time, and we don't even know it.
  • Rating: 5 out of 5 stars
    5/5
    Maugham's work is easy to read, not because it is simple, but that he is a story teller. Many subtle nuances permeate the prose, and topics including art, poetry, politics, and sexuality, amid class consciousness, are as near or far as the reader wishes them to be. A few themes that resonate with me recently include the notion of solitude. I often think of the 2007 film La Vie en Rose and how Édith Piaf's character at the end says words to the effect of "we all die alone". When I tried to find the precise quote, I stumbled upon a review of the movie in The Guardian from 2007 that indicates the movie was "empty". Yet for me, I had shuddered at the prospect of dying alone until some time after I "unDisneyfied" myself in my forties. In the review, a quote from Olivier Dahan reads that the movie provides "the perfect example of someone who places no barrier between her life and her art". Julia Lambert, Maugham's protagonist, occupies exactly this same space. Although this book can be considered either a tragedy or a comedy, depending on how you look at it (is this even possible?), there is a strong theme of solitude, as in being alone with one's thoughts while being part of society but remaining autonomous from family and friends - as if there is no bond beyond mere convention (Marxist maybe?). Out of the entire cast, Julia Lambert's son emerges as the one intelligent being among a crowd of self-seeking and emotionally greedy individualists who by the end are all likeable but rather annoying (think of Agatha Christie's Poirot and how even she tired of his conceited dandyism - he was a bore). In some ways, an alternative title might even be How to be or not be a Bore. Not that the book is boring, but the characters and their mutual disregard for each other certainly make one think about one's own level of boringness as highlighted by these characters. I think that while audience sympathy for Piaf makes all the difference in the movie, Lambert's rich life of high culture doesn't allow the same leniency. But what is clear is that we live and die alone, whether we think so or not. Theatre leaves me wondering to what extent I bore those around me, live selfishly without noticing, and think I am better than everyone else. To err is human, and Maugham points out that our propensity for being boring, selfish, and judgemental mean that we can only ever err in this regard. Lambert shows us how far we can push it in the guise of blurring life and art. There are a couple of quotes that I find brilliant. First, on acting and poetry: "You had to have had the emotions, but you could only play them when you had got over them. She remembered that Charles had once said to her that the origin of poetry was emotion recollected in tranquility. She did't know anything about poetry, but it was certainly true about acting" (p. 290). Second, when Lambert's son is telling her how he perceives her: "When I've seen you go into an empty room I've sometimes wanted to open the door suddenly, but I've been afraid to in case I found nobody there" (p. 261). The former is true in my experience, but I have never said it so elegantly. The latter is what concerns me more now than dying alone. I can accept that as a future fact, but if I were to be, as Lambert's son does to his mother, peeled back like an onion, would there be anything of substance? In Poetics, Aristotle makes clear distinctions between tragedy and comedy. It seems an absurdity that a story could be both. But I think that is what Maugham achieves. That he does this in a book called Theatre in a story that focuses on actors makes it possible, and, like I said, you could read this story as a comedy and think "those crazy artist types", or, you could read this as a tragedy and think "do I do that with my life?" In either mode, Maugham displays his genius.
  • Rating: 5 out of 5 stars
    5/5
    Theatre follows the lives of an actress and her actor husband who finds himself much more of a director and manager of their eventual own theatre. He is handsome, mediocre on the stage and the essential cog of their entrepeneurial machine. She, Julia, is so encompassing as an actress, wildly vivacious at parties and, initially at least, faithful to Michael. Then the bubble of her life and thoughts leads to an almost mid-life crisis affect. The strive for youth and to experience youth (and own or purchase it, in actuality and metophorically) become obsessions. Although always present, her sarcasm and put-downs of others are heightened and at times she "plays" a unladylike and undesirable "part". She becomes a "damned fool" for love and seeks from others the admiration and ego-massage she preserves her husband with. A vacation for her is conveniently turned into a treat for her hosts and her manipulation of all around her is astounding. Shamefully, the tale does not end, it just stops. I'm sure a good play has a scene or two of tying up lose ends and satisfying it's audience. This novel, however, deems the turn of maturity in Julia in dining alone and proving she exists beyond her many parts a sufficient ending. In truth, I believe Theatre to be perpetual. It could go on and on, as a succesful play would show again again.

