The Use of Non-Edible Green Oils to Lubricate DC04 Steel Sheets in Sheet Metal Forming Process
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Test Materials
2.2. Friction Test
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
- The value of the COF decreased with increasing nominal pressure in the range of pressures considered between 3 and 12 MPa.
- In general, the moringa and karanja oil-based bio-lubricants achieved the lowest COF values. The results obtained showed no breakage of the lubricating film during the friction process within the nominal pressures analyzed.
- Under the most favorable lubrication conditions, karanja oil reduced the COF by approximately 33% (sample pre-strain 21%, nominal pressure of 6 MPa). Both non-edible lubricants provided the best lubrication during testing: (i) samples pre-strained at 7% in the whole range of nominal pressures, and (ii) samples pre-strained at 21% within the nominal pressures between 6 and 12 MPa. In the case of the smallest pre-straining of the specimens, karanja oil was the most effective within the nominal pressures of 3–6 MPa, while at higher pressures, the moringa oil lowered the COF value to a greater extent.
- The lubrication efficiency of the sunflower and rape-seed oils ranged between approximately 6 and 23.4%, 3.5 and 14.9%, and 10.5 and 24.9%, for the specimens pre-strained at 7%, 14%, and 21%, respectively.
- The lubrication efficiency of oils was different in the case of the highest degree of pre-straining of specimens (21%) when compared to the pre-strained sheets at 7 and 14%. After an initial increase in the value of the CLE, its value declined for the highest value of nominal pressure.
- The value of the Sa parameter showed a tendency to decrease in relation to the sample not subjected to the friction process. In addition to flattening, a ploughing mechanism was revealed at the highest pressure, which consisted in the formation of scratches as a result of the impact of the highest asperities of the roughness of a hard tool.
- It was found that with an increase in the amount of pre-straining, the sheet metal put more resistance to flattening the summits of the asperities, especially when the nominal pressure was greater than 6 MPa. Pre-strained specimens at 7% of deformation showed a kurtosis of more than 3 in most of the tested conditions.
- The negative values of skewness confirmed that as the nominal pressure increased, the sheet was more resistant to the production of low peaks and low valleys caused by friction.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Oil | Kinematic Viscosity, mm2/s | Density, g/cm3 | Flash Point, °C |
---|---|---|---|
Sunflower | 58 | 0.920 | 319.1 |
Rape-seed | 51 | 0.914 | 314.0 |
Moringa | 73 | 0.897 | 268.5 |
Karanja | 75 | 0.936 | 212.0 |
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Trzepieciński, T.; Szewczyk, M.; Szwajka, K. The Use of Non-Edible Green Oils to Lubricate DC04 Steel Sheets in Sheet Metal Forming Process. Lubricants 2022, 10, 210. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10090210
Trzepieciński T, Szewczyk M, Szwajka K. The Use of Non-Edible Green Oils to Lubricate DC04 Steel Sheets in Sheet Metal Forming Process. Lubricants. 2022; 10(9):210. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10090210
Chicago/Turabian StyleTrzepieciński, Tomasz, Marek Szewczyk, and Krzysztof Szwajka. 2022. "The Use of Non-Edible Green Oils to Lubricate DC04 Steel Sheets in Sheet Metal Forming Process" Lubricants 10, no. 9: 210. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10090210