Innovation Needs for the Integration of Electric Vehicles into the Energy System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. State of the Art
2.2. Vision
2.3. Challenges
2.4. Visual Roadmap
2.5. Research Activities
2.6. Innovation Needs
2.7. Recommondation for Action
3. Results
3.1. State-of-the-Art
- The share of electric vehicles in total vehicles sales is estimated at 60%.
- The share of electric vehicles in total vehicle stock is estimated at 25%.
- The share of renewable energies in energy generation is estimated at 60%.
- The total additional electricity demand from EVs is estimated at 26 TWh/a.
- The number of installed charging points is estimated at about 1.2 million.
3.1.1. EV Market Share
3.1.2. EV Stock
3.1.3. Renewable Energy Share
3.1.4. Additional Electricity Demand
3.1.5. Charging Infrastructure
3.2. Challenges
- There is no clear long-term strategy for the energy transition in the transport sector.
- The installation of charging infrastructure needs to keep pace with the increase of EVs on the road.
- Many different actors need to be involved in the instalment of public charging infrastructure.
- The large number of different billing schemes for public charging confuse the electric vehicle drivers.
- Simultaneous charging of electric vehicles may exceed grid capacity and lead to outages.
- No standardised infrastructure for the communication between EVs and actors in the energy system (e.g., system operators) is in place. Furthermore, the German smart meter (SMGW) rollout is thoroughly delayed.
- There are few incentives to incentivise demand side management (DSM) of the charging infrastructure.
3.3. Visual Roadmap
3.4. Recommendations for Action
3.4.1. Improve Socio-Economic and Regulatory Framework Conditions
- Develop a long-term strategy for the energy transition in the transport sector to reduce risks for investment decisions and to enhance the market diffusion of electric vehicles. Reduced risks in future planning should lead to an accelerated market diffusion of EVs and to intensified R&D activities.
- Align urban and rural development with long-term policy objectives. This includes the rural population and strengthens the political backing for more ambitious climate and innovation policies.
- Create incentives for grid conform energy management of vehicle charging and the usage of electricity from renewable energies. This could happen through dynamic electricity pricing and reduced taxes and levies. Therefore, a reform of taxes and levies on energy consumption is necessary.
3.4.2. Develop Enabling Technologies
- Enhance and implement standardised communication interfaces between electric vehicles and charging infrastructure to enable plug&charge and vehicle to grid (v2g) functionality. Vehicle and equipment manufacturers need to implement a standardised solution to enable the provision of energy system services by EVs while ensuring a satisfying user experience. A corresponding standard has been developed with ISO 15118. Furthermore, the roles and the areas of responsibility for the different actors (e.g., vehicle and equipment manufacturers, electric system operators or charging point operators) need to be clarified.
- Development, testing and implementation of grid conform energy management for charging infrastructure. Government research funding should be provided for the development and testing of intelligent charging solutions. Real world labs are a suitable instrument to enable a fast and secure transfer of this research into industrial products. Existing funding mechanisms for the implementation of charging infrastructure should provide incentives for the implementation of smart charging stations with integrated energy management.
- Develop inductive charging technology and unlock synergies with automated driving. Government research funding should be provided to intensify research and standardisation work in this field. A special focus should be put on autonomous parking and charging of EVs.
3.4.3. Market-Ready Products and Services
- Roll out of smart meter gateways to enable secure communication between charging infrastructure and system operator. The smart meter rollout has been delayed in Germany by high security requirements and a protracted certification process. The rollout is expected to start at the end of 2019. Smart meter gateways are an essential element in the communication chain between charging infrastructure and the electric grid.
- Implement a mechanism to communicate the status of the energy system, e.g., by dynamic pricing of electricity as a function of grid status. Besides technical innovations, efficient business processes are needed to minimise the transaction costs and make demand side management of charging infrastructures profitable.
- Create transparency for charging prices and billing schemes. This can be achieved by decoupling the operation of charging infrastructure and charging services, through regulations on pricing for EV charging or through a web-based price comparison platform. This would limit the power of charging oligopolies and strengthen consumers.
3.4.4. Social and Economic Impacts
- Reduce local air pollution through sped up market diffusion of EVs to minimise health risks caused by particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide and to comply with EU regulation.
- Seamlessly integrate public charging infrastructure into public spaces. Since public space is limited in urban areas, a seamless integration of charging infrastructure needs to be achieved in order to gain public acceptance for EVs.
- Change charging habits to comply with fluctuating energy supply through automated energy management. This has to be achieved without limiting the mobility of EV drivers. Automation and streamlined service products help to gain acceptance through minimised additional effort for the EV driver. The visualisation of cost and ecologic benefits would be beneficial for user acceptance.
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Category (Number) of Participants | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Research (7) | Industry (9) | Consultancy (3) | Politics (3) | |
Fields of expertise | Traffic and infrastructure management, charging services, energy system and electric grid modelling, energy storage | Small- and large-scale charging solutions, electric grid planning, energy trading, energy management software, technical inspection and metrology | Energy systems, electric vehicles, charging infrastructure development | Industrial policy, electric mobility, towns and municipalities |
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Wolf, S.; Korzynietz, R. Innovation Needs for the Integration of Electric Vehicles into the Energy System. World Electr. Veh. J. 2019, 10, 76. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj10040076
Wolf S, Korzynietz R. Innovation Needs for the Integration of Electric Vehicles into the Energy System. World Electric Vehicle Journal. 2019; 10(4):76. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj10040076
Chicago/Turabian StyleWolf, Stefan, and Roman Korzynietz. 2019. "Innovation Needs for the Integration of Electric Vehicles into the Energy System" World Electric Vehicle Journal 10, no. 4: 76. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj10040076