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    C# 13 Programming Essentials - .NET 9 Edition: Learn C# and .Net 9 Programming using Visual Studio Code
    C# 13 Programming Essentials - .NET 9 Edition: Learn C# and .Net 9 Programming using Visual Studio Code
    C# 13 Programming Essentials - .NET 9 Edition: Learn C# and .Net 9 Programming using Visual Studio Code
    Ebook529 pages9 hours

    C# 13 Programming Essentials - .NET 9 Edition: Learn C# and .Net 9 Programming using Visual Studio Code

    By Neil Smyth

    ()

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    About this ebook

    This book is a comprehensive guide to mastering the C# 13 programming language and the .NET 9 SDK, providing a thorough learning experience for both beginners and experienced developers. With 31 detailed chapters, 30 online knowledge quizzes, and access to downloadable project code, this guide is structured to support your journey from basic con

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherPayload Media, Inc.
    Release dateOct 17, 2024
    ISBN9781965764015
    C# 13 Programming Essentials - .NET 9 Edition: Learn C# and .Net 9 Programming using Visual Studio Code

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      Book preview

      C# 13 Programming Essentials - .NET 9 Edition - Neil Smyth

      Cover of C# 13 Programming Essentials - .NET 9 Edition

      C# 13 Programming

      Essentials

      .NET 9 Edition

      C# 13 Programming Essentials - .NET 9 Edition

      ISBN-13: 978-1-965764-01-5

      © 2024 Neil Smyth / Payload Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

      This book is provided for personal use only. Unauthorized use, reproduction and/or distribution strictly prohibited. All rights reserved.

      The content of this book is provided for informational purposes only. Neither the publisher nor the author offers any warranties or representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of information contained in this book, nor do they accept any liability for any loss or damage arising from any errors or omissions.

      This book contains trademarked terms that are used solely for editorial purposes and to the benefit of the respective trademark owner. The terms used within this book are not intended as infringement of any trademarks.