    A pleasant read and a gorgeously old fashioned edition - thank you public library.
  • Rating: 5 out of 5 stars
    5/5
    Somerset Maugham before he turned a full fledged novelist was an illustrious playwright. And even though he never got too involved in the workings of the theatre, was a close observer. It is some of this experience that eventually made its way into the novel he wrote later on in 1937.
    Theatre or/and its 2004 literary adaptation, Being Julia (directed by director István Szabó), is the story of an exquisitely talented and alluring stage actress Julia Lambert, and her trysts with various men.
    In Julia, Maugham creates a memorable and life and blood female character, who is as despicable as she is delightful, as artificial as she is alluring, and as capricious as she is charming. It's easy to read her as scheming and manipulative, but that would be a surface reading of this extremely complex woman. Linda Goodman would easily identify her as a Geminine - who is many women at the same time. Her airy superficiality and self-absorption make her difficult to like, and yet, Maugham does not condemn her. He writes her part with stunning constancy and depth, and even though he depicts what is truly pathetic about her state, one guesses Maugham is quite taken in by her spirit and allure to let her slip into being anything dismal. He allows her a grand comeback, from the brink of despair.
  • Rating: 3 out of 5 stars
    3/5
    Scandalous Maugham at his best! Knowing the dramas of theatrical life- i thoroughly enjoyed this book!

Book preview

Theatre - W. Somerset Maugham

i

THE DOOR OPENED and Michael Gosselyn looked up. Julia came in.

Hulloa! I won’t keep you a minute. I was just signing some letters.

No hurry. I only came to see what seats had been sent to the Dennorants. What’s that young man doing here?

With the experienced actress’s instinct to fit the gesture to the word, by a movement of her neat head she indicated the room through which she had just passed.

He’s the accountant. He comes from Lawrence and Hamphreys. He’s been here three days.

He looks very young.

He’s an articled clerk. He seems to know his job. He can’t get over the way our accounts are kept. He told me he never expected a theatre to be run on such business-like lines. He says the way some of those firms in the city keep their accounts is enough to turn your hair grey.

Julia smiled at the complacency on her husband’s handsome face.

He’s a young man of tact.

He finishes today. I thought we might take him back with us and give him a spot of lunch. He’s quite a gentleman.

Is that a sufficient reason to ask him to lunch?

Michael did not notice the faint irony of her tone.

I won’t ask him if you don’t want him. I merely thought it would be such a treat for him. He admires you tremendously. He’s been to see the play three times. He’s crazy to be introduced to you.

Michael touched a button and in a moment his secretary came in.

Here are the letters, Margery. What appointments have I got for this afternoon?

Julia with half an ear listened to the list Margery read out and, though she knew the room so well, idly looked about her. It was a very proper room for the manager of a first-class theatre. The walls had been panelled (at cost price) by a good decorator and on them hung engravings of theatrical pictures by Zoffany and de Wilde. The armchairs were large and comfortable. Michael sat in a heavily-carved Chippendale chair, a reproduction but made by a well-known firm, and his Chippendale table, with heavy ball-and-claw feet, was immensely solid. On it stood in a massive silver frame a photograph of herself and to balance it a photograph of Roger, their son. Between these was a magnificent silver inkstand that she had herself given him on one of his birthdays and behind it a rack in red morocco, heavily gilt, in which he kept his private paper in case he wanted to write a letter in his own hand. The paper bore the address, Siddons Theatre, and the envelope his crest, a boar’s head with the motto underneath: Nemo me impune lacessit. A bunch of yellow tulips in a silver bowl, which he had got through winning the theatrical golf tournament three times running, showed Margery’s care. Julia gave her a reflective glance. Notwithstanding her cropped peroxide hair and her heavily-painted lips she had the neutral look that marks the perfect secretary. She had been with Michael for five years. In that time she must have got to know him inside and out. Julia wondered if she could be such a fool as to be in love with him.

