Regional Variations in Urban Trash: Connections between Litter Communities and Place
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sites
2.2. Litter Survey
2.3. Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Influence of Sessions
3.2. Community Parameters
3.3. Regional Influence
3.4. Diversity
3.5. Litter Composition
3.6. Community Structure
3.7. Summary of Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix B
Item | Activity | Total | % | SHS | % | OXM | % | NSB | % | LBL | % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cigarette end | Cigarette | 20,640 | 78.75% | 9919 | 84.20% | 4279 | 70.44% | 4063 | 82.85% | 2379 | 68.96% |
Cigarette packaging, cellophane wrap and foil paper | Smoking | 323 | 1.23% | 53 | 0.45% | 88 | 1.45% | 115 | 2.35% | 67 | 1.94% |
Cigarette rolling paper and unsmoked filter | Smoking | 103 | 0.39% | 30 | 0.25% | 34 | 0.56% | 0 | 0.00% | 39 | 1.13% |
Lighter and match | Smoking | 77 | 0.29% | 34 | 0.29% | 15 | 0.25% | 2 | 0.04% | 26 | 0.75% |
Chewing gum in 3D form | Gum | 561 | 2.14% | 215 | 1.83% | 129 | 2.12% | 52 | 1.06% | 165 | 4.78% |
Plastic bottle | Drinking | 149 | 0.57% | 36 | 0.31% | 52 | 0.86% | 25 | 0.51% | 36 | 1.04% |
Tin or can container | Drinking | 106 | 0.40% | 21 | 0.18% | 42 | 0.69% | 12 | 0.24% | 31 | 0.90% |
Paper cup for cold drink | Drinking | 92 | 0.35% | 40 | 0.34% | 25 | 0.41% | 20 | 0.41% | 7 | 0.20% |
Hot drink cup | Drinking | 86 | 0.33% | 21 | 0.18% | 31 | 0.51% | 4 | 0.08% | 30 | 0.87% |
Glass bottle | Drinking | 54 | 0.21% | 7 | 0.06% | 31 | 0.51% | 4 | 0.08% | 12 | 0.35% |
Other drink item | Drinking | 58 | 0.22% | 7 | 0.06% | 3 | 0.05% | 33 | 0.67% | 15 | 0.43% |
Crisp or chip packet | Eating | 85 | 0.32% | 17 | 0.14% | 45 | 0.74% | 8 | 0.16% | 15 | 0.43% |
Sweet wrap or bag | Eating | 470 | 1.79% | 200 | 1.70% | 108 | 1.78% | 67 | 1.37% | 95 | 2.75% |
Takeaway box made of card, plastic and aluminium | Eating | 160 | 0.61% | 43 | 0.37% | 86 | 1.42% | 19 | 0.39% | 12 | 0.35% |
Polystyrene food box or tray | Eating | 42 | 0.16% | 10 | 0.08% | 12 | 0.20% | 5 | 0.10% | 15 | 0.43% |
Sandwich pack or wrap | Eating | 93 | 0.35% | 11 | 0.09% | 40 | 0.66% | 23 | 0.47% | 19 | 0.55% |
Tissue or napkin | Eating | 376 | 1.43% | 159 | 1.35% | 80 | 1.32% | 54 | 1.10% | 83 | 2.41% |
Paper bag | Eating | 44 | 0.17% | 10 | 0.08% | 17 | 0.28% | 3 | 0.06% | 14 | 0.41% |
Utensil | Eating | 89 | 0.34% | 16 | 0.14% | 12 | 0.20% | 29 | 0.59% | 32 | 0.93% |
Food | Eating | 185 | 0.71% | 23 | 0.20% | 79 | 1.30% | 41 | 0.84% | 42 | 1.22% |
Cellophane wrap | Eating | 128 | 0.49% | 42 | 0.36% | 28 | 0.46% | 8 | 0.16% | 50 | 1.45% |
Train and bus ticket | Transport | 155 | 0.59% | 6 | 0.05% | 117 | 1.93% | 11 | 0.22% | 21 | 0.61% |
Cash point or ATM receipt | Shopping and Entertainment | 272 | 1.04% | 93 | 0.79% | 39 | 0.64% | 120 | 2.45% | 20 | 0.58% |
Till receipt | Shopping and Entertainment | 468 | 1.79% | 276 | 2.34% | 74 | 1.22% | 69 | 1.41% | 49 | 1.42% |
Flyer and leaflet | Shopping and Entertainment | 374 | 1.43% | 55 | 0.47% | 212 | 3.49% | 45 | 0.92% | 62 | 1.80% |
Cardboard box | Shopping and Entertainment | 52 | 0.20% | 19 | 0.16% | 22 | 0.36% | 3 | 0.06% | 8 | 0.23% |
Newspaper and magazine | Shopping and Entertainment | 50 | 0.19% | 4 | 0.03% | 25 | 0.41% | 3 | 0.06% | 18 | 0.52% |
Plastic bag | Shopping and Entertainment | 39 | 0.15% | 5 | 0.04% | 27 | 0.44% | 2 | 0.04% | 5 | 0.14% |
Textile | Other | 18 | 0.07% | 4 | 0.03% | 3 | 0.05% | 4 | 0.08% | 7 | 0.20% |
General litter and other | Other | 702 | 2.68% | 363 | 3.08% | 247 | 4.07% | 44 | 0.90% | 48 | 1.39% |
Unsure | Other | 86 | 0.33% | 6 | 0.05% | 41 | 0.67% | 11 | 0.22% | 28 | 0.81% |
Bagged litter | Other | 72 | 0.27% | 35 | 0.30% | 32 | 0.53% | 5 | 0.10% | 0 | 0.00% |
Total | 26,209 | 11,780 | 44.95% | 6075 | 23.18% | 4904 | 18.71% | 3450 | 13.16% |
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City | Total Area (sq/m) | Number of Sectors | Mean Sector Area (sq/m) | Length of Study Site (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|
LBL | 3034 | 4 | 758 | 321 |
SHS | 10,717 | 4 | 2679 | 556 |
