Group Assignment on FACTS is for power E

ROLE OR FUNCTIONS FACTS DEVICES AND DIFFERENT COMPENSATION DEVICES FOR STABLE
POWER SYSTEM OPERATION
PG-SEMINAR PRESENTATION
BY
Name IDNo
Ediris Abrahim Umer RPG/0077/16
Kefale Atinafu RPG/
Shibeshi Wederufael RPG/
Khader Ahmed RPG/
On the Course of: Power systems Dynamics and Stability
Department of ELECTRICAL Power ( Power system and Automotion)
At
DEFENCE UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
BISHOFTU, ETHIOPIA
OCTOBER, 2024
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Motors and Transformers consume reactive power
and employing fixed capacitors banks can reduce
the load on the generators, but that is not enough
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 Compensation devices
Compensation devices are a broad category of devices used in power systems to improve system performance,
stability, and power quality.
It's important to note that the specific type of compensation device used will depend on the application and the
nature of the compensation required.
They are designed to compensate for various electrical parameters such as reactive power, voltage, and line
impedance.
These devices can be deployed in different parts of the power system, such as distribution networks or
transmission lines, to regulate voltage levels, control power flow, and enhance system reliability.
 Compensation devices include capacitors, FACTS Device reactors, and other devices that are specifically used for
reactive power compensation or voltage control.
Compensation Capacitors: These capacitors are used in power factor correction systems to compensate for
reactive power and improve the power factor of electrical systems. They help reduce energy losses and improve
the efficiency of power distribution.
 Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR): An AVR is used in electrical systems to regulate the output voltage of a
generator or power supply. It compensates for voltage fluctuations caused by variations in load or input voltage,
ensuring a consistent and stable output voltage.
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Con’t
Compensation Algorithms: In the field of control systems and signal processing,
compensation algorithms are used to adjust or compensate for errors or disturbances. These
algorithms can be implemented in software or hardware to dynamically modify system
parameters, inputs, or outputs to achieve desired performance or stability.
The difference between FACTS devices and compensation devices
FACTS devices are advanced compensation devices that utilize power electronics and control
systems to provide dynamic control and optimization of power flow, voltage stability, and
other parameters in real-time. These devices offer greater flexibility and controllability
compared to traditional compensation devices.
In summary, compensation devices are a broader category that includes devices such as
capacitors and reactors used for reactive power compensation and voltage control.
 On the other hand, FACTS devices are a specific subset of compensation devices that utilize
power electronics and advanced control techniques to provide dynamic and real-time control
of power flow, voltage stability, and other parameters in power transmission and distribution
networks.
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 What are FACTS
.
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Classification of FACTS
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Short Explanations
Series Controllers
The series controller could be a variable impedance or a variable source both are power
electronics based. In principle, all series controllers inject voltage in series with the line.
The main purpose of series compensation in power systems is to decrease the reactive impedance
of the transmission line to reduce voltage drop over long distances and to reduce the Ferranti
effect. These series controllers includes, TCSC, SSSC, TSSC, TCSC, and TCSR.
Shunt Controllers
The shunt controllers may be variable impedance connected to the line voltage causes a variable
current flow hence represents injection of current into the line.
These shunt controllers includes, STATCOM, STAT VAR(SVC) and TCR.
Combined Series-series Controllers
 The combination could be separate series controllers or unified series-series controller-Interline
Power Flow Controller. E.g inter line power flow controller (IPFC).
Combined Series-shunt Controllers
The combination could be separated series and shunt controllers or a unified power flow
controller. E.g Unified power flow controller (UPFC).
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 Role or Functions of FACTS Devices
 Some of the key functions of FACTs devices include:
 Increase loading capacity of transmission lines.
 Prevent blackouts.
 Improve generation productivity.
 Voltage Control: FACTs devices can regulate voltage levels within desired limits by injecting
or absorbing reactive power. This helps maintain voltage stability and improve power
transfer capability.
 Power Flow Control: FACTs devices enable control over active power flow in transmission
lines. By adjusting the line impedance, they can redirect power flow to relieve congestion
and optimize power transfer.
 Damping of Power System Oscillations: FACTs devices can provide supplementary damping
to power system oscillations, improving the transient stability of the system. They achieve
this by injecting or absorbing reactive power in a controlled manner.
 Enhancing Grid Stability: FACTs devices help mitigate voltage fluctuations and grid instability
caused by sudden changes in load or system disturbances. By regulating voltage and power
flow, they contribute to stable grid operation.
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 FACTS DEVICES and IT’S COMPENSATION MECHANISMS
There are various types of FACTs devices, each with its own compensation mechanism and characteristics.
