Dynamic Characterization of Cohesive Material Based on Wave Velocity Measurements
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods and Materials
2.1. Test Equipment
2.2. Methods of Interpretation of BE Results
2.3. Characterization of Test Material
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
w (%) | 17.52 |
wP (%) | 17.14 |
wL (%) | 33.00 |
IP (%) | 15.86 |
IL (%) | 0.02 |
IC (%) | 0.98 |
ρ (kg/m3) | 2140 |
2.4. Test Setup and Procedure
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Frequency Dependency
3.2. The Effect of Stress Level
Mean Effective Stress | S-Wave Velocity | P-Wave Velocity | Average Ratio of Seismic Waves Velocities |
---|---|---|---|
p’ (kPa) | υS (m·s−1) | υP (m·s−1) | υP/υS (-) |
30 | 145–168 | 1518–1595 | 9.3 |
120 | 195–222 | 1469–1579 | 7.0 |
180 | 221–224 | 1508–1568 | 6.4 |
240 | 240–264 | 1522–1593 | 5.9 |
360 | 267–292 | 1486–1581 | 5.3 |
410 | 296–314 | 1435–1588 | 5.0 |
Mean Effective Stress | S-Wave Velocity | P-Wave Velocity | Average Ratio of Seismic Waves Velocities |
---|---|---|---|
p’ (kPa) | υS (m·s−1) | υP (m·s−1) | υP/υS (-) |
180 | 224–260 | 1715–1759 | 6.8 |
240 | 252–284 | 1734–1779 | 6.3 |
360 | 281–319 | 1590–1609 | 4.7 |
410 | 301–336 | 1588–1645 | 4.9 |
Mean Effective Stress | Average Dynamic Poisson’s Ratio |
---|---|
p’ (kPa) | νd (-) |
30 | 0.48 |
120 | 0.47 |
180 | 0.46 |
240 | 0.46 |
360 | 0.44 |
410 | 0.44 |
Mean Effective Stress | Average Dynamic Poisson’s Ratio |
---|---|
p’ (kPa) | νd (-) |
180 | 0.47 |
240 | 0.46 |
360 | 0.44 |
410 | 0.44 |
3.3. Comparison of Results from Different Methods
3.4. The Effect of Unloading
4. Conclusions
- The data show that the input signal frequency, in particular frequencies, which are below the level of T = 0.1 ms, does not significantly affect the stiffness values obtained by both adopted identification methods. The decrease in frequency results in greater dependence on frequency.
- The best measurements of travel time for the tested soils were received at the frequencies of the input signal in the range of 50 to 20 kHz. In most of the considered cases, the greatest values of the dynamic parameters were obtained when the frequencies from this range were applied.
- Mean effective stress has a visible influence on the seismic wave velocities and on the elastic modulus of the examined soils.
- There are linear relationships between the mean effective stress and the small strain shear modulus and the small strain modulus of elasticity.
- The compression waves propagate through the analyzed clayey material with far larger velocities than in the case of shear waves; at certain pressure levels, these velocities can be even up to 10-times larger.
- The dynamic Poisson’s ratio for the tested cohesive soils is almost constant, being approximately equal to 0.46.
- The dynamic Poisson’s ratio linearly increases with the decrease of the shear modulus.
- Concerning the unloading process, it profitably affects the stiffness of silty clays. The dynamic properties rise in their values, from 8% to 16%, owing to unloading.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sas, W.; Gabryś, K.; Soból, E.; Szymański, A. Dynamic Characterization of Cohesive Material Based on Wave Velocity Measurements. Appl. Sci. 2016, 6, 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/app6020049
Sas W, Gabryś K, Soból E, Szymański A. Dynamic Characterization of Cohesive Material Based on Wave Velocity Measurements. Applied Sciences. 2016; 6(2):49. https://doi.org/10.3390/app6020049
Chicago/Turabian StyleSas, Wojciech, Katarzyna Gabryś, Emil Soból, and Alojzy Szymański. 2016. "Dynamic Characterization of Cohesive Material Based on Wave Velocity Measurements" Applied Sciences 6, no. 2: 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/app6020049