      Rev: 1.0

      Copyright

      https://www.payloadbooks.com

      Table of Contents

      1. Start Here

      1.1 Source code download

      1.2 Feedback

      1.3 Errata

      1.4 Take the knowledge tests

      2. The History of Programming Languages and C#

      2.1 The history of programming languages

      2.2 What exactly is C#?

      2.3 Who is using C#?

      2.4 Take the knowledge test

      2.5 Summary

      3. C# Infrastructure

      3.1 The Common Language Infrastructure (CLI)

      3.2 Common Intermediate Language (CIL)

      3.3 Virtual Execution System (VES)

      3.4 Common Type System (CTS) & Common Language Specification (CLS)

      3.5 The Framework (Base Class and Framework Class Libraries)

      3.6 Implementations of the CLI

      3.7 Take the knowledge test

      3.8 Summary

      4. Installing Visual Studio Code, C# and .NET 9

      4.1 Installing the .NET 9 SDK

      4.1.1 Installing .NET 9 on Windows

      4.1.2 Installing .NET 9 on macOS

      4.1.3 Installing .NET 9 on Red Hat Linux-based distributions

      4.1.4 Installing the .NET 9 on Debian/Ubuntu distributions

      4.1.5 Installing .Net 9 from the Linux binaries

      4.2 Downloading Visual Studio Code

      4.3 Installing on Windows

      4.4 Installing on macOS

      4.5 Installing on Linux

      4.5.1 Debian/Ubuntu

      4.5.2 Red Hat-based distributions

      4.6 Customizing Visual Studio Code

      4.7 Adding the C# Dev Kit extension

      4.8 Take the knowledge test

      4.9 Summary

      5. A Guided Tour of Visual Studio Code

      5.1 Workspaces, projects, and solutions

      5.2 The VS Code main window

      5.3 The Command Palette

      5.4 Splitting the editor window

      5.5 Zen mode

      5.6 Learning with the Editor Playground

      5.7 Take the knowledge test

      5.8 Summary

      6. Creating an Example C# App in VS Code

      6.1 Creating the SampleApp project

      6.2 Reviewing the SampleApp project

      6.3 Writing the app code

      6.4 Top-level statements and the Main method

      6.5 Take the knowledge test

      6.6 Summary

      7. C# Variables and Constants

      7.1 What is a C# variable?

      7.2 Type annotations and implicit typing

      7.3 What is a C# constant?

      7.4 Integer types

      7.5 Floating-point Variables

      7.6 Decimal type

      7.7 Boolean type

      7.8 Character data type

      7.9 Special characters

      7.10 String data type

      7.11 Verbatim string literals

      7.12 String interpolation

      7.13 Type casting

      7.13.1 Implicit casting

      7.13.2 Explicit casting

      7.13.3 Identifying variable’s type

      7.14 Take the knowledge test

      7.15 Summary

      8. C# Operators and Expressions

      8.1 What is an expression?

      8.2 The basic assignment operator

      8.3 C# arithmetic operators

      8.4 C# operator precedence

      8.5 Compound assignment operators

      8.6 Increment and decrement operators

      8.7 Comparison operators

      8.8 Boolean logical operators

      8.9 Range and index operators

      8.10 The ternary operator

      8.11 Null-coalescing operators

      8.12 Bitwise Operators

      8.12.1 Bitwise NOT

      8.12.2 Bitwise AND

      8.12.3 Bitwise OR

      8.12.4 Bitwise XOR

      8.12.5 Bitwise Left Shift

      8.12.6 Bitwise Right Shift

      8.13 Compound Bitwise Operators

      8.14 Take the knowledge test

      8.15 Summary

      9. C# Conditional Control Flow

      9.1 Looping vs. conditional control flow

      9.2 Using the if statement

      9.3 Using if … else … statements

      9.4 Using if … else if … statements

      9.5 Take the knowledge test

      9.6 Summary

      10. The C# switch Statement

      10.1 Why use the switch statement?

      10.2 Using the switch statement

      10.3 A switch statement example

      10.4 Explaining the example

      10.5 Using switch expressions

      10.6 Using goto in a C# switch statement

      10.7 Using continue in a C# switch statement

      10.8 Take the knowledge test

      10.9 Summary

      11. C# Looping with the for Statement

      11.1 Why use loops?

      11.2 C# loop variable scope

      11.3 Creating an infinite for loop

      11.4 Breaking out of a for loop

      11.5 Nested for loops

      11.6 Breaking from nested loops

      11.7 Continuing for loops

      11.8 The C# foreach statement

      11.9 Take the knowledge test

      11.10 Summary

      12. C# Looping with do and while Statements

      12.1 The C# while loop

      12.2 C# do … while loops

      12.3 Breaking from loops

      12.4 The continue statement

      12.5 Take the knowledge test

      12.6 Summary

      13. An Introduction to C# Object-Oriented Programming

      13.1 What is an object?

      13.2 What is a class?

      13.3 Creating the ObjectDemo project

      13.4 Declaring a C# class

      13.5 Access modifiers

      13.6 Creating C# class members

      13.7 Fields vs. properties

      13.8 Adding members to the BankAccount class

      13.9 Static, read-only, and const data members

      13.10 Instantiating an object from a C# class

      13.11 Accessing C# object members

      13.12 Adding methods to a C# class

      13.13 C# constructors

      13.14 C# primary constructors

      13.15 C# finalizers

      13.16 The this keyword

      13.17 Take the knowledge test

      13.18 Summary

      14. C# Methods

      14.1 What is a method?

      14.2 Methods vs. functions

      14.3 Parameter or argument?

      14.4 How to declare a C# function

      14.5 Creating the MethodDemo project

      14.6 Declaring a C# class file

      14.7 Calling a C# method

      14.8 Handling return values

      14.9 Passing arguments to a method

      14.9.1 Named arguments

      14.9.2 Optional arguments

      14.10 Handling variable numbers of arguments

      14.11 C# in, out, and ref parameter modifiers

      14.12 Take the knowledge test

      14.13 Summary

      15. C# Delegates

      15.1 What is a delegate?

      15.2 Declaring a delegate

      15.3 Using delegates

      15.4 Creating the DelegateDemo project

      15.5 A C# delegate example

      15.6 Multicast delegates

