Towards Safe Diatomite Sludge Management: Lead Immobilisation via Geopolymerisation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Raw Materials
2.2. Preparation of Pb(II)-Rich Dt Sludge
2.3. Preparation of Geopolymers
2.4. Leaching Tests
2.5. Characterisation
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Properties of Raw Materials
3.2. Compressive Strengths of Dt-Based Geopolymers
3.3. Geopolymer Solidified Body of Pb(II)-Rich Dt Sludge
3.3.1. Mineral Composition
3.3.2. Microstructure
3.4. Stability
3.4.1. Compressive Strength
3.4.2. Leaching Behaviour
4. Conclusions
- The Pb(II) present in the pores of the undissolved diatom frustules underwent in situ binding with the activator, resulting in its encapsulation by the gels that were subsequently generated in the pores.
- The dissolution of frustules released Pb2+, which then participated in the condensation of silicon and aluminium monomers in the formation of soluble hydroxide under high alkalinity.
- The continuous consumption of the activator by metakaolin dissolution prompted the conversion of soluble hydroxides of Pb(II) to precipitates, which were encapsulated by the gels in the subsequent reaction.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Dt wt.% | MK wt.% | Molar Ratio | L/S | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Si/Al | Na/Al | ||||
GDt10 | 10.0 | 90.0 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 0.6 |
GDt20 | 20.0 | 80.0 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 0.6 |
GDt30 | 30.0 | 70.0 | 1.5 | 0.7 | 0.6 |
GDt40 | 40.0 | 60.0 | 1.8 | 0.8 | 0.6 |
GDt50 | 50.0 | 50.0 | 2.1 | 0.9 | 0.6 |
GDt60 | 60.0 | 40.0 | 2.6 | 1.1 | 0.6 |
Sample | SiO2 | Al2O3 | CaO | Fe2O3 | K2O | Na2O | MgO | TiO2 | Others | LOI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dt | 67.90 | 4.92 | 0.41 | 2.67 | 0.88 | 0.56 | 0.60 | 0.21 | 1.11 | 20.74 |
MK | 52.54 | 43.50 | 0.05 | 0.76 | 0.74 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.56 | 0.33 | 1.26 |
Compressive Strength (MPa) | ANOVA | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GDt10 | GDt20 | GDt30 | GDt40 | GDt50 | GDt60 | F | P | |
7 d | 12.6 c 1 | 18.8 b | 23.8 a | 20.4 b | 18.8 b | 18.3 b | 44.632 | 0.000 |
28 d | 10.8 b | 23.7 a | 24.6 a | 25.7 a | 26.2 a | 23.8 a | 85.327 | 0.000 |
Leachate | Performance | |
---|---|---|
Deionised water | Leaching concentration (C) | 2.1 mg/L |
Immobilisation rate (I) | 96.2% | |
HOAc | Leaching concentration (C) | 2.8 mg/L |
Immobilisation rate (I) | 94.9% |
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Guo, H.; Huang, Z.; Zhang, B.; Yu, T.; Pantongsuk, T.; Yuan, P. Towards Safe Diatomite Sludge Management: Lead Immobilisation via Geopolymerisation. Minerals 2024, 14, 763. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080763
Guo H, Huang Z, Zhang B, Yu T, Pantongsuk T, Yuan P. Towards Safe Diatomite Sludge Management: Lead Immobilisation via Geopolymerisation. Minerals. 2024; 14(8):763. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080763
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuo, Haozhe, Zhihao Huang, Baifa Zhang, Ting Yu, Thammaros Pantongsuk, and Peng Yuan. 2024. "Towards Safe Diatomite Sludge Management: Lead Immobilisation via Geopolymerisation" Minerals 14, no. 8: 763. https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080763