Electronics

15 pages, 4484 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Property Preservation of Object-Oriented Petri Reduction Net Based Representation for Embedded Systems

by Chuanliang Xia, Yan Sun, Bin Shen and Maibo Guo

Electronics 2023, 12(8), 1955; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12081955 - 21 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1541

Embedded systems are widely used in automotive electronics, smart home, smart medical, aerospace and other fields. Aiming at the problem of formal modeling and verification analysis of embedded systems, a solution is proposed using extended Petri net reduction operations. Petri net based representation [...] Read more.

Embedded systems are widely used in automotive electronics, smart home, smart medical, aerospace and other fields. Aiming at the problem of formal modeling and verification analysis of embedded systems, a solution is proposed using extended Petri net reduction operations. Petri net based representation for embedded system (PRES+) and the object-oriented technology are combined to obtain the object-oriented PRES+ (OOPRES+). Two kinds of subnet reduction rules of OOPRES+ are presented. The preservation of boundedness and liveness of the reduction net system has been investigated to alleviate the problem of state space explosion of OOPRES+. The modeling and analysis of the embedded control system of a smart restaurant is used as an example to verify the effectiveness of the subnet reduction rules. Results obtained can provide an effective way to examine the reduction property of Petri net systems, and present a powerful means to model and verify the large-scale complex embedded systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Control of Power Electronics)

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16 pages, 5560 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Free-Viewpoint Navigation of Indoor Scene with 360° Field of View

by Hang Xu, Qiang Zhao, Yike Ma, Shuai Wang, Chenggang Yan and Feng Dai

Electronics 2023, 12(8), 1954; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12081954 - 21 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1485

Abstract

By providing a 360° field of view, spherical panoramas can convey vivid visual impressions. Thus, they are widely used in virtual reality systems and street view services. However, due to bandwidth or storage limitations, existing systems only provide sparsely captured panoramas and have [...] Read more.

By providing a 360° field of view, spherical panoramas can convey vivid visual impressions. Thus, they are widely used in virtual reality systems and street view services. However, due to bandwidth or storage limitations, existing systems only provide sparsely captured panoramas and have limited interaction modes. Although there are methods that can synthesize novel views based on captured panoramas, the generated novel views all lie on the lines connecting existing views. Therefore these methods do not support free-viewpoint navigation. In this paper, we propose a new panoramic image-based rendering method for novel view generation. Our method represents each input panorama with a set of spherical superpixels and warps each superpixel individually so the method can deal with the occlusion and disocclusion problem. The warping is dominated by a two-term constraint, which can preserve the shape of the superpixel and ensure it is warped to the correct position determined by the 3D reconstruction of the scene. Our method can generate novel views that are far from input camera positions. Thus, it supports freely exploring the scene with a 360° field of view. We compare our method with three previous methods on datasets captured by ourselves and by others. Experiments show that our method can obtain better results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Immersive Learning Technologies: Augmented and Virtual Reality)

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16 pages, 1701 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Hardware-Efficient Perturbation Method to the Digital Tent Map

by Lucas Nardo, Erivelton Nepomuceno, Daniel Muñoz, Denis Butusov and Janier Arias-Garcia

Electronics 2023, 12(8), 1953; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12081953 - 21 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2026

Abstract

Digital chaotic systems used in various applications such as signal processing, artificial intelligence, and communications often suffer from the issue of dynamical degradation. This paper proposes a solution to address this problem in the digital tent map. Our proposed method includes a simple [...] Read more.

Digital chaotic systems used in various applications such as signal processing, artificial intelligence, and communications often suffer from the issue of dynamical degradation. This paper proposes a solution to address this problem in the digital tent map. Our proposed method includes a simple and optimized hardware architecture, along with a hardware-efficient perturbation method, to create a high-performance computing system that retains its chaotic properties. We implemented our proposed architecture using an FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array) and the 1’s complement fixed-point format. Our results demonstrate that the implemented digital circuit reduces logical resource consumption compared to state-of-the-art references and exhibits pseudo-random nature, as confirmed by various statistical tests. We validated our proposed pseudo-random number generator in a hardware architecture for particle swarm optimization, demonstrating its effectiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computer Science & Engineering)

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17 pages, 515 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Verifiable Privacy-Preserving Outsourced Frequent Itemset Mining on Vertically Partitioned Databases

by Zhen Zhao, Lei Lan, Baocang Wang and Jianchang Lai

Electronics 2023, 12(8), 1952; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12081952 - 21 Apr 2023

Viewed by 1250

Abstract

In the data era, to simultaneously relieve the heavy computational burden of mining data information from data owners and protecting data privacy, privacy-preserving frequent itemset mining (PPFIM) is presented and has attracted much attention. In PPFIM, data owners and miners outsource the complex [...] Read more.

In the data era, to simultaneously relieve the heavy computational burden of mining data information from data owners and protecting data privacy, privacy-preserving frequent itemset mining (PPFIM) is presented and has attracted much attention. In PPFIM, data owners and miners outsource the complex task of data mining to the cloud server, which supports strong storage and computing power, and the cloud server cannot extract additional data privacy other than that which is shown by data owners or miners. However, most existing solutions assume that cloud servers will honestly perform the mining process and return the correct results, whereas cloud services are usually provided by a charging third party that may in practice return incorrect results due to computation errors, malicious or criminal activities, etc. To solve this problem, in this paper, we present a verifiable PPFIM protocol on vertically partitioned databases to support the verifiability of the integrity of the mining results, where data owners can authorize the cloud server to perform federated mining on vertically partitioned databases without leaking data information and detect dishonest behaviors in the cloud server from the returned results. We adopt a dual cloud setting to enable data owners to be offline after uploading their encrypted databases to the cloud server, which further relieves the burden on data owners. We implement our protocol and give a detailed analysis in terms of verification accuracy, which shows that the dishonest behaviors of the cloud server can be detected with a probability close to 1 and a sacrifice of only a

1 %

increase in database size. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data Privacy and Cybersecurity in Mobile Crowdsensing)

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34 pages, 3056 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Towards a Machine Learning Smart Toy Design for Early Childhood Geometry Education: Usability and Performance

by Lea Dujić Rodić, Ivo Stančić, Duje Čoko, Toni Perković and Andrina Granić

Electronics 2023, 12(8), 1951; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12081951 - 21 Apr 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4140

Abstract

This study presents the design and evaluation of a plush smart toy prototype for teaching geometry shapes to young children. The hardware design involves the integration of sensors, microcontrollers, an LCD screen, and a machine learning algorithm to enable gesture recognition by the [...] Read more.

