make - Man Page

GNU Make utility to maintain groups of programs

Examples (TL;DR)

Call the first target specified in the Makefile (usually named "all"): make
Call a specific target: make target
Call a specific target, executing 4 jobs at a time in parallel: make -j4 target
Use a specific Makefile: make --file path/to/file
Execute make from another directory: make --directory path/to/directory
Force making of a target, even if source files are unchanged: make --always-make target
Override a variable defined in the Makefile: make target variable=new_value
Override variables defined in the Makefile by the environment: make --environment-overrides target

The make utility will determine automatically which pieces of a large program need to be recompiled, and issue the commands to recompile them. The manual describes the GNU implementation of make, which was written by Richard Stallman and Roland McGrath, and is currently maintained by Paul Smith. Our examples show C programs, since they are very common, but you can use make with any programming language whose compiler can be run with a shell command. In fact, make is not limited to programs. You can use it to describe any task where some files must be updated automatically from others whenever the others change.

To prepare to use make, you must write a file called the makefile that describes the relationships among files in your program, and provides commands for updating each file. In a program, typically the executable file is updated from object files, which are in turn made by compiling source files.

Once a suitable makefile exists, each time you change some source files, this simple shell command:

make

suffices to perform all necessary recompilations. The make program uses the makefile description and the last-modification times of the files to decide which of the files need to be updated. For each of those files, it issues the commands recorded in the makefile.

make executes commands in the makefile to update one or more targets, where target is typically a program. If no -f option is present, make will look for the makefiles GNUmakefile, makefile, and Makefile, in that order.

Normally you should call your makefile either makefile or Makefile. (We recommend Makefile because it appears prominently near the beginning of a directory listing, right near other important files such as README.) The first name checked, GNUmakefile, is not recommended for most makefiles. You should use this name if you have a makefile that is specific to GNU Make, and will not be understood by other versions of make. If makefile is '-', the standard input is read.

make updates a target if it depends on prerequisite files that have been modified since the target was last modified, or if the target does not exist.

Options

-b, -m: These options are ignored for compatibility with other versions of make.
-B, --always-make: Unconditionally make all targets.
-C dir, --directory=dir: Change to directory dir before reading the makefiles or doing anything else. If multiple -C options are specified, each is interpreted relative to the previous one: -C / -C etc is equivalent to -C /etc. This is typically used with recursive invocations of make.
-d: Print debugging information in addition to normal processing. The debugging information says which files are being considered for remaking, which file-times are being compared and with what results, which files actually need to be remade, which implicit rules are considered and which are applied---everything interesting about how make decides what to do.
--debug[=FLAGS]: Print debugging information in addition to normal processing. If the FLAGS are omitted, then the behavior is the same as if -d was specified. FLAGS may be any or all of the following names, comma- or space-separated. Only the first character is significant: the rest may be omitted: all for all debugging output (same as using -d), basic for basic debugging, verbose for more verbose basic debugging, implicit for showing implicit rule search operations, jobs for details on invocation of commands, makefile for debugging while remaking makefiles, print shows all recipes that are run even if they are silent, and why shows the reason make decided to rebuild each target. Use none to disable all previous debugging flags.
-e, --environment-overrides: Give variables taken from the environment precedence over variables from makefiles.
-E string, --eval string: Interpret string using the eval function, before parsing any makefiles.
-f file, --file=file, --makefile=FILE: Use file as a makefile.
-i, --ignore-errors: Ignore all errors in commands executed to remake files.
-I dir, --include-dir=dir: Specifies a directory dir to search for included makefiles. If several -I options are used to specify several directories, the directories are searched in the order specified. Unlike the arguments to other flags of make, directories given with -I flags may come directly after the flag: -Idir is allowed, as well as -I dir. This syntax is allowed for compatibility with the C preprocessor's -I flag.
-j [jobs], --jobs[=jobs]: Specifies the number of jobs (commands) to run simultaneously. If there is more than one -j option, the last one is effective. If the -j option is given without an argument, make will not limit the number of jobs that can run simultaneously.
--jobserver-style=style: The style of jobserver to use. The style may be one of fifo, pipe, or sem (Windows only).
-k, --keep-going: Continue as much as possible after an error. While the target that failed, and those that depend on it, cannot be remade, the other dependencies of these targets can be processed all the same.
-l [load], --load-average[=load]: Specifies that no new jobs (commands) should be started if there are others jobs running and the load average is at least load (a floating-point number). With no argument, removes a previous load limit.
-L, --check-symlink-times: Use the latest mtime between symlinks and target.
-n, --just-print, --dry-run, --recon: Print the commands that would be executed, but do not execute them (except in certain circumstances).
-o file, --old-file=file, --assume-old=file: Do not remake the file file even if it is older than its dependencies, and do not remake anything on account of changes in file. Essentially the file is treated as very old and its rules are ignored.
-O[type], --output-sync[=type]: When running multiple jobs in parallel with -j, ensure the output of each job is collected together rather than interspersed with output from other jobs. If type is not specified or is target the output from the entire recipe for each target is grouped together. If type is line the output from each command line within a recipe is grouped together. If type is recurse output from an entire recursive make is grouped together. If type is none output synchronization is disabled.
-p, --print-data-base: Print the data base (rules and variable values) that results from reading the makefiles; then execute as usual or as otherwise specified. This also prints the version information given by the -v switch (see below). To print the data base without trying to remake any files, use make -p -f/dev/null.
-q, --question: “Question mode”. Do not run any commands, or print anything; just return an exit status that is zero if the specified targets are already up to date, nonzero otherwise.
-r, --no-builtin-rules: Eliminate use of the built-in implicit rules. Also clear out the default list of suffixes for suffix rules.
-R, --no-builtin-variables: Don't define any built-in variables.
-s, --silent, --quiet: Silent operation; do not print the commands as they are executed.
--no-silent: Cancel the effect of the -s option.
-S, --no-keep-going, --stop: Cancel the effect of the -k option.
-t, --touch: Touch files (mark them up to date without really changing them) instead of running their commands. This is used to pretend that the commands were done, in order to fool future invocations of make.
--trace: Information about the disposition of each target is printed (why the target is being rebuilt and what commands are run to rebuild it).
-v, --version: Print the version of the make program plus a copyright, a list of authors and a notice that there is no warranty.
-w, --print-directory: Print a message containing the working directory before and after other processing. This may be useful for tracking down errors from complicated nests of recursive make commands.
--no-print-directory: Turn off -w, even if it was turned on implicitly.
--shuffle[=MODE]: Enable shuffling of goal and prerequisite ordering. MODE is one of none to disable shuffle mode, random to shuffle prerequisites in random order, reverse to consider prerequisites in reverse order, or an integer <seed> which enables random mode with a specific seed value. If MODE is omitted the default is random.
-W file, --what-if=file, --new-file=file, --assume-new=file: Pretend that the target file has just been modified. When used with the -n flag, this shows you what would happen if you were to modify that file. Without -n, it is almost the same as running a touch command on the given file before running make, except that the modification time is changed only in the imagination of make.
--warn-undefined-variables: Warn when an undefined variable is referenced.

