The ER nurse, Althea (Vernee Watson), is the same person (or at least the same actress) as the waiting room nurse in the sperm bank from the Pilot (2007).
Sheldon's statement about horoscopes being hokum is based on the work of Bertram Forer, a psychologist from UCLA. His classic 1948 experiment involved administering personality tests to groups of subjects, and then giving each subject the same exact personality evaluation (copied from a newspaper astrology column) and asking them to evaluate the accuracy of the results on a scale of 1 to 5. The average accuracy was rated at an incredible 4.2, indicating that people are generally willing to accept generalized descriptions of themselves because they WANT them to be true. This experiment has been repeated hundreds of times by various researchers; always with almost exact results, giving us "The Forer Effect" or "subjective validation".
Howard tries to lure Leonard out of his apartment by inviting him to a new "definitive cut of Blade Runner (1982) with 8 seconds of previously unseen footage", that supposedly "completely changes the tone of the film". This is a stab at the fact that there are at least five different versions of Blade Runner (1982) (including a Director's Cut that the director wasn't fully satisfied with, leading to a Final Cut). One of the most notable additions to later versions was a brief dream sequence of about 20 seconds that has since become the subject of intense fan debate about the exact meaning of the film.
This is the third time that Penny (Kaley Cuoco) kisses Leonard (Johnny Galecki). She first kissed him after her Halloween party in The Middle Earth Paradigm (2007) and in The Nerdvana Annihilation (2008), although only in a dream but she did kiss him on the cheek just before her date Mike came up the stairs.