But Michael rose from his chair.

Now, darling, I’m ready for you.

Margery gave him his black Homburg hat and opened the door for Julia and Michael to go out. As they entered the office the young man Julia had noticed turned round and stood up.

I should like to introduce you to Miss Lambert, said Michael. Then with the air of an ambassador presenting an attaché to the sovereign of the court to which he is accredited: This is the gentleman who is good enough to put some order into the mess we make of our accounts.

The young man went scarlet. He smiled stiffly in answer to Julia’s warm, ready smile and she felt the palm of his hand wet with sweat when she cordially grasped it. His confusion was touching. That was how people had felt when they were presented to Sarah Siddons. She thought that she had not been very gracious to Michael when he had proposed asking the boy to lunch. She looked straight into his eyes. Her own were large, of a very dark brown, and starry. It was no effort to her, it was as instinctive as brushing away a fly that was buzzing round her, to suggest now a faintly amused, friendly tenderness.

I wonder if we could persuade you to come and eat a chop with us. Michael will drive you back after lunch.

The young man blushed again and his Adam’s apple moved in his thin neck.

It’s awfully kind of you. He gave his clothes a troubled look. I’m absolutely filthy.

You can have a wash and brush up when we get home.

The car was waiting for them at the stage door, a long car in black and chromium, upholstered in silver leather, and with Michael’s crest discreetly emblazoned on the doors. Julia got in.

Come and sit with me. Michael is going to drive.

They lived in Stanhope Place, and when they arrived Julia told the butler to show the young man where he could wash his hands. She went up to the drawing-room. She was painting her lips when Michael joined her.

I’ve told him to come up as soon as he’s ready.

By the way, what’s his name?

I haven’t a notion.

Darling, we must know. I’ll ask him to write in our book.

Damn it, he’s not important enough for that. Michael asked only very distinguished people to write in their book. We shall never see him again.

At that moment the young man appeared. In the car Julia had done all she could to put him at his ease, but he was still very shy. The cocktails were waiting and Michael poured them out. Julia took a cigarette and the young man struck a match for her, but his hand was trembling so much that she thought he would never be able to hold the light near enough to her cigarette, so she took his hand and held it.

Poor lamb, she thought, I suppose this is the most wonderful moment in his whole life. What fun it ’ll be for him when he tells his people. I expect he’ll be a blasted little hero in his office.

Julia talked very differently to herself and to other people: when she talked to herself her language was racy. She inhaled the first whiff of her cigarette with delight. It was really rather wonderful, when you came to think of it, that just to have lunch with her and talk to her for three quarters of an hour, perhaps, could make a man quite important in his own scrubby little circle.

The young man forced himself to make a remark.

What a stunning room this is.

She gave him the quick, delightful smile, with a slight lift of her fine eyebrows, which he must often have seen her give on the stage.

I’m so glad you like it. Her voice was rather low and ever so slightly hoarse. You would have thought his observation had taken a weight off her mind. We think in the family that Michael has such perfect taste.

Michael gave the room a complacent glance.

I’ve had a good deal of experience. I always design the sets myself for our plays. Of course, I have a man to do the rough work for me, but the ideas are mine.

They had moved into that house two years before, and he knew, and Julia knew, that they had put it into the hands of an expensive decorator when they were going on tour, and he had agreed to have it completely ready for them, at cost price in return for the work they promised him in the theatre, by the time they came back. But it was unnecessary to impart such tedious details to a young man whose name even they did not know. The house was furnished in extremely good taste, with a judicious mixture of the antique and the modern, and Michael was right when he said that it was quite obviously a gentleman’s house. Julia, however, had insisted that she must have her bedroom as she liked, and having had exactly the bedroom that pleased her in the old house in Regent’s Park which they had occupied since the end of the war she brought it over bodily. The bed and the dressing-table were upholstered in pink silk, the chaise-longue and the armchair in Nattier blue; over the bed there were fat little gilt cherubs who dangled a lamp with a pink shade, and fat little gilt cherubs swarmed all round the mirror on the dressing-table. On satinwood tables were signed photographs, richly framed, of actors and actresses and members of the royal family. The decorator had raised his supercilious eyebrows, but it was the only room in the house in which Julia felt completely at home. She wrote her letters at a satinwood desk, seated on a gilt Hamlet stool.