Exit Status

GNU Make exits with a status of zero if all makefiles were successfully parsed and no targets that were built failed. A status of one will be returned if the -q flag was used and make determines that a target needs to be rebuilt. A status of two will be returned if any errors were encountered.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If not, see https://www.gnu.org/licenses/.

Referenced By

adjtime(3), ant(1), bgldepend(1), bglmake(1), bglmco(1), bmake(1), ccmakedep(1), cheatmake(1), ci(1), co(1), compile.3erl(3), coqdep(1), dcl2inc(1), debhelper-compat-upgrade-checklist(7), delp(1), distcc(1), distccd(1), distccmon-text(1), dkms(8), dpkg-buildflags(1), dpkg-buildpackage(1), emerge(1), flatc(1), flatpak-manifest(5), fpcmake(1), fpcmake(5), fpcmkcfg(1), fpcres(1), fpcsubst(1), fppkg(1), freeze(1), gccmakedep(1), GNUstep(7), groff_mdoc(7), hamlib-primer(7), hpftodit(1), icu-config(1), imake(1), include-what-you-use(1), kmk(1), lazbuild(1), lazres(1), lrstolfm(1), make.conf(5), makedepend(1), makeg(1), malmake(1), mksh(1), moc(1), mold(1), nq(1), ocamlbuild(1), ocamldep(1), oksh(1), omake(1), parallel_alternatives(7), pas2fpm(1), pcc-cpp(1), pcpp(1), pkgdata(1), pmtrace(3), ppdep(1), ppufiles(1), protoc(1), pump(1), rake(1), rc(1), rcs(1), rcsclean(1), rgbasm(1), rgbgfx(1), rmcvsdir(1), rmkdepend(1), samu(1), sched(7), setconf(1), shtool-move(1), suffixes(7), time(1), uic(1), updatepofiles(1), wtf(6), xmodmap(1).

The man page gmake(1) is an alias of make(1).

26 May 2023 GNU

make - Man Page

Examples (TL;DR)

Synopsis

Description

Options

Exit Status

See Also

Bugs

Author

Copyright

Referenced By