This study presents the design and evaluation of a plush smart toy prototype for teaching geometry shapes to young children. The hardware design involves the integration of sensors, microcontrollers, an LCD screen, and a machine learning algorithm to enable gesture recognition by the toy. The machine learning algorithm detects whether the child’s gesture outline matches the shape displayed on the LCD screen. A pilot study was conducted with 14 preschool children to assess the usability and performance of the smart toy. The results indicate that the smart toy is easy to use, engages children in learning, and has the potential to be an effective educational tool for preschool children. The findings suggest that smart toys with machine learning algorithms can be used to enhance young children’s learning experiences in a fun and engaging way. This study highlights the importance of designing user-friendly toys that support children’s learning and underscores the potential of machine learning algorithms in developing effective educational toys. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Computer Interaction in Intelligent System)

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18 pages, 6523 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Triode Based High Re-Frequency Ultrafast Electrical Pulse Generation Technology

by Hantao Xu, Baiyu Liu, Yongsheng Gou, Jinshou Tian, Yang Yang, Penghui Feng, Xu Wang and Shiduo Wei

Electronics 2023, 12(8), 1950; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12081950 - 21 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2526

Abstract

The high-repeat frequency ultrafast electrical pulse generation technology is mainly based on ultrafast switching devices combined with ultrafast circuits to generate electrical pulses with repetition frequencies of several kilohertz and a rise-time of nanoseconds or even picoseconds. This technology is the basis for [...] Read more.

The high-repeat frequency ultrafast electrical pulse generation technology is mainly based on ultrafast switching devices combined with ultrafast circuits to generate electrical pulses with repetition frequencies of several kilohertz and a rise-time of nanoseconds or even picoseconds. This technology is the basis for several research studies and is one of the key technologies that has received wide attention from various countries. The problems to be solved are high re-frequency ultrafast high-voltage pulse generation and ultra-broadband ultrafast pulse transport and circuit stability applicability, which include circuit conduction mechanism research, pulse generation time improvement and recovery time reduction. By studying the avalanche transistor high-voltage transient conduction characteristics and reducing the loss in the carrier transport process, the influence of each parameter on the output is determined, and the key factors to enhance the circuit performance are identified. This paper designs a new high-repetition frequency ultrafast electric pulse generation (UPG) circuit using pure electronics components, which consists of combining avalanche transistor model 2N2222 with a hybrid Marx structure at the same time in the pulse circuit to add filtering, fast recovery diodes and pulse cutoff and other matching techniques to make its output more stable, which can obtain higher output frequency, faster rise-time and narrower pulse widths. It has been tested that a high re-frequency ultrafast high-voltage electrical pulse signal with a pulse repetition frequency of 200 kHz, a leading edge of 800 ps, a half-high pulse width of 5 ns, an amplitude of 1.2 kV and jitter of less than 5% can be generated at the load with a 50 Ω load at the output. The signal can be applied in the fields of ultrafast diagnosis, information countermeasures and nuclear electromagnetic radiation research. Full article

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18 pages, 4375 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Imagery Modeling of Solid Wood Chairs in Big Data

by Le Xu and Younghwan Pan

Electronics 2023, 12(8), 1949; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12081949 - 21 Apr 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1928

Abstract

With the continuous improvement of living quality and aesthetics, people have increasingly higher requirements for furniture products. Excellent solid wood chairs are one of the most representative products in the furniture industry. To enhance space and taste, the design of chairs may significantly [...] Read more.

With the continuous improvement of living quality and aesthetics, people have increasingly higher requirements for furniture products. Excellent solid wood chairs are one of the most representative products in the furniture industry. To enhance space and taste, the design of chairs may significantly impact consumers’ emotional experiences and purchase decisions. This study aims to evaluate how the modeling imagery of solid wood chairs affects consumers’ preferences and emotional experiences. The development of the current era is inseparable from the analysis of big data. Firstly, a representative sample is obtained by multidimensional scaling (MDS), analyzed, and evaluated by factor analysis. Moreover, five groups of adjective vocabulary are selected to describe the modeling imagery of solid wood chairs, such as “balanced and coordinated”, “unique and novel”, “practical and simple”, “quality and detailed”, and “traditional and plain”. Further, the triangular fuzzy theory is applied to analyze and discuss the twelve types of solid wood chairs in the five groups of adjective vocabulary. Then, the study verifies that the differences are significant in the evaluations of the 12 samples in the “unique and novel” and “quality and detailed” groups, and small in the groups of “traditional and plain”, “balanced and coordinated”, and “practical and simple”. Through comprehensive comparisons, five groups with similar modeling imagery are created, and solid wood chairs with different modeling imagery should be placed in suitable spaces. According to the results of this study, the evaluation of the modeling imagery of solid wood chairs cannot solely rely on subjective judgments. However, it can be reasonably refined through data analysis and mathematical algorithms. It can also scientifically and effectively reflect the potential perception needs of consumers on the modeling imagery of solid wood chairs, as well as help to improve the design efficiency of the furniture product development stage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Visual Analytics, Simulation, and Decision-Making Technologies)

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17 pages, 1280 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Neural Text Detector Robustness with μAttacking and RR-Training

by Gongbo Liang, Jesus Guerrero, Fengbo Zheng and Izzat Alsmadi

Electronics 2023, 12(8), 1948; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12081948 - 21 Apr 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1760

Abstract

With advanced neural network techniques, language models can generate content that looks genuinely created by humans. Such advanced progress benefits society in numerous ways. However, it may also bring us threats that we have not seen before. A neural text detector is a [...] Read more.