Lunch was announced and they went downstairs.

I hope you’ll have enough to eat, said Julia. Michael and I have very small appetites.

In point of fact there was grilled sole, grilled cutlets and spinach, and stewed fruit. It was a meal designed to satisfy legitimate hunger, but not to produce fat. The cook, warned by Margery that there was a guest to lunch, had hurriedly made some fried potatoes. They looked crisp and smelt appetizing. Only the young man took them. Julia gave them a wistful look before she shook her head in refusal. Michael stared at them gravely for a moment as though he could not quite tell what they were, and then with a little start, breaking out of a brown study, said No thank you. They sat at a refectory table, Julia and Michael at either end in very grand Italian chairs, and the young man in the middle on a chair that was not at all comfortable, but perfectly in character. Julia noticed that he seemed to be looking at the sideboard and, with her engaging smile, leaned forward.

What is it?

He blushed scarlet.

I was wondering if I might have a piece of bread.

Of course.

She gave the butler a significant glance; he was at that moment helping Michael to a glass of dry white wine, and he left the room.

Michael and I never eat bread. It was stupid of Jevons not to realize that you might want some.

Of course bread is only a habit, said Michael. It’s wonderful how soon you can break yourself of it if you set your mind to it.

The poor lamb’s as thin as a rail, Michael.

I don’t not eat bread because I’m afraid of getting fat. I don’t eat it because I see no point in it. After all, with the exercise I take I can eat anything I like.

He still had at fifty-two a very good figure. As a young man, with a great mass of curling chestnut hair, with a wonderful skin and large deep-blue eyes, a straight nose and small ears, he had been the best-looking actor on the English stage. The only thing that slightly spoiled him was the thinness of his mouth. He was just six foot tall and he had a gallant bearing. It was his obvious beauty that had engaged him to go on the stage rather than to become a soldier like his father. Now his chestnut hair was very grey, and he wore it much shorter; his face had broadened and was a good deal lined; his skin no longer had the soft bloom of a peach and his colour was high. But with his splendid eyes and his fine figure he was still a very handsome man. Since his five years at the war he had adopted a military bearing, so that if you had not known who he was (which was scarcely possible, for in one way and another his photograph was always appearing in the illustrated papers) you might have taken him for an officer of high rank. He boasted that his weight had not changed since he was twenty, and for years, wet or fine, he had got up every morning at eight to put on shorts and a sweater and have a run round Regent’s Park.

The secretary told me you were rehearsing this morning, Miss Lambert, the young man remarked. Does that mean you’re putting on a new play?

Not a bit of it, answered Michael. We’re playing to capacity.

Michael thought we were getting a bit ragged, so he called a rehearsal.

I’m very glad I did. I found little bits of business had crept in that I hadn’t given them and a good many liberties were being taken with the text. I’m a great stickler for saying the author’s exact words, though, God knows, the words authors write nowadays aren’t much.

If you’d like to come and see our play, Julia said graciously, I’m sure Michael will be delighted to give you some seats.

I’d love to come again, the young man answered eagerly. I’ve seen it three times already.

You haven’t? cried Julia, with surprise, though she remembered perfectly that Michael had already told her so. Of course it’s not a bad little play, it’s served our purpose very well, but I can’t imagine anyone wanting to see it three times.

It’s not so much the play I went to see, it was your performance.

I dragged that out of him all right, thought Julia, and then aloud: When we read the play Michael was rather doubtful about it. He didn’t think my part was very good. You know, it’s not really a star part. But I thought I could make something out of it. Of course we had to cut the other woman a lot in rehearsals.