      15.7 Passing a delegate to a method

      15.8 Take the knowledge test

      15.9 Summary

      16. C# Anonymous Methods, Lambdas, and Local Functions

      16.1 Anonymous methods

      16.2 Creating the LambdaDemo project

      16.3 Lambdas

      16.4 Passing multiple parameters

      16.5 Passing no parameters

      16.6 Local functions

      16.7 Creating the LocalFunctions project

      16.8 Recursive local functions

      16.9 Lambdas vs. local functions

      16.10 Take the knowledge test

      16.11 Summary

      17. C# Inheritance

      17.1 What is inheritance?

      17.2 A C# inheritance example

      17.3 Creating a subclass in C#

      17.4 Passing arguments to the base class constructor

      17.5 Overriding inherited methods

      17.6 Take the knowledge test

      17.7 Summary

      18. C# Abstract Classes

      18.1 What is a C# abstract class?

      18.2 Abstract members

      18.3 Declaring a C# abstract class

      18.4 Deriving from an abstract class

      18.5 Creating the AbstractClassDemo project

      18.6 Abstract vs. virtual members

      18.7 Take the knowledge test

      18.8 Summary

      19. C# Interfaces

      19.1 Understanding C# interfaces

      19.2 Declaring an interface

      19.3 Creating the InterfaceDemo project

      19.4 Adding a C# interface file

      19.5 Interface data members

      19.6 Take the knowledge test

      19.7 Summary

      20. C# Structures

      20.1 An overview of C# structures

      20.2 Creating the StructureDemo project

      20.3 Value types vs. reference types

      20.4 Adding the Struct declaration

      20.5 Read-only structures

      20.6 Take the knowledge test

      20.7 Summary

      21. C# Tuple Type

      21.1 Creating the TupleDemo project

      21.2 Declaring a Tuple

      21.3 Accessing tuple values

      21.4 Tuple field names

      21.5 Returning tuples from methods

      21.6 Tuples as method parameters

      21.7 Take the knowledge test

      21.8 Summary

      22. C# Namespaces

      22.1 Understanding scope

      22.2 An overview of namespaces

      22.3 Creating the NamespaceDemo project

      22.4 Declaring namespaces

      22.5 Accessing namespace members

      22.6 Namespaces and the using keyword

      22.7 Nested namespaces

      22.8 Aliases and the namespace alias operator

      22.9 File scoped namespaces

      22.10 Take the knowledge test

      22.11 Summary

      23. C# Exception Handling

      23.1 Understanding exception handling

      23.2 Creating the ExceptionDemo project

      23.3 Throwing exceptions

      23.4 Handling exceptions

      23.5 Creating exception filters with the when keyword

      23.6 Using finally blocks

      23.7 Using the try-finally Statement

      23.8 Re-throwing exceptions

      23.9 Creating custom exception types

      23.10 Take the knowledge test

      23.11 Summary

      24. Asynchronous Programming in C#

      24.1 An overview of threads

      24.2 The main thread

      24.3 Asynchronous programming in C#

      24.4 Creating the AsyncDemo project

      24.5 Synchronous code

      24.6 Understanding the C# Task class

      24.7 Declaring asynchronous methods

      24.8 Introducing the await operator

      24.9 Asynchronous calls from synchronous functions

      24.10 Canceling asynchronous tasks

      24.11 Take the knowledge test

      24.12 Summary

      25. Creating 2D, 3D, and Jagged Arrays in C#

      25.1 Creating arrays in C#

      25.2 Declaring multidimensional arrays

      25.3 Declaring jagged arrays

      25.4 Take the knowledge test

      25.5 Summary

      26. Accessing and Sorting C# Array Elements

      26.1 Creating the ArrayDemo Project

      26.2 Getting the number of dimensions of an array

      26.3 Accessing array elements

      26.4 Array iteration

      26.5 Working with ranges

      26.6 C# index from end operator

      26.7 Sorting C# arrays

      26.8 Clearing C# arrays

      26.9 Take the knowledge test

      26.10 Summary

      27. C# List Collections

      27.1 Creating the CollectionDemo Project

      27.2 Introducing the C# Collection Classes

      27.3 Creating C# list collections with List

      27.4 Adding items to lists

      27.5 Initializing a list with multiple values

      27.6 Accessing list items

      27.7 Removing items from lists

      27.8 Inserting items into a list

      27.9 Sorting lists in C#

      27.10 Finding items in a C# list

      27.11 Obtaining information about a list

      27.12 Clearing C# lists

      27.13 Take the knowledge test

      27.14 Summary

      28. C# Dictionary Collections

      28.1 Creating the DictionaryDemo Project

      28.2 Dictionary initialization

      28.3 Dictionary item count

      28.4 Dictionary iteration

      28.5 Adding and removing dictionary entries

      28.6 Accessing and updating dictionary items

      28.7 Checking if a key or value exists

      28.8 Take the knowledge test

      28.9 Summary

      29. C# File and Directory Handling

      29.1 Introducing the System.IO classes

      29.2 Understanding paths in C#

      29.3 Creating the FileDemo project

      29.4 Current working directory

      29.5 Checking if a directory exists

      29.6 Creating a Directory

      29.7 Deleting a Directory

      29.8 Changing the current working directory

      29.9 Handling File and Directory Exceptions

      29.10 File handling using the File class

      29.10.1 Checking if a file exists

      29.10.2 Creating and opening files

      29.10.3 Reading and writing using the File class

      29.11 Deleting, copying, and moving files

      29.12 File I/O with streams

      29.13 Asynchronous file handling

      29.14 Working with binary streams

      29.15 Take the knowledge test

      29.16 Summary

      30. C# Strings

      30.1 Creating the StringsDemo Project

      30.2 Creating strings in C#

      30.3 Obtaining the length of a C# string

      30.4 Treating strings as arrays

      30.5 String character iteration

      30.6 Concatenating strings

      30.7 Comparing strings

      30.8 Changing string case

      30.9 Splitting a string into multiple parts