With advanced neural network techniques, language models can generate content that looks genuinely created by humans. Such advanced progress benefits society in numerous ways. However, it may also bring us threats that we have not seen before. A neural text detector is a classification model that separates machine-generated text from human-written ones. Unfortunately, a pretrained neural text detector may be vulnerable to adversarial attack, aiming to fool the detector into making wrong classification decisions. Through this work, we propose

μ

Attacking, a mutation-based general framework that can be used to evaluate the robustness of neural text detectors systematically. Our experiments demonstrate that

μ

Attacking identifies the detector’s flaws effectively. Inspired by the insightful information revealed by

μ

Attacking, we also propose an RR-training strategy, a straightforward but effective method to improve the robustness of neural text detectors through finetuning. Compared with the normal finetuning method, our experiments demonstrated that RR-training effectively increased the model robustness by up to

11.33 %

without increasing much effort when finetuning a neural text detector. We believe the

μ

Attacking and RR-training are useful tools for developing and evaluating neural language models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Artificial Intelligence)

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12 pages, 1005 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fusing Attribute Character Embeddings with Truncated Negative Sampling for Entity Alignment

by Hongchan Li, Zhuang Zhu, Haodong Zhu and Baohua Jin

Electronics 2023, 12(8), 1947; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12081947 - 21 Apr 2023

Viewed by 1237

Abstract

Finding pairs of entities from two different knowledge graphs that reflect the same real-world object is the purpose of entity alignment for knowledge graphs. In recent years, techniques that use entity alignment for knowledge fusion have received widespread attention. In this article, we [...] Read more.

Finding pairs of entities from two different knowledge graphs that reflect the same real-world object is the purpose of entity alignment for knowledge graphs. In recent years, techniques that use entity alignment for knowledge fusion have received widespread attention. In this article, we suggest a method for entity alignment using truncated negative sampling with attribute character embedding. The method mainly makes use of the relationship and attribute data in heterogeneous knowledge graphs to fulfil the entity alignment task. Firstly, the framework uses relationship mapping to unify the namespace of heterogeneous relationships. Secondly, the attribute character embeddings are generated using the attribute triples in the knowledge graph to unify the embedding space of heterogeneous entities. Then, the entity similarity between heterogeneous knowledge graphs is captured by structural embedding. Next, to learn more useful semantic information during negative sampling, the framework adopts a truncated negative sampling strategy to increase the generalizability of the model. The negative sampling procedure employs targets with high similarity to the target entity as negative sample targets. Finally, we performed comparison tests on two well-known real-world datasets, and the outcomes demonstrate that the proposed model outperforms three other representative advanced approaches, especially with an over 10% improvement in the Hits@k metric compared to the baseline method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Artificial Intelligence)

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20 pages, 12626 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Feature Transformation Method for Wheel Hub Shape Based on Target Detection and Geometric Analysis

by Wangxi Li and Zhangping Lu

Electronics 2023, 12(8), 1946; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12081946 - 21 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1725

Abstract

Extracting and transforming shape features has been an important research domain in wheel hub design. The study of wheel hub design based on shape semantics, brand planning, and structural optimization requires regression analysis by using shape features and the corresponding variables to guide [...] Read more.

Extracting and transforming shape features has been an important research domain in wheel hub design. The study of wheel hub design based on shape semantics, brand planning, and structural optimization requires regression analysis by using shape features and the corresponding variables to guide wheel hub design through the correlation model. The practical role of feature transformation in design is determined by its effectiveness, accuracy, and convenience. This process, however, has generally been handled manually in previous studies, limiting the universality and comprehensiveness of research outcomes. With the development of artificial intelligence, the automation of this process has become possible, ushering in the era of big data research for feature extraction and transformation. Hence, this study proposes a wheel hub feature transformation method based on target detection and geometric analysis. This method implements feature transformation in the following automation steps: (1) wheel hub feature point detection based on the YOLO model; (2) wheel hub feature grouping based on morphological parameters and position parameters; (3) feature point grooming based on geometric relations; and (4) parameter construction and transformation based on morphological features. Thus, an automatic, bidirectional, and morphological mechanism for transforming the parameters of a wheel hub shape can be developed. With the proposed transformation model, parameters related to the wheel hub shape and features can be transformed quickly, and the generative design of the wheel hub can be conducted based on big data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Artificial Intelligence)

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Graphical abstract

9 pages, 5835 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Analytical Design of Compact Multiband Bandpass Filters with Multiconductor Transmission Lines and Shunt Open Stubs

by Mario Pérez-Escribano, Enrique Márquez-Segura and Juan José Sánchez-Martínez

Electronics 2023, 12(8), 1945; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12081945 - 20 Apr 2023

Viewed by 1253

Abstract

A compact topology for implementing compact multiband bandpass filters is presented in this paper. To achieve the desired frequency response, two identical short-circuited multiconductor transmission lines (MTLs) and properly connected shunt open stubs are interconnected. Using this configuration, it is possible to design [...] Read more.

A compact topology for implementing compact multiband bandpass filters is presented in this paper. To achieve the desired frequency response, two identical short-circuited multiconductor transmission lines (MTLs) and properly connected shunt open stubs are interconnected. Using this configuration, it is possible to design multiband bandpass filters effortlessly. As both the MTLs and the stubs are distributed elements, spur-line band-stop filters are added to mitigate the first replica of the structure’s frequency response. To assess the behavior of the developed filter design procedure, a prototype consisting of a six fingers-MTL and two shunt open stubs has been designed, manufactured, and analyzed, showing excellent agreement between analytical and measured results, considering that no simulation or optimization process has been performed during the design process, just for result verification. Furthermore, it is possible to establish a design criterion that allows the fast and reliable synthesis of multiband responses by varying just a small number of geometrical parameters of the MTLs and the corresponding stubs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microwave and Wireless Communications)

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35 pages, 28762 KiB

Open AccessReview

An Overview of Multilevel Inverters Lifetime Assessment for Grid-Connected Solar Photovoltaic Applications

by Shaik Nyamathulla, Dhanamjayulu Chittathuru and S. M. Muyeen

Electronics 2023, 12(8), 1944; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12081944 - 20 Apr 2023

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3117

Abstract

Nowadays, due to advancements in power electronic devices as well as the rise in consumer awareness of the need to protect the environment on a global scale, many people are turning to the use of solar photovoltaic (PV) technology in the distributed power [...] Read more.