I don’t say we rewrote the play, said Michael, but I can tell you it was a very different play we produced from the one the author submitted to us.

You’re simply wonderful in it, the young man said.

(He has a certain charm.) I’m glad you liked me, she answered.

If you’re very nice to Julia I daresay she’ll give you a photograph of herself when you go.

Would you?

He blushed again and his blue eyes shone. (He’s really rather sweet.) He was not particularly good-looking, but he had a frank, open face and his shyness was attractive. He had curly light-brown hair, but it was plastered down and Julia thought how much better he would look if, instead of trying to smooth out the wave with brilliantine, he made the most of it. He had a fresh colour, a good skin and small well-shaped teeth. She noticed with approval that his clothes fitted and that he wore them well. He looked nice and clean.

I suppose you’ve never had anything to do with the theatre from the inside before? she said.

Never. That’s why I was so crazy to get this job. You can’t think how it thrills me.

Michael and Julia smiled on him kindly. His admiration made them feel a little larger than life-size.

I never allow outsiders to come to rehearsals, but as you’re our accountant you almost belong to the theatre, and I wouldn’t mind making an exception in your favour if it would amuse you to come.

That would be terribly kind of you. I’ve never been to a rehearsal in my life. Are you going to act in the next play?

Oh, I don’t think so. I’m not very keen about acting any more. I find it almost impossible to find a part to suit me. You see, at my time of life I can’t very well play young lovers, and authors don’t seem to write the parts they used to write when I was a young fellow. What the French call a raisonneur. You know the sort of thing I mean, a duke, or a cabinet minister, or an eminent K.C. who says clever, witty things and turns people round his little finger. I don’t know what’s happened to authors. They don’t seem able to write good lines any more. Bricks without straw; that’s what we actors are expected to make nowadays. And are they grateful to us? The authors, I mean. You’d be surprised if I told you the terms some of them have the nerve to ask.

The fact remains, we can’t do without them, smiled Julia. If the play’s wrong no acting in the world will save it.

That’s because the public isn’t really interested in the theatre. In the great days of the English stage people didn’t go to see the plays, they went to see the players. It didn’t matter what Kemble and Mrs Siddons acted. The public went to see them. And even now, though I don’t deny that if the play’s wrong you’re dished, I do contend that if the play’s right, it’s the actors the public go to see, not the play.

I don’t think anyone can deny that, said Julia.

All an actress like Julia wants is a vehicle. Give her that and she’ll do the rest.

Julia gave the young man a delightful but slightly deprecating smile.

You mustn’t take my husband too seriously. I’m afraid we must admit that he’s partial where I’m concerned.

Unless this young man is a much bigger fool than I think him he must know that there’s nothing in the way of acting that you can’t do.

Oh, that’s only an idea that people have got because I take care never to do anything but what I can do.

Presently Michael looked at his watch.

I think when you’ve finished your coffee, young man, we ought to be going.

The boy gulped down what was left in his cup and Julia rose from the table.

You won’t forget my photograph?

I think there are some in Michael’s den. Come along and we’ll choose one.

She took him into a fair-sized room behind the dining-room. Though it was supposed to be Michael’s private sitting-room—‘a fellow wants a room where he can get away by himself and smoke his pipe’—it was chiefly used as a cloak-room when they had guests. There was a noble mahogany desk on which were signed photographs of George V and Queen Mary. Over the chimney-piece was an old copy of Lawrence’s portrait of Kemble as Hamlet. On a small table was a pile of typescript plays. The room was surrounded by bookshelves under which were cupboards, and from one of these Julia took a bundle of her latest photographs. She handed one to the young man.

This one is not so bad.

It’s lovely.

Then it can’t be as like me as I thought.

But it is. It’s exactly like you.

