Effect of Raised Flat Bed and Ridge Planting on Wheat Crop Growth and Yield under Varying Soil Moisture Depletions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Treatments and Experimental Setup
- Factor A: irrigation methods (M) = 2
- M1 = raised flat bed method
- M2 = ridge method
- Factor B: soil moisture depletion (SMD) levels (D) = 3
- D1 = 40% of F.C
- D2 = 50% of F.C
- D3 = 60% of F.C
- Treatment combinations
- T1 = M1D1
- T2 = M2D1
- T3 = M1D2
- T4 = M2D2
- T5 = M1D3
- T6 = M2D3
2.3. Sowing of Seeds and Fertilizer Application
2.4. Irrigation Plan and Scheduling
2.5. Harvesting of Crops
2.6. Sampling, Measurements, and Analyses
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Plant Population
3.2. Plant Height
3.3. Spike Length
3.4. Number of Grain Spikes−1
3.5. Grain Weight Spikes−1 (g)
3.6. Seed Index
3.7. Grain Yield
3.8. Crop Water Productivity
3.9. Irrigation Water Saving
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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S. No. | Properties | Reference | Values | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Soil texture | [21] | % Clay | % Sand | % Silt |
27.8 | 24.7 | 47.5 | |||
Clay loam | |||||
2. | Dry bulk density | [21] | 1.23 g cm−3 | ||
3. | Field capacity | [22] | 34% | ||
4. | Porosity | [22] | 48% | ||
5. | ECW (dS/m) | [23] | 0.9 | ||
6. | pH of water | [23] | 7.5 |
Treatments | Grain Yield (kg ha−1) | Vol. of Water Applied cu. m per ha | CWP |
---|---|---|---|
T1 | 880 | 3265 | 0.27 |
T2 | 2071 | 4054 | 0.51 |
T3 | 1294 | 2097 | 0.62 |
T4 | 1701 | 2603 | 0.65 |
T5 | 601 | 1305 | 0.46 |
T6 | 2175 | 1620 | 1.34 |
Treatments | Irrigation Water Used (m3 ha−1) | Water Savings (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Furrow Irrigation Systems (m3 ha−1) | Conventional Irrigation System (m3 ha−1) | ||
T1 | 3265 | 3750 | 13 |
T2 | 4054 | −8 | |
T3 | 2097 | 44 | |
T4 | 2603 | 30.6 | |
T5 | 1305 | 65.2 | |
T6 | 1620 | 56.8 |
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Tang, L.; Shaikh, I.A.; Tunio, A.; Junejo, A.R.; Hao, L.; Dahri, J.; Mangrio, M.A.; Soothar, R.K.; Khan, Z.A. Effect of Raised Flat Bed and Ridge Planting on Wheat Crop Growth and Yield under Varying Soil Moisture Depletions. Agronomy 2024, 14, 1404. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071404
Tang L, Shaikh IA, Tunio A, Junejo AR, Hao L, Dahri J, Mangrio MA, Soothar RK, Khan ZA. Effect of Raised Flat Bed and Ridge Planting on Wheat Crop Growth and Yield under Varying Soil Moisture Depletions. Agronomy. 2024; 14(7):1404. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071404
Chicago/Turabian StyleTang, Lingdi, Irfan Ahmed Shaikh, Anees Tunio, Abdul Rahim Junejo, Li Hao, Jahangeer Dahri, Munir Ahmed Mangrio, Rajesh Kumar Soothar, and Zaheer Ahmed Khan. 2024. "Effect of Raised Flat Bed and Ridge Planting on Wheat Crop Growth and Yield under Varying Soil Moisture Depletions" Agronomy 14, no. 7: 1404. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071404