Nowadays, due to advancements in power electronic devices as well as the rise in consumer awareness of the need to protect the environment on a global scale, many people are turning to the use of solar photovoltaic (PV) technology in the distributed power generation side. In the field of power electronics, manufacturers need to develop products that have high lifespans. Power electronic device reliability is important for the maintenance of the device and may be scheduled under that information. Rather than preventing failures, reliability can be improved by predicting them. Even though some research has been conducted over the past few years to investigate the reliability of power electronic devices, the reliability is many common circuits has not been investigated and this leads to a big challenge for researchers. In this review paper, an overview of the grid-connected multilevel inverters for PV systems with motivational factors, features, assessment parameters, topologies, modulation schemes of the multilevel inverter, and the selection process for specific applications are presented. In this paper, the findings of a comprehensive reliability analysis of fundamental multilevel inverters are studied. To evaluate the reliability of three basic multilevel inverters, a calculation is made using each component’s mean time before its failure. Two techniques of computation approximate and exact were used to arrive at the final result. To calculate power losses in temperature-sensitive components such as diodes and switches, MATLAB Simulink is employed. In addition, the concept of oversizing photovoltaic (PV) arrays is presented in this study. This concept proposes that energy output may be increased by increasing the size of the PV array under conditions of poor solar irradiation. Finally, the mission-profile-based and Monte Carlo simulation-based methods process flows are discussed for the accurate lifetime prediction and reliability assessments of PV inverters in a real-time scenario, followed by a conclusion with future work. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Industrial Electronics)

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20 pages, 10058 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Design of Vessel Data Lakehouse with Big Data and AI Analysis Technology for Vessel Monitoring System

by Sun Park, Chan-Su Yang and JongWon Kim

Electronics 2023, 12(8), 1943; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12081943 - 20 Apr 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3313

Abstract

The amount of data in the maritime domain is rapidly increasing due to the increase in devices that can collect marine information, such as sensors, buoys, ships, and satellites. Maritime data is growing at an unprecedented rate, with terabytes of marine data being [...] Read more.

The amount of data in the maritime domain is rapidly increasing due to the increase in devices that can collect marine information, such as sensors, buoys, ships, and satellites. Maritime data is growing at an unprecedented rate, with terabytes of marine data being collected every month and petabytes of data already being made public. Heterogeneous marine data collected through various devices can be used in various fields such as environmental protection, defect prediction, transportation route optimization, and energy efficiency. However, it is difficult to manage vessel related data due to high heterogeneity of such marine big data. Additionally, due to the high heterogeneity of these data sources and some of the challenges associated with big data, such applications are still underdeveloped and fragmented. In this paper, we propose the Vessel Data Lakehouse architecture consisting of the Vessel Data Lake layer that can handle marine big data, the Vessel Data Warehouse layer that supports marine big data processing and AI, and the Vessel Application Services layer that supports marine application services. Our proposed a Vessel Data Lakehouse that can efficiently manage heterogeneous vessel related data. It can be integrated and managed at low cost by structuring various types of heterogeneous data using an open source-based big data framework. In addition, various types of vessel big data stored in the Data Lakehouse can be directly utilized in various types of vessel analysis services. In this paper, we present an actual use case of a vessel analysis service in a Vessel Data Lakehouse by using AIS data in Busan area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence and Future Implications of an ICT Convergence System and Network)

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16 pages, 5834 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Transmitting Coil for Powering Endoscopic Capsules Using Wireless Power Transfer

by Tommaso Campi, Silvano Cruciani, Francesca Maradei and Mauro Feliziani

Electronics 2023, 12(8), 1942; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12081942 - 20 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1669

Abstract

This study focuses on using wireless power transfer (WPT) technology based on magnetic resonant coupling (MRC) to supply electric power to an endoscopic capsule to be used for the direct feeding of specific functions or for battery charging. One of the main limitations [...] Read more.

This study focuses on using wireless power transfer (WPT) technology based on magnetic resonant coupling (MRC) to supply electric power to an endoscopic capsule to be used for the direct feeding of specific functions or for battery charging. One of the main limitations of the diffusion of endoscopic capsules is the limited autonomy of the internal battery. The aim of the paper is to present an innovative system to wirelessly power capsules using inductive coupling. Here, a new transmitting coil architecture is proposed to allow the wireless charging of the capsule equipped with a monoaxial receiving coil for any possible geometric position and orientation. The new wearable transmitting coil consists of four rectangular coils with independent excitations, and it is capable of producing a magnetic field in any direction. The obtained results in terms of electrical performance of the proposed WPT system and in terms of in situ electromagnetic physical quantities are compared with the basic restrictions of electromagnetic field (EMF) safety guidelines. The results obtained are very promising, as the proposed WPT configuration can transfer at least 250 mW in a capsule that travels along the entire gastrointestinal tract. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Power Transfer Systems for Biomedical Devices: Modeling, Simulation, Application)

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21 pages, 571 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Joint Resource Allocation in a Two-Way Relaying Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer System

by Xuefei Ru, Gang Wang, Xiuhong Wang and Bo Li

Electronics 2023, 12(8), 1941; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12081941 - 20 Apr 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1301

Abstract

Simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) technology provides an efficient solution to energy-limited communication terminals in a wireless network. However, in the current application scenario of SWIPT technology, relays use all the collected energy forwarding to assist communication between source nodes, while [...] Read more.

Simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) technology provides an efficient solution to energy-limited communication terminals in a wireless network. However, in the current application scenario of SWIPT technology, relays use all the collected energy forwarding to assist communication between source nodes, while ignoring the fact that relays can accumulate and store energy. This is of great practical significance in collaborative communication. By using a transmission scheme of a time-division broadcast for the direct transmission link, improvement of the system diversity gain through combining the technology at the receiver can be realized. Based on the above, we propose a two-way relay energy accumulation communication system, which is extended from a single relay system to a multi-relay system. The instantaneous transmission rate of the system link and the system equivalent profit are optimized by jointly optimizing the relay selection, time slot allocation factor, power splitting factor and relay transmit power. Compared with the comparison algorithm, the proposed algorithm shows a significant improvement in the performance of the system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies of Artificial Intelligence in Signal Processing)

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15 pages, 8838 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of an Autonomous Robot Replenishment System for Convenience Stores

by Chien-Yu Su, Hsueh-Cheng Wang, Chun-Hsu Ko and Kuu-Young Young

Electronics 2023, 12(8), 1940; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12081940 - 20 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2231

Abstract

With the appealing ability of combining both mobility and manipulability, mobile robot manipulators have been applied to factory automation, telemedicine, warehousing, etc. Due to the high density of convenience stores in Taiwan, Asia, and other countries, we make further use of mobile robot [...] Read more.

With the appealing ability of combining both mobility and manipulability, mobile robot manipulators have been applied to factory automation, telemedicine, warehousing, etc. Due to the high density of convenience stores in Taiwan, Asia, and other countries, we make further use of mobile robot manipulators to develop an autonomous replenishment system. The replenishment task for a convenience store poses challenges given its narrow aisles and the occasional presence of customers. It thus demands thorough consideration of the planning, navigation, and control of the robot, in addition to customer safety. Correspondingly, we propose strategies for task and path planning, in addition to control and sensor fusion. Specifically, a new collision-free path planning algorithm (the DWA-PS) that consider both customer safety and comfort is developed, along with replenishment and control strategies that utilize the flexibility of the mobile robot manipulator to raise working efficiency. For the performance evaluation, we apply the proposed system to conduct a series of replenishment experiments, including in a convenience store near our university. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Systems & Control Engineering)

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19 pages, 1394 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Behavior Patterns for Next-POI Recommendation via Graph Self-Supervised Learning

by Daocheng Wang, Chao Chen, Chong Di and Minglei Shu

Electronics 2023, 12(8), 1939; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12081939 - 20 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1859

Abstract

Next-point-of-interest (POI) recommendation is a crucial part of location-based social applications. Existing works have attempted to learn behavior representation through a sequence model combined with spatial-temporal-interval context. However, these approaches ignore the impact of implicit behavior patterns contained in the visit trajectory on [...] Read more.

Next-point-of-interest (POI) recommendation is a crucial part of location-based social applications. Existing works have attempted to learn behavior representation through a sequence model combined with spatial-temporal-interval context. However, these approaches ignore the impact of implicit behavior patterns contained in the visit trajectory on user decision making. In this paper, we propose a novel graph self-supervised behavior pattern learning model (GSBPL) for the next-POI recommendation. GSBPL applies two graph data augmentation operations to generate augmented trajectory graphs to model implicit behavior patterns. At the same time, a graph preference representation encoder (GPRE) based on geographical and social context is proposed to learn the high-order representations of trajectory graphs, and then capture implicit behavior patterns through contrastive learning. In addition, we propose a self-attention based on multi-feature embedding to learn users’ short-term dynamic preferences, and finally combine trajectory graph representation to predict the next location. The experimental results on three real-world datasets demonstrate that GSBPL outperforms the supervised learning baseline in terms of performance under the same conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recommender Systems and Data Mining)

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18 pages, 4627 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detecting Plant Disease in Corn Leaf Using EfficientNet Architecture—An Analytical Approach

by Fathimathul Rajeena P. P., Aswathy S. U., Mohamed A. Moustafa and Mona A. S. Ali

Electronics 2023, 12(8), 1938; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12081938 - 20 Apr 2023

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4070

Abstract

The various corn diseases that affect agriculture go unnoticed by farmers. Each day, more crops fail due to diseases as there is no effective treatment or a way to identify the illness. Common rust, blight, and the northern leaf grey spot are the [...] Read more.

The various corn diseases that affect agriculture go unnoticed by farmers. Each day, more crops fail due to diseases as there is no effective treatment or a way to identify the illness. Common rust, blight, and the northern leaf grey spot are the most prevalent corn diseases. The presence of a disease cannot be accurately detected by simply looking at the plant. This will lead to improper pesticide use, which harms people by bringing on chronic diseases. Therefore, maintaining food security depends on accurate and automatic disease detection. It might be possible to save time and stop crop degradation before it takes place by utilising digital technologies. Hence, applying modern digital technologies to identify the disease in the damaged corn fields automatically will be more advantageous to the farmers. Many academics have recently become interested in deep learning, which has aided in creating an exact and autonomous picture classification scheme. The use of deep learning techniques and their adjustments for detecting corn illnesses can greatly assist contemporary agriculture. To find plant leaf diseases, we employ image acquisition, preprocessing, and classification processes. Preprocessing includes procedures such as reading images, resizing images, and data augmentation. The suggested project is based on EfficientNet and improves the precision of the database of corn leaf diseases by tweaking the variables. Tests are run using DenseNet and Resnet on the test dataset to confirm the precision and robustness of this approach. The recognition accuracy of 98.85% that can be achieved using this method, according to experimental results, is significantly higher than those of other cutting-edge techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computer Vision Imaging Technology and Application)

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13 pages, 6482 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of an Algorithm for Calculating the Moisture Content and Time of Forest Fire Maturation of Forest Combustible Materials for Determining Forest Fire Hazards

by Anatoliy A. Aleksandrov, Boris S. Ksenofontov, Alexey S. Kozodaev, Roman A. Taranov, Victoriya D. Vyazova and Mikhail V. Ivanov

Electronics 2023, 12(8), 1937; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12081937 - 20 Apr 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1428

Abstract

Nowadays, forests play an important role in stabilizing the ecological balance, being one of the most important components of the biosphere. Due to the vital activity of forests, the gas composition of the atmosphere is normalized. Mass forest fires have the opposite effect. [...] Read more.