NSB | 5155 | 2 | 2578 | 350 |
OXM | 3458 | 4 | 864 | 508 |
Parameter | City | Street Type |
---|---|---|
Richness | p < 0.001 | p = 0.427 |
Density | p < 0.001 | p = 0.003 |
Evenness | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 |
Impact | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 |
Parameter | SHS | OXM | NSB | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Richness | OXM | p = 0.023 | - | - |
NSB | p = 0.002 | p < 0.001 | - | |
LBL | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.915 | |
Density | OXM | p < 0.001 | - | - |
NSB | p = 0.712 | p < 0.001 | - | |
LBL | p = 1 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.617 | |
Evenness | OXM | p < 0.001 | - | - |
NSB | p < 0.001 | p = 1 | - | |
LBL | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | |
Impact | OXM | p < 0.001 | - | - |
NSB | p = 1 | p < 0.001 | - | |
LBL | p < 0.001 | p = 1 | p < 0.001 |
Parameter | City | SHS | OXM | NSB | HS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Typology | OXM | 49.38% | - | - | - |
NSB | 46.02% | 54.18% | - | - | |
LBL | 52.54% | 58.57% | 55.86% | - | |
CBD | - | - | - | 53.05% | |
Activity | OXM | 45.71% | - | - | - |
NSB | 42.89% | 50.25% | - | - | |
LBL | 49.40% | 53.93% | 52.38% | - | |
CBD | - | - | - | 49.59% |
Parameter | Item | Contribution |
---|---|---|
Typology | Cigarette end | 58% |
Chewing gum in 3D form | 6% | |
General litter & other | 3% | |
Sweet wrap or bag | 3% | |
Tissue & napkin | 3% | |
Flyer and leaflet | 3% | |
Till receipt | 2% | |
Cigarette packaging | 2% | |
Cash point & ATM receipt | 2% | |
Food | 2% | |
Train or bus ticket | 2% | |
Plastic bottle | 1% | |
Cellophane wrap | 1% | |
Takeaway box | 1% | |
Utensil | 1% | |
Tin or can | 1% | |
Cigarette rolling paper & unsmoked filter | 1% | |
Unsure | 1% | |
Sandwich pack and wrap | 1% | |
Paper cup for cold drink | 1% | |
Other drink item | 1% | |
Newspaper and magazine | 1% | |
Paper bag | 1% | |
Cardboard box | 1% | |
Lighter and match | 1% | |
Hot drink cup | 0% | |
Crisp or chip bag | 0% | |
Glass bottle | 0% | |
Polystyrene food box or tray | 0% | |
Bagged litter | 0% | |
Plastic bag | 0% | |
Textile | 0% | |
Activity | Cigarette | 63% |
Eating | 10% | |
Shopping & Entertainment | 7% | |
Gum | 6% | |
Other | 5% | |
Drinking | 4% | |
Smoking | 4% | |
Transport | 1% |
LBL/OXM Overall Similarity: 53.93% | LBL/SHS Overall Similarity: 49.40% | ||
---|---|---|---|
Cigarette | 58% | Cigarette | 63% |
Eating | 11% | Eating | 11% |
Shopping & Entertainment | 9% | Gum | 6% |
Other | 5% | Shopping & Entertainment | 7% |
Gum | 6% | Other | 5% |
Drinking | 5% | Drinking | 4% |
Smoking | 4% | Smoking | 4% |
Transport | 2% | Transport | 0% |
LBL/NSB overall similarity: 52.38% | OXM/SHS overall similarity: 45.71% | ||
Cigarette | 62% | Cigarette | 62% |
Eating | 12% | Eating | 10% |
Shopping & Entertainment | 7% | Shopping & Entertainment | 8% |
Gum | 6% | Other | 7% |
Drinking | 5% | Drinking | 4% |
Smoking | 4% | Gum | 3% |
Other | 3% | Smoking | 3% |
Transport | 1% | Transport | 3% |
OXM/NSB overall similarity: 50.25% | NSB/SHS overall similarity: 42.89% | ||
Cigarette | 62% | Cigarette | 72% |
Eating | 10% | Eating | 7% |
Shopping & Entertainment | 9% | Shopping & Entertainment | 7% |
Other | 5% | Other | 4% |
Drinking | 5% | Gum | 4% |
Smoking | 3% | Smoking | 3% |
Gum | 3% | Drinking | 3% |
Transport | 3% | Transport | 0% |
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Kachef, R.L.; Chadwick, M.A. Regional Variations in Urban Trash: Connections between Litter Communities and Place. Sustainability 2024, 16, 7741. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177741
Kachef RL, Chadwick MA. Regional Variations in Urban Trash: Connections between Litter Communities and Place. Sustainability. 2024; 16(17):7741. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177741
Chicago/Turabian StyleKachef, Randa L., and Michael A. Chadwick. 2024. "Regional Variations in Urban Trash: Connections between Litter Communities and Place" Sustainability 16, no. 17: 7741. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16177741