The Impact of Microorganisms Transported in Ships’ Ballast Water on the Fish of the Estuarine Waters and Environmental Sustainability in the Southern Baltic Sea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling
2.2. Microbiological Analysis of Samples
2.3. Sequencing
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Season | Sampling Date | Origin of the Sample | Sample Designation | Type of Ship | Installed BWTS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spring | 20 April 2019 | Port water | P1 | ||
Short-range ship | S1 | general cargo ship | filtration + UV | ||
Long-range ship | L1 | bulk carrier | filtration + EC | ||
Summer | 19 July 2019 | Short-range ship | S2 | cargo | filtration + UV |
Long-range ship | L2 | bulk carrier | filtration + EC | ||
Autumn | 16 October 2020 | Port water | P2 | ||
Short-range ship | S3 | cargo | filtration + UV | ||
Short-range ship | S4 | general cargo ship | filtration + UV | ||
Long-range ship | L3 | bulk carrier | filtration + UV | ||
Long-range ship | L4 | cargo | filtration + EC | ||
Winter | 9 December 2020 | Port water | P3 | ||
Short-range ship | S5 | general cargo ship | filtration + UV | ||
Short-range ship | S6 | cargo | filtration + EC | ||
Long-range ship | L5 | bulk carrier | filtration + EC | ||
Long-range ship | L6 | cargo | filtration + EC |
Collection Time | Microbiological Fractions (log10/mL) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TAMC | TYMC | TMMC | TCPs | TCPsf | THC | TLC | TAC | TPC | Average of Total | ||
spring | P1 | 2.33 | 1.04 | 0 | 1.08 | 1.00 | 0.60 | 0.78 | 1.53 | 1.28 | 1.20 ± (0.08) de |
S1 | 2.59 | 2.48 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.30 | 1.40 | 1.56 | 1.85 | 1.15 ± (0.06) e | |
L1 | 2.27 | 1.18 | 0 | 0.60 | 0.36 | 1.38 | 1.18 | 1.49 | 1.88 | 1.29 ± (0.11) de | |
summer | S2 | 2.63 | 2.48 | 0 | 0.48 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 1.15 | 1.26 | 1.40 | 1.29 ± (0.11) de |
L2 | 2.18 | 1.28 | 0 | 0.95 | 0.75 | 1.73 | 0 | 0.95 | 1.46 | 1.16 ± (0.07) e | |
autumn | P2 | 4.61 | 2.98 | 2.45 | 4.11 | 1.30 | 1.15 | 2.90 | 2.78 | 0.70 | 2.55 ± (0.44) a |
S3 | 4.45 | 2.84 | 2.78 | 3.08 | 1.18 | 1.40 | 2.18 | 3.53 | 1.00 | 2.49 ± (0.38) | |
L3 | 3.98 | 2.90 | 3.26 | 3.49 | 0.90 | 0.85 | 2.30 | 3.02 | 0.90 | 2.40 ± (0.41) b | |
S4 | 4.19 | 0.00 | 3.09 | 3.41 | 1.70 | 0.00 | 1.93 | 1.88 | 1.88 | 2.01 ± (0.40) | |
L4 | 3.70 | 1.00 | 3.19 | 3.08 | 1.08 | 0.70 | 2.48 | 2.00 | 0.48 | 1.97 ± (0.40) ab | |
winter | P3 | 3.29 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 3.32 | 2.00 | 1.40 | 1.70 | 2.15 | 2.10 | 1.77 ± (0.47) c |
S5 | 4.19 | 2.71 | 1.48 | 4.03 | 1.00 | 1.08 | 2.93 | 2.81 | 0.00 | 2.25 ± (0.48) d | |
L5 | 4.57 | 0.00 | 1.30 | 4.40 | 2.65 | 0.70 | 1.85 | 2.57 | 2.39 | 2.27 ± (0.51) c | |
S6 | 4.18 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.18 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.48 | 2.36 | 1.18 | 1.49 ± (0.58) d | |
L6 | 4.42 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 4.23 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.70 | 2.49 | 0.70 | 1.39 ± (0.61) cd |
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Zatoń-Sieczka, K.; Czerniejewski, P. The Impact of Microorganisms Transported in Ships’ Ballast Water on the Fish of the Estuarine Waters and Environmental Sustainability in the Southern Baltic Sea. Sustainability 2024, 16, 5229. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16125229
Zatoń-Sieczka K, Czerniejewski P. The Impact of Microorganisms Transported in Ships’ Ballast Water on the Fish of the Estuarine Waters and Environmental Sustainability in the Southern Baltic Sea. Sustainability. 2024; 16(12):5229. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16125229
Chicago/Turabian StyleZatoń-Sieczka, Kinga, and Przemysław Czerniejewski. 2024. "The Impact of Microorganisms Transported in Ships’ Ballast Water on the Fish of the Estuarine Waters and Environmental Sustainability in the Southern Baltic Sea" Sustainability 16, no. 12: 5229. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16125229