Nowadays, forests play an important role in stabilizing the ecological balance, being one of the most important components of the biosphere. Due to the vital activity of forests, the gas composition of the atmosphere is normalized. Mass forest fires have the opposite effect. They cause irreparable damage to flora and fauna, contribute to the melting of Arctic ice, an increase in the Earth’s temperature, and destabilization of the carbon balance. The purpose of this study is to develop an algorithm for calculating the moisture content and time of forest fire maturation of forest combustible materials. To achieve this goal, the main factors determining a forest fire hazard have been studied, as well as a review of existing methods for assessing forest fire danger and scientific papers on forest pyrology. As a result of the analysis of the research aimed at studying the rate of drying of forest combustible materials (FCM), depending on the physical properties and environmental parameters, a dependency of changes in moisture content over time was obtained. With its help, knowing the initial moisture content of FCM, it is possible to calculate the periods of fire maturation for each component of the forest plantation. Cooperative use of the resulting algorithm with a digital twin of a forest stand makes it possible to identify the most fire-hazard forest areas and estimate the period of their fire-prone maturation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Transition to Industry 4.0 in Emerging Domains: Methodology and Case Studies)

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10 pages, 4256 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

A Novel Single X-Wire AM Mini-LED Backlight Unit with Motion Blur Reduction for High-Image-Quality LCD TVs

by Hansai Ji, Youngjin Lim, Chenghui Yan, Jinle Li, Zhiguo Li and Di Geng

Electronics 2023, 12(8), 1936; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12081936 - 20 Apr 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1949

Abstract

We have demonstrated a high-image-quality 85-inch 4 K high-dynamic-range (HDR) LCD display with 2304 dimming zones using a single X-wire AM mini-LED backlight unit (BLU) with motion blur and residual image reduction technology. Our latest work proposed the new single X-wire AM driving [...] Read more.

We have demonstrated a high-image-quality 85-inch 4 K high-dynamic-range (HDR) LCD display with 2304 dimming zones using a single X-wire AM mini-LED backlight unit (BLU) with motion blur and residual image reduction technology. Our latest work proposed the new single X-wire AM driving method, consisting of one matrix control IC/dimming controller (DCON) and X-wires of mini-LED driver ICs (dimmers), which eliminates extra scanning, sensing lines and pixel/source driver IC using an adaptive addressing dimming method. Additionally, a single X-wire controlled system can realize a flexible and expandable layout, which can achieve ultra thin and low cost in ultra-high dimming zones and large size display. Furthermore, the horizontal-scan (H-scan) driving method, which reduces motion blur and residual images using a scanning black frame insertion (BFI) technology, is utilized. The proposed mini-LED BLU can save about 9% power consumption compared to the conventional one in normal displays. Full article

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28 pages, 5135 KiB

Open AccessArticle

EV-Station-Grid Coordination Optimization Strategy Considering Psychological Preferences

by Chudi Wang, Shaohua Ma, Qiwei Wang, Ning Yan, Yannan Dong and Zhiyuan Cai

Electronics 2023, 12(8), 1935; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12081935 - 20 Apr 2023

Viewed by 1562

Abstract

This paper proposes the electric vehicle (EV)-station-grid coordination optimization strategy considering user preferences, which regulates the charging behaviors of EV users from the user side to ensure the stable and safe operation of the power grid. Firstly, the spatio-temporal prediction model of charging [...] Read more.

This paper proposes the electric vehicle (EV)-station-grid coordination optimization strategy considering user preferences, which regulates the charging behaviors of EV users from the user side to ensure the stable and safe operation of the power grid. Firstly, the spatio-temporal prediction model of charging load based on speed-temperature is developed. The model of EV power consumption per unit mileage affected by temperature and EV speed is constructed, and the shortest path algorithm is applied to determine the driving paths of EVs so as to judge the charging demand in combination with the state of charge (SOC) of the battery and to determine the charging periods and locations of the EVs, thus obtaining the spatio-temporal information of the charging load. Secondly, a multi-attribute charging decision model considering user preferences is constructed. Fuzzy clustering and rough set theory are applied to mine user behavior preferences, combined with behavioral economics to describe users’ irrational charging decision-making psychology. Lastly, a real-time charging price model considering voltage fluctuation index and user charging cost is constructed to analyze the impact of price on guiding charging behaviors. The simulation results verify the effectiveness and performance of the collaborative optimization strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Electric Vehicles Energy Management)

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16 pages, 8126 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electromechanical Actuator Servo Control Technology Based on Active Disturbance Rejection Control

by Qian Fang, Yong Zhou, Shangjun Ma, Chao Zhang, Ye Wang and Haibin Huangfu

Electronics 2023, 12(8), 1934; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12081934 - 19 Apr 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1712

Abstract

Electromechanical actuators (EMA) are becoming more and more widely used. As the core technology of EMA, servo control technology determines their performance. In this paper, an active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) method with an improved extended state observer (ESO) is proposed to design [...] Read more.

Electromechanical actuators (EMA) are becoming more and more widely used. As the core technology of EMA, servo control technology determines their performance. In this paper, an active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) method with an improved extended state observer (ESO) is proposed to design a cascade controller of EMA based on permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). The mathematical model of PMSM in a two-phase rotating coordinate system is established, then it is decoupled by an

i_{d} = 0

current control method to realize the vector control of the motor. In a three closed-loop vector control system, a PID controller including current loop, speed loop and position loop is designed. To solve the problems caused by measurement noise, the filter link and system are modeled as a whole, and an improved ESO is constructed. On this basis, an ADRC controller of the speed loop and position loop of PMSM is designed and simulated based on Simulink. Based on the physical test platform, a load step test and load disturbance test of ADRC are completed. The results show that, in comparison to the PID method, the ADRC method shortens the response time by 25% on average, and reduces the overshoot by 60% on average. So, it can be concluded that ADRC has good static and dynamic performance, which has a good guiding role for engineering practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechatronic Control Engineering Volume II)

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23 pages, 10530 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Safety Detection Method on Construction Sites under Fewer Samples

by QingE Wu, Wenjing Wang, Hu Chen, Lintao Zhou, Yingbo Lu and Xiaoliang Qian

Electronics 2023, 12(8), 1933; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12081933 - 19 Apr 2023

Viewed by 1501

Abstract

In order to solve the problem of automatically completing safety detection for construction sites and give an alert based on high-speed image streams, this paper proposes a violation of rules and regulations (VoRR) recognition method on a construction site and gives a matching [...] Read more.