She gave him another sort of smile, just a trifle roguish; she lowered her eyelids for a second and then raising them gazed at him for a little with that soft expression that people described as her velvet look. She had no object in doing this. She did it, if not mechanically, from an instinctive desire to please. The boy was so young, so shy, he looked as if he had such a nice nature, and she would never see him again, she wanted him to have his money’s worth; she wanted him to look back on this as one of the great moments of his life. She glanced at the photograph again. She liked to think she looked like that. The photographer had so posed her, with her help, as to show her at her best. Her nose was slightly thick, but he had managed by his lighting to make it look very delicate, not a wrinkle marred the smoothness of her skin, and there was a melting look in her fine eyes.

All right. You shall have this one. You know I’m not a beautiful woman, I’m not even a very pretty one; Coquelin always used to say I had the beauté du diable. You understand French, don’t you?

Enough for that.

I’ll sign it for you.

She sat at the desk and with her bold, flowing hand wrote: Yours sincerely, Julia Lambert.

ii

WHEN the two men had gone she looked through the photographs again before putting them back.

Not bad for a woman of forty-six, she smiled. They are like me, there’s no denying that. She looked round the room for a mirror, but there wasn’t one. These damned decorators. Poor Michael, no wonder he never uses this room. Of course I never have photographed well.

She had an impulse to look at some of her old photographs. Michael was a tidy, business-like man, and her photographs were kept in large cardboard cases, dated and chronologically arranged. His were in other cardboard cases in the same cupboard.

When someone comes along and wants to write the story of our careers he’ll find all the material ready to his hand, he said.

With the same laudable object he had had all their press cuttings from the very beginning pasted in a series of large books.

There were photographs of Julia when she was a child, and photographs of her as a young girl, photographs of her in her first parts, photographs of her as a young married woman, with Michael, and then with Roger, her son, as a baby. There was one photograph of the three of them, Michael very manly and incredibly handsome, herself all tenderness looking down at Roger with maternal feeling, and Roger a little boy with a curly head, which had been an enormous success. All the illustrated papers had given it a full page and they had used it on the programmes. Reduced to picture-postcard size it had sold in the provinces for years. It was such a bore that Roger when he got to Eton refused to be photographed with her any more. It seemed so funny of him not to want to be in the papers.

People will think you’re deformed or something, she told him. And it’s not as if it weren’t good form. You should just go to a first night and see the society people how they mob the photographers, cabinet ministers and judges and everyone. They may pretend they don’t like it, but just see them posing when they think the cameraman’s got his eye on them.

But he was obstinate.

Julia came across a photograph of herself as Beatrice. It was the only Shakespearean part she had ever played. She knew that she didn’t look well in costume; she could never understand why, because no one could wear modern clothes as well as she could. She had her clothes made in Paris, both for the stage and for private life, and the dressmakers said that no one brought them more orders. She had a lovely figure, everyone admitted that; she was fairly tall for a woman, and she had long legs. It was a pity she had never had a chance of playing Rosalind, she would have looked all right in boy’s clothes, of course it was too late now, but perhaps it was just as well she hadn’t risked it. Though you would have thought, with her brilliance, her roguishness, her sense of comedy she would have been perfect. The critics hadn’t really liked her Beatrice. It was that damned blank verse. Her voice, her rather low rich voice, with that effective hoarseness, which wrung your heart in an emotional passage or gave so much humour to a comedy line, seemed to sound all wrong when she spoke it. And then her articulation; it was so distinct that, without raising her voice, she could make you hear her every word in the last row of the gallery; they said it made verse sound like prose. The fact was, she supposed, that she was much too modern.

Michael had started with Shakespeare. That was before she knew him. He had played Romeo at Cambridge, and when he came down, after a year at a dramatic school, Benson had engaged him. He toured the country and played a great variety of parts. But he realized that Shakespeare would get him nowhere and that if he wanted to become a leading actor he must gain experience in modern plays. A man called James Langton was running a repertory theatre at Middle-pool that was attracting a good deal of attention; and after Michael had been with Benson for three years, when the company was going to Middlepool on its annual visit, he wrote to Langton and asked whether he would see him. Jimmie Langton, a fat, bald-headed, rubicund man of forty-five, who looked like one of Rubens’ prosperous burghers, had a passion for the theatre. He was an

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