      30.10 Trimming and padding strings

      30.11 String replacement

      30.12 Take the knowledge test

      30.13 Summary

      31. C# String Formatting

      31.1 The Syntax of the string Format() method

      31.2 Creating the StringFormatDemo project

      31.3 A simple string formatting example

      31.4 Using format controls

      31.5 A simple format control example

      31.6 C# string Format() format controls

      31.7 Take the knowledge test

      31.8 Summary

      32. C# Dates and Times

      32.1 Creating the DateTimeDemo project

      32.2 Creating a C# DateTime object

      32.3 Getting the current system time and date

      32.4 Adding to or subtracting from dates and times

      32.5 Retrieving parts of a date and time

      32.6 Take the knowledge test

      32.7 Summary

      Index

      1. Start Here

      This book is a comprehensive guide to mastering the C# 13 programming language and the .NET 9 SDK, providing a thorough learning experience for both beginners and experienced developers. With 31 detailed chapters, 30 online knowledge quizzes, and access to downloadable project code, this guide is structured to support your journey from basic concepts to advanced programming techniques, all within the Visual Studio Code environment.

      We will start by introducing the foundational components of the C# ecosystem, providing an overview of the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI), the Common Intermediate Language (CIL), and the Virtual Execution System (VES). These initial sections will offer a deeper understanding of the platform’s architecture. Following that, we will provide step-by-step instructions for installing and using the Visual Studio Code environment.

      As you advance, you will learn about the foundational principles of the C# language. This will include exploring topics such as variables, constants, operators, flow control, and loops. These basic concepts will then be expanded to cover object-oriented programming (OOP), with an emphasis on inheritance, abstract classes, interfaces, and structures.

      Beyond the basics, this book advances into more specialized areas, including string manipulation, working with arrays and collections, handling exceptions, and implementing asynchronous programming techniques. These sections are designed to deepen your understanding and equip you with the skills necessary to build more sophisticated apps.

      Whether you are new to programming or seeking to refine your skills, C# 13 Programming Essentials - .NET 9 Edition offers the knowledge and practical guidance you need to succeed in C# development.

      1.1 Source code download

      The source code and Visual Studio Code project files for the examples contained in this book can be downloaded using the following link:

      https://www.payloadbooks.com/product/csharp13/

      After downloading and unzipping the file, you will find the projects in the C# Essentials workspace folder. In Visual Studio Code, you can open the workspace by selecting File -> Open Folder... from the menu bar, navigating to the workspace folder, and clicking Open to load the projects.

      1.2 Feedback

      We want you to be satisfied with your purchase of this book. Therefore, if you find any errors in the book or have any comments, questions, or concerns, please contact us at info@payloadbooks.com.

      1.3 Errata

      While we make every effort to ensure the accuracy of the content of this book, inevitably, a book covering a subject area of this size and complexity may include some errors and oversights. Any known issues with the book will be outlined, together with solutions, at the following URL:

      https://www.payloadbooks.com/csharp13-errata/

      If you find an error not listed in the errata, please email our technical support team at info@payloadbooks.com.

      1.4 Take the knowledge tests

      Look for this section at the end of most chapters and use the link or scan the QR code to take a knowledge quiz to test and reinforce your understanding of the covered topic. Use the following link to review the full list of tests available for this book:

      https://www.answertopia.com/4my3

      2. The History of Programming Languages and

      C#

      C# is part of the never-ending quest to make programming computers as easy and efficient as possible for humans. While it is easy to describe C# as another object-oriented programming language, the fact is that C# is an integral part of an entire development and execution infrastructure. The primary object of these initial chapters is to provide an overview of both the C# language and the infrastructure on which it relies.

      2.1 The history of programming languages

      The problem with programming is that computers think exclusively in numbers (0 and 1, to be precise), known as machine code, while humans communicate using words. In the early days, programmers entered machine code directly into computers to program them. This, as you can imagine, was a laborious and error-prone process. The next evolution was associating brief human-readable commands with the corresponding machine code. For example, a programmer could enter the command MOV to transfer a value from one microprocessor register to another. These commands would then be translated into machine code by a piece of software called an assembler, thereby giving this command syntax the name Assembly Language.

      Next came a series of high-level languages designed to make it easier for humans to write programs. These programs are written using a human-readable syntax and then either compiled to machine code by a compiler or interpreted by an interpreter on the processor’s behalf. Such languages include BASIC, COBOL, Pascal, and Fortran. Another language is C, which was created at AT&T Bell Labs in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Then, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, work started on an object-oriented approach to C programming, culminating in a new, object-oriented variant of C known as C++.

      The story, however, continues. The problem with C++ was that it was

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