In order to solve the problem of automatically completing safety detection for construction sites and give an alert based on high-speed image streams, this paper proposes a violation of rules and regulations (VoRR) recognition method on a construction site and gives a matching method by automatically obtaining a few samples. The proposed safety detection method consists of five parts, which are redundant information reduction, classification, feature extraction, matching, inference rule and alarm alert. Compared with existing safety detection methods, the accuracy of the proposed method is increased by more than 9%. It not only has better performance, but also has more functions: reminding and alarming. For the subsequent establishment of an unmanned supervision system model on a construction site, this research will provide a new method of decision support, target detection, and recognition in multiple different scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computer Science & Engineering)

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20 pages, 12617 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Obstacle Avoidance Strategy for Mobile Robot Based on Monocular Camera

by Thai-Viet Dang and Ngoc-Tam Bui

Electronics 2023, 12(8), 1932; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12081932 - 19 Apr 2023

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3899

Abstract

This research paper proposes a real-time obstacle avoidance strategy for mobile robots with a monocular camera. The approach uses a binary semantic segmentation FCN-VGG-16 to extract features from images captured by the monocular camera and estimate the position and distance of obstacles in [...] Read more.

This research paper proposes a real-time obstacle avoidance strategy for mobile robots with a monocular camera. The approach uses a binary semantic segmentation FCN-VGG-16 to extract features from images captured by the monocular camera and estimate the position and distance of obstacles in the robot’s environment. Segmented images are used to create the frontal view of a mobile robot. Then, the optimized path planning based on the enhanced A* algorithm with a set of weighted factors, such as collision, path, and smooth cost improves the performance of a mobile robot’s path. In addition, a collision-free and smooth obstacle avoidance strategy will be devised by optimizing the cost functions. Lastly, the results of our evaluation show that the approach successfully detects and avoids static and dynamic obstacles in real time with high accuracy, efficiency, and smooth steering with low angle changes. Our approach offers a potential solution for obstacle avoidance in both global and local path planning, addressing the challenges of complex environments while minimizing the need for expensive and complicated sensor systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Machine Learning (ML) and Software Engineering)

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20 pages, 548 KiB

Open AccessArticle

by Qiong Liu, Xi Wang, Mingming Kong and Keyun Qin

Electronics 2023, 12(8), 1931; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12081931 - 19 Apr 2023

Viewed by 1177

Abstract

Interval neutrosophic sets (INSs), characterized by truth, indeterminacy and falsity membership degrees, handle the uncertain and inconsistent information that commonly exists in real-life systems, and constitute an extension of the interval valued fuzzy set and interval valued intuitionistic fuzzy set. The existing works [...] Read more.

Interval neutrosophic sets (INSs), characterized by truth, indeterminacy and falsity membership degrees, handle the uncertain and inconsistent information that commonly exists in real-life systems, and constitute an extension of the interval valued fuzzy set and interval valued intuitionistic fuzzy set. The existing works on similarity measures for INSs are mostly constructed by distance measures and entropies. Meanwhile, the degree of similarity is expressed as a single number, even if the interval-valued information is considered. This may lead to a loss of interval-valued information. In order to cope with these issues, in this paper, we introduce a new approach to constructing the similarity measures for INSs using fuzzy equivalencies. First, based on fuzzy equivalencies and aggregation operators, the definition of interval-valued fuzzy equivalence is generalized to interval neutrosophic values. Then, based on the framework of INSs, we propose the definition and construction method of the similarity measure using the interval neutrosophic fuzzy equivalence. The similarity degree is expressed as an interval and could retain more information than ever before. In addition, according to practical situations, one can obtain different similarities by selecting the parameters in fuzzy equivalence. Due to the increase in edge computing, it is necessary to reasonably offload the client’s resource and assign them to the edge server to balance the resource usage. The Similarity measure is conductive to select and match the client and edge server. Finally, an illustrative example verifies that the proposed method can find a reasonable client and edge server, as well as effectiveness in the edge computing application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Networked Robotics and Control Systems)

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25 pages, 6661 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cascade Synthesis of Observers of Mixed Variables for Flexible Joint Manipulators Tracking Systems under Parametric and External Disturbances

by Svetlana A. Krasnova, Aleksey S. Antipov, Dmitry V. Krasnov and Anton V. Utkin

Electronics 2023, 12(8), 1930; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12081930 - 19 Apr 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 989

Abstract

This paper considers a tracking system developed for a full-actuated manipulator with flexible joints under the following assumptions: torques are control actions, and current loop dynamics are not considered; the mass-inertial characteristics of the manipulator and other parameters are not exactly known; the [...] Read more.

This paper considers a tracking system developed for a full-actuated manipulator with flexible joints under the following assumptions: torques are control actions, and current loop dynamics are not considered; the mass-inertial characteristics of the manipulator and other parameters are not exactly known; the external matched and unmatched disturbances act on the system, and matched disturbances are not smooth; the derivatives of the reference actions are achievable but are unknown functions of time; the set of sensors is not complete. Based on the representation of the control plant model in a block form of input–output with respect to mixed variables (functions of state variables, external influences and their derivatives), we have developed a combined control law for the case where the control matrix contains additive uncertain elements. In addition, we have designed the mixed variable observers of the smallest possible dimension with piecewise linear corrective actions for two cases: (i) only the generalized coordinates of the manipulator are measured; (ii) only the angular positions and velocities of the motors are measured. It is shown that in a closed-loop system with dynamic feedback, a given tracking error stabilization accuracy is provided in the conditions of incomplete information. We presented the results of numerical simulation of these algorithms for a single-link manipulator. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Modelling and Control of Complex Nonlinear Mechatronic Systems–Volume II)

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25 pages, 3985 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison between a Cascaded H-Bridge and a Conventional H-Bridge for a 5-kW Grid-Tied Solar Inverter

by Thibault Bertin, Ghislain Despesse and Remy Thomas

Electronics 2023, 12(8), 1929; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12081929 - 19 Apr 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2177

Abstract

This paper compares the cost and efficiency of two inverter topologies for a 5-kW grid-connected solar inverter application: the Conventional H-Bridge Inverter (CHB) and the Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter (CHBMLI). Emphasis is put on power switches and passive elements with a detailed study [...] Read more.

