Assessing PM2.5 Dynamics and Source Contributions in Southwestern China: Insights from Winter Haze Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experiments
2.1. Site Description
2.2. Field Sampling
2.3. Chemical Analysis
2.4. Backward Trajectories Analysis
2.5. Positive Matrix Factorization Model
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Spatial–Temporal Variations in PM2.5 Mass Concentrations
3.2. Spatial–Temporal Variations in Water-Soluble Ionic Species
3.2.1. Primary Chemical Species Leading to Polluted Days
3.2.2. Importance and Mechanisms of Nitrate and Sulfate Formation
3.3. PM2.5 Source Apportionment
3.4. Backward Trajectory Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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(a) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chengdu (CD) | Chongqing (CQ) | |||||||
Sampling Period | Polluted | Transition | Clean | Sampling Period | Polluted | Transition | Clean | |
PM2.5/μg m−3 | 71.8 ± 25.8 | 99.4 ± 16.3 | 66.4 ± 10.2 | 41.9 ± 6.4 | 53.3 ± 21.7 | 88.1 ± 4.0 | 64.2 ± 7.9 | 35.6 ± 9.1 |
SO42−/μg m−3 | 9.4 ± 3.3 | 12.5 ± 2.4 | 8.9 ± 2.1 | 6.0 ± 1.6 | 11.6 ± 4.7 | 15.8 ± 4.5 | 13.9 ± 3.6 | 8.9 ± 3.7 |
NO3−/μg m−3 | 17.4 ± 8.3 | 25.9 ± 5.5 | 15.5 ± 5.2 | 8.5 ± 1.3 | 14.8 ± 5.3 | 21.7 ± 2.9 | 16.3 ± 3.3 | 11.7 ± 4.6 |
NH4+/μg m−3 | 7.1 ± 3.0 | 9.9 ± 2.0 | 6.7 ± 1.8 | 3.6 ± 0.7 | 6.8 ± 2.7 | 9.3 ± 1.2 | 8.3 ± 1.7 | 5.0 ± 2.2 |
Cl−/μg m−3 | 2.1 ± 0.8 | 2.7 ± 0.6 | 2.2 ± 0.7 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.7 ± 1.1 | 2.9 ± 0.9 | 1.8 ± 1.0 | 1.3 ± 0.9 |
K+/μg m−3 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.5 | 1.5 ± 0.3 | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 0.6 ± 0.4 |
Ca2+/μg m−3 | 1.8 ± 0.7 | 1.8 ± 0.7 | 1.7 ± 0.8 | 1.9 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.8 | 1.9 ± 0.6 | 1.9 ± 0.8 | 1.1 ± 0.6 |
Mg2+/μg m−3 | 0.10 ± 0.07 | 0.10 ± 0.03 | 0.09 ± 0.02 | 0.14 ± 0.13 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.01 |
TC/μg m−3 | 15.2 ± 5.3 | 17.6 ± 5.0 | 15.5 ± 5.6 | 11.5 ± 3.4 | 15.2 ± 6.7 | 25.2 ± 4.8 | 18.1 ± 3.6 | 10.4 ± 3.5 |
NOR | 0.22 | 0.27 | 0.21 | 0.14 | 0.26 | 0.32 | 0.26 | 0.23 |
SOR | 0.49 | 0.48 | 0.43 | 0.34 | 0.57 | 0.65 | 0.65 | 0.59 |
NOR/SOR | 0.45 | 0.56 | 0.49 | 0.41 | 0.46 | 0.49 | 0.40 | 0.39 |
NO3−/SO42− | 1.9 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.3 |
NO2/μg m−3 | 60.8 | 69.6 | 57.4 | 53.7 | 42.3 | 46.3 | 47.0 | 38.2 |
SO2/μg m−3 | 12.3 | 13.3 | 11.9 | 11.5 | 6.8 | 8.3 | 7.3 | 6.0 |
(b) | ||||||||
Guiyang (GY) | Kunming (KM) | |||||||
Sampling Period | Polluted | Transition | Clean | Sampling Period | Polluted | Transition | Clean | |
PM2.5/μg m−3 | 39.4 ± 18.2 | 108.6 | 59.7 ± 7.9 | 32.6 ± 8.5 | 33.8 ± 11.2 | — | 63.0 ± 5.1 | 31.8 ± 8.3 |
SO42−/μg m−3 | 11.3 ± 4.2 | 13.7 | 12.0 ± 3.7 | 11.1 ± 4.3 | 5.8 ± 3.3 | — | 13.2 ± 4.0 | 5.3 ± 2.6 |
NO3−/μg m−3 | 6.9 ± 5.1 | 6.2 | 11.0 ± 6.8 | 6.1 ± 4.5 | 2.8 ± 1.8 | — | 6.6 ± 0.2 | 2.5 ± 1.5 |
NH4+/μg m−3 | 5.4 ± 2.2 | 5.6 | 6.1 ± 2.4 | 5.3 ± 2.2 | 2.3 ± 1.4 | — | 5.2 ± 1.0 | 2.1 ± 1.2 |
Cl−/μg m−3 | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | — | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 0.7 ± 0.4 |
K+/μg m−3 | 0.5 ± 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.5 ± 0.3 | 0.4 ± 0.3 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | — | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 |
Ca2+/μg m−3 | 2.5 ± 1.0 | 3.5 | 2.9 ± 1.4 | 2.4 ± 0.9 | 2.2 ± 0.9 | — | 2.6 ± 1.5 | 2.2 ± 0.8 |
Mg2+/μg m−3 | 0.08 ± 0.04 | 0.1 | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.08 ± 0.04 | 0.10 ± 0.03 | — | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.03 |
TC/μg m−3 | 13.0 ± 6.2 | 16.6 | 14.7 ± 8.6 | 12.4 ± 5.8 | 12.0 ± 3.1 | — | 15.2 ± 2.3 | 11.8 ± 3.0 |
NOR | 0.19 | 0.16 | 0.20 | 0.18 | 0.07 | — | 0.15 | 0.06 |
SOR | 0.40 | 0.38 | 0.31 | 0.43 | 0.22 | — | 0.43 | 0.20 |
NOR/SOR | 0.48 | 0.42 | 0.65 | 0.42 | 0.32 | — | 0.35 | 0.30 |
NO3−/SO42− | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.5 | — | 0.5 | 0.5 |
NO2/μg m−3 | 30.1 | 33.3 | 44.0 | 27.2 | 37.2 | — | 38.1 | 37.2 |
SO2/μg m−3 | 17.2 | 22.5 | 27.2 | 15.0 | 20.8 | — | 17.8 | 21.0 |
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Guan, H.; Chen, Z.; Tian, J.; Xiao, H. Assessing PM2.5 Dynamics and Source Contributions in Southwestern China: Insights from Winter Haze Analysis. Atmosphere 2024, 15, 855. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15070855
Guan H, Chen Z, Tian J, Xiao H. Assessing PM2.5 Dynamics and Source Contributions in Southwestern China: Insights from Winter Haze Analysis. Atmosphere. 2024; 15(7):855. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15070855
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuan, Hui, Ziyun Chen, Jing Tian, and Huayun Xiao. 2024. "Assessing PM2.5 Dynamics and Source Contributions in Southwestern China: Insights from Winter Haze Analysis" Atmosphere 15, no. 7: 855. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15070855