The Non-Image-Forming Effects of Daylight: An Analysis for Design Practice Purposes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Daylight Measurements
- is the solar altitude (°);
- is the observer’s latitude;
- is the solar declination angle relevant to date;
- is the hour angle relevant to the observer’s longitude;
2.2. Data Analysis
- = 1.3262 mW/lm;
- Ee,λ(λ) is the light source spectral irradiance;
- smel(λ) is the melanopsin spectral efficiency function;
- ;
- ; ;
- is the light source spectral irradiance;
- is the melanopsin sensitivity (corrected for crystalline lens transmittance);
- is the S-cone fundamental;
- is the photopic spectral efficiency function;
- the is macular pigment;
- the is scotopic luminous efficiency function;
- K = 0.2616; ab−y = 0.7; arod1 = 3.3; arod2 = 1.60; g1 = 1.00; g2 = 0.16; RodSat = 6.5 W/m2;
3. Results
3.1. Daylight SPD
3.2. Daylight Illuminance
3.3. Daylight m-EDI, CLA and CS
3.4. Daylight CCT and SAI
4. Discussion
4.1. Daylight SPD Concerning NIF Effects
4.2. Daylight Intensity Concerning NIF Effects
4.3. Daylight CCT Concerning NIF Effects
4.4. A Four-Period Schedule Concerning NIF Effects
- −
- At sunrise to early morning (at about 8:00 h according to local civil time), for the SAAs from approximately 5° to 30°, in vivo melatonin suppression shows a fast rise, and sufficient daylight can ensure the rousing of one’s awareness.
- −
- Early morning (at about 8:00 h according to local civil time) to mid-afternoon (at about 16:00 h according to local civil time), for the SAAs from approximately 30° to −30°, in vivo melatonin suppression tends to be nearly full saturation, and high levels of daylight have potential to add alertness and vigilance.
- −
- Mid-afternoon (at about 16:00 h according to local civil time) to sunset, for the SAAs from approximately −30° to −5°, in vivo melatonin suppression decreases significantly, and appropriate light exposure may eliminate fatigue and stress.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
NIF | Non-image-forming |
ipRGCs | Intrinsically Photoreceptive Retinal Ganglion Cells |
CCT | Correlated color temperature |
SPD | Spectral power distributions |
m-EDI | melanopic Equivalent Daylight Illuminance |
CLA | Circadian Light |
SSC | Solar surface conditions |
SAA | Solar altitude angles |
CIE | International Commission on Illumination |
CS | Circadian stimulus |
SAI | Synergistic–antagonistic interactions |
C(λ) | the spectral efficiency curve for ipRGCs |
S(λ) | the spectral efficiency curve for S-cones |
L(λ) | the spectral efficiency curve for L-cones |
M(λ) | the spectral efficiency curve for M-cones |
V’(λ) | the spectral efficiency curve for rods |
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City | Daylight-Climate Region 1 | Latitude | Longitude | Sunrise (h) | Sunset (h) | Noon (h) | hsmax (°) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kunming | I | 25.05 N | 102.73 E | 6:29 | 19:49 | 13:09 | 85.15 |
Xining | II | 36.57 N | 101.75 E | 6:23 | 20:03 | 13:13 | 69.75 |
Beijing | III | 39.92 N | 116.42 E | 4:51 | 19:37 | 12:14 | 72.93 |
Nanchang | IV | 28.40 N | 115.55 E | 5:25 | 19:11 | 12:18 | 84.75 |
Chongqing | V | 29.35 N | 106.33 E | 6:33 | 19:15 | 12:54 | 69.83 |
Performance Parameter | Photograph | |
---|---|---|
Spectral range | 380–780 nm | |
Spectral accuracy | ±1 nm | |
Spectral bandwidth | 8 nm | |
Illuminance accuracy | ±2% (2856 K,23 °C) | |
Chrominance | ±0.0015 CIE 1931 x, ±0.001 CIE 1931 y | |
Measurement and observation angle | 1° (Measurement)/7° (observation) | |
Overall dimension | 355 mm (length) × 201 mm (width) × 81 mm (height) |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Chen, T.; Zhang, Z. The Non-Image-Forming Effects of Daylight: An Analysis for Design Practice Purposes. Buildings 2024, 14, 3313. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103313
Chen T, Zhang Z. The Non-Image-Forming Effects of Daylight: An Analysis for Design Practice Purposes. Buildings. 2024; 14(10):3313. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103313
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Ting, and Zhiyuan Zhang. 2024. "The Non-Image-Forming Effects of Daylight: An Analysis for Design Practice Purposes" Buildings 14, no. 10: 3313. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14103313