Some commonly used FACTs devices for stable power system operation include
 Static Var Compensator
 Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)
 Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC):
 Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)
 Inter-line power flow control (IPFC)
 Static Var (Volt-amper reactive) Compensator (SVC)
 SVC is a shunt-connected device that injects or absorbs reactive power to regulate voltage and improve
system stability. It consists of a thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR) and a capacitor bank.
 The crucial equipment which is included in this device is TCR and TSR which are a thyristor-controlled
capacitor and thyristor-controlled reactor.
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 Static Synchronous compensator(StatCOM)
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.
 It is a shunt device of the Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) family using power
electronics to control power flow and improve transient stability on power grids.
 The STATCOM regulates voltage at its terminal by controlling the amount of reactive
power injected into or absorbed from the power system.
 When system voltage is low, the STATCOM generates reactive power (STATCOM
capacitive).
 When system voltage is high, it absorbs reactive power (STATCOM inductive).Similarly to
the SVC the STATCOM can provide instantaneous and continuously variable reactive
power in response to grid voltage transients enhancing the grid voltage stability.
 The STATCOM regulates voltage at its terminal by controlling the amount of reactive
power injected into or absorbed from the power system. When system voltage is low,
the STATCOM generates reactive power (STATCOM capacitive). STATCOM is GTO or IGBT
based.
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STATIC SYNCHRONOUS SERIES
COMPENSATOR(SSSC)
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.
 It is a series-connected device that uses VSC technology to regulate
transmission line parameters.
 It can control the line impedance and improve power flow control and
transient stability.
 It can be considered as a FACTS controller acting like a controlled series
capacitor.
 It compensates the inductive voltage drop in the line by inserting
capacitive voltage in order to reduce the effective inductive reactance of
the transmission line.
 In contrast to series capacitor, the SSSC is able to maintain a constant
compensating voltage in case of variable line current or controls the
amplitude of the injected compensating voltage independent of amplitude
of line current.
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UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER (UPFC)
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.
The UPFC is a combination of a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and a static
synchronous series compensator (SSSC) coupled via a common DC voltage link.
The main advantage of the UPFC is to control the active and reactive power flows in the
transmission line.
If there are any disturbances or faults in the source side, the UPFC will not work.
 The UPFC operates only under balanced sine wave source.
The controllable parameters of the UPFC are reactance in the line, phase angle and voltage.
Fig 4 Unified Power flow controller(UPFC)
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 Inter-line power flow control (IPFC)
The term "IPFC" stands for "Interline Power Flow Controller." It is a type of Flexible AC Transmission System
(FACTS) device used in electrical power systems.
The Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) is designed to control and optimize power flow in multi-line
transmission systems. It consists of several voltage source converters (VSCs) connected in series with
transmission lines. The VSCs inject controllable voltage into the lines, which allows for the real and reactive
power flow to be controlled independently.
Here are some key facts about IPFC devices:
Power Flow Control: The IPFC device can independently control the active power (real power) and reactive power
flow on multiple transmission lines. By manipulating the injected voltage, it can change the impedance of the
transmission lines, thereby influencing the power flow.
 Voltage Regulation: IPFC devices can regulate the voltage levels in transmission lines by injecting or absorbing
reactive power. This helps in maintaining a stable voltage profile throughout the network.
 Series Compensation: IPFC provides series compensation by injecting voltage in series with the transmission
lines. This compensates for the line impedance and helps in reducing transmission line losses and increasing the
transfer capacity of the line.
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Con’t
 Dynamic Control: IPFC devices can respond rapidly to changing system conditions and adjust the
injected voltage accordingly.
This enables them to mitigate congestion, improve system stability, and enhance overall system
performance.
 Installation Location: IPFC devices are typically installed at substations or along transmission lines,
strategically placed to optimize power flow and voltage regulation in the network.
 Benefits: IPFC devices offer several benefits, including increased transmission capacity, improved
voltage stability, reduced transmission losses, and enhanced system controllability and flexibility.
Fig 6 schematic diagram of IPFC
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Conclusion
The objective of this study was to reach an efficient control of an
electrical power system plus FACTS devices under several
perturbations.
FACTS is an application of power electronics in power transmission
system. FACTS has an important role in real and reactive power
control. FACTS makes a system stable. All the above aspects show
the effectiveness of these devices to suppress oscillations and
stabilizing the power system. Power system is always required normal
and stable operation at rated operating condition & it’s also required
improvement of stability . Stability of power system is improved by
using shunt & series capacitors, governing system and FACTS
controllers.
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Group Assignment on FACTS is for power E

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Group Assignment on FACTS is for power E