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Characterizing the seismic response and basin structure of Cusco (Peru): implications for the seismic hazard assessment of a World Heritage Site

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Abstract

Known worldwide for its rich and well-preserved pre-Columbian and Spanish architecture, the city of Cusco (Peru) is listed as a World Heritage Site since 1983. However, less well known is the seismic hazard, which represents a major threat to the city’s 400,000 inhabitants and its cultural outreach. Despite the moderate magnitudes recorded in the area, macroseismic data inferred from historical earthquakes (1650, 1950) argues for strong amplification effects of the unconsolidated sediments of the Cusco Basin during ground motion. In order to address this aggravating factor for the first time, we conducted a large-scale passive geophysical survey in the historical city center of Cusco, combining Microtremor Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio (MHVSR) measurements and Microtremor Array Measurements (MAM). Through joint data inversion, we proposed a subsurface wave velocity model and estimated the depth of the engineering bedrock. The site response analysis not only provides an insight into the thickness of the soft sediment, but also suggests the existence of a strong geological discontinuity beneath the city center of Cusco, consistent with the trace of the Cusco fault. Moreover, the results highlight the complexity of earthquake site amplification assessment in dense urban areas. Our work paves the way for a comprehensive seismic microzonation of the entire Cusco Basin and opens up new perspectives on the potential of the MHVSR method for fault detection.

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Notes

  1. Meanwhile, the Vs30 calculated from the 50 linear arrays range from 250 to 480 m/s (Table S2) suggesting the presence at the subsurface of significant “deposits of dense or medium dense sand, gravel, or stiff clay” (soil type C, Eurocode 8 2005), consistent with the geological description of the SBF. Once again, there is a north-south trend, with a significant drop in velocity between the Plaza de Armas and the Santo Domingo sector (Fig. 6-inset).

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Acknowledgements

This work would not have been possible without the collaboration of Architect Eliluz Palomino of the Gerencia del Centro Histórico de Cusco and Archaeologist Yeny Baca of the Dirección Desconcentrada del Ministerio de Cultura de Cusco. We also thank Fabrizio Delgado, Cristhian Baca, Julio Rojas, Enoch Aguirre for their precious assistance and expertise during the field campaigns. Finally, the authors would like to show their gratitude to the two anonymous reviewers and the editor whose suggestions helped improve and clarify this article. This work has been supported by the French government, through the UCAJEDI Investments in the Future project managed by the National Research Agency (ANR) with the reference number ANR-15-IDEX-01. It was also supported by the Peruvian Ministry of Energy and Mines, through the Institute of Geology, Mining and Metallurgy (Geological Survey) and the Neotectonics project of the Department of Environmental Geology and Geological Risk. The project has received, as well, financial support from the UMR 7329 Geoazur Laboratory.

Funding

This work has been supported by the French government, through the UCAJEDI Investments in the Future project managed by the National Research Agency (ANR) with the reference number ANR-15-IDEX-01. It was also supported by the Peruvian Ministry of Energy and Mines, through the Institute of Geology, Mining and Metallurgy (Geological Survey) and the Neotectonics project of the Department of Environmental Geology and Geological Risk. The project has received, as well, financial support from the UMR 7329 Geoazur Laboratory.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, IRD, 250 Rue Albert Einstein, Géoazur, Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, 06560, France

    A. Combey & E. D. Mercerat

  2. Instituto Geológico Minero y Metalúrgico (INGEMMET), Av. Canadá 1470, San Borja, Lima, 15034, Perú

    J. E. Díaz, C. L. Benavente, F. P. Perez, B. García, A. R. Palomino & C. J. Guevara

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  1. A. Combey
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  2. E. D. Mercerat
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  3. J. E. Díaz
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  4. C. L. Benavente
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  6. B. García
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  7. A. R. Palomino
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  8. C. J. Guevara
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Contributions

Conceptualization: A. Combey, E.D. Mercerat, C.L. Benavente; Methodology: A. Combey, E.D. Mercerat, J.E. Díaz, F.P. Perez; Formal analysis and investigation: A. Combey, E.D. Mercerat, J.E. Díaz; Writing - original draft preparation: A. Combey; Funding acquisition: A. Combey, E.D. Mercerat, C.L. Benavente; Resources: B. García, A.R. Palomino, C.J. Guevara; Supervision: A. Combey, E.D. Mercerat, C.L. Benavente.

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Combey, A., Mercerat, E.D., Díaz, J.E. et al. Characterizing the seismic response and basin structure of Cusco (Peru): implications for the seismic hazard assessment of a World Heritage Site. Nat Hazards (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-024-06912-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-024-06912-7

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