This paper compares the cost and efficiency of two inverter topologies for a 5-kW grid-connected solar inverter application: the Conventional H-Bridge Inverter (CHB) and the Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter (CHBMLI). Emphasis is put on power switches and passive elements with a detailed study of the losses. Both designs respect the same constraints (cost, efficiency, and junction temperature of the transistors) to ensure a fair comparison between both topologies. The work highlights the important parameters when choosing the components (MOSFETs, capacitors, and magnetic cores for the inductors). The DC-link voltage ripple and the output AC current ripple are the key parameters for the design of the passive elements (capacitors and inductors). On top of that, the transistors MOSFETs are chosen, in both topologies, to limit the conduction losses (by selecting the

R_{d s_{o n}}

) and the switching losses (by selecting the

Q_{r r}

and

d v / d t

). Real components are picked in order to make the comparison as complete as possible. Numerical simulations are performed using the MATLAB platform. All equations and parameters are provided. A CHBMLI prototype was built with eight independent H-Bridges to validate the proposed design with thermal and efficiency measurements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Power Electronics)

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44 pages, 6909 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Inaudible Attack on AI Speakers

by Seyitmammet Saparmammedovich Alchekov, Mohammed Abdulhakim Al-Absi, Ahmed Abdulhakim Al-Absi and Hoon Jae Lee

Electronics 2023, 12(8), 1928; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12081928 - 19 Apr 2023

Viewed by 3656

Abstract

The modern world does not stand still. We used to be surprised that technology could speak, but now voice assistants have become real family members. They do not simply turn on the alarm clock or play music. They communicate with children, help solving [...] Read more.

The modern world does not stand still. We used to be surprised that technology could speak, but now voice assistants have become real family members. They do not simply turn on the alarm clock or play music. They communicate with children, help solving problems, and sometimes even take offense. Since all voice assistants have artificial intelligence, when communicating with the user, they take into account the change in their location, time of day and days of the week, search query history, previous orders in the online store, etc. However, voice assistants, which are part of modern smartphones or smart speakers, pose a threat to their owner’s personal data since their main function is to capture audio commands from the user. Generally, AI smart speakers such as Siri, Google Assistance, Google Home, and so on are moderately harmless. As voice assistants become versatile, like any other product, they can be used for the most nefarious purposes. There are many common attacks that people with bad intentions can use to hack our voice assistant. We show in our experience that a laser beam can control Google Assistance, smart speakers, and Siri. The attacker does not need to make physical contact with the victim’s equipment or interact with the victim; since the attacker’s laser can hit the smart speaker, it can send commands. In our experiments, we achieve a successful attack that allows us to transmit invisible commands by aiming lasers up to 87 m into the microphone. We have discovered the possibility of attacking Android and Siri devices using the built-in voice assistant module through the charging port. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning with RFID Technology for IoT)

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16 pages, 663 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Accelerating DC Circuit Simulation through Feature Selection and LSTM-Based Time-Step Control

by Zhou Jin, Ziyi Yang, Haojie Pei, Xiaru Zha, Yinuo Bai, Dan Niu, Zhenya Zhou and Xiao Wu

Electronics 2023, 12(8), 1927; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12081927 - 19 Apr 2023

Viewed by 1663

Abstract

Circuit simulation has become increasingly significant in circuit design with the development of very large scale integration, and direct current (DC) analysis, which serves as the basis of circuit behavior analysis, is the foundation for nonlinear electronic circuit simulation. Among the several continuation [...] Read more.

Circuit simulation has become increasingly significant in circuit design with the development of very large scale integration, and direct current (DC) analysis, which serves as the basis of circuit behavior analysis, is the foundation for nonlinear electronic circuit simulation. Among the several continuation algorithms for DC analysis, pseudo-transient analysis (PTA) methods have gained great success. However, PTA tends to be computationally intensive without a proper time-step control method. In order to improve this problem, we propose a novel time-step control method enhanced by advanced deep learning in this paper. Specifically, a coarse and fine-grained hybrid sampling strategy is introduced to find the optimal time step, which resolves the problem that the optimal time step has no precise definition in PTA theory. After that, a long short-term memory (LSTM) network, with the ability to process temporal information, can be employed to learn the optimal time-step control method based on feature selection and a two-stage data preprocessing strategy, which accelerates DC analysis. Furthermore, random forest (RF) is also used to evaluate feature importance, which can achieve feature selection with reduced dimensions, thereby speeding up the network’s training speed and improving the accuracy of prediction. Experimental results demonstrate a significant speedup: up to 61.32 times. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Advanced Design Techniques and EDA Methodologies for Analog, RF and MM-Wave Circuit Design)

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13 pages, 2895 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research and Implementation of Low-Power Anomaly Recognition Method for Intelligent Manhole Covers

by Jiahu Guo, Kai Wang, Jianquan Sun and Youcheng Jia

Electronics 2023, 12(8), 1926; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12081926 - 19 Apr 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1473

Abstract

This paper addresses the difficulty of balancing a real-time response and low power consumption in intelligent manhole cover application scenarios. It proposes a method to distinguish normal and abnormal events by segmenting the boundary at which the acceleration of the intelligent manhole cover [...] Read more.

This paper addresses the difficulty of balancing a real-time response and low power consumption in intelligent manhole cover application scenarios. It proposes a method to distinguish normal and abnormal events by segmenting the boundary at which the acceleration of the intelligent manhole cover deviates from a set threshold and lasts for a certain period, based on the difference in the intelligent manhole cover’s vibration patterns when a normal event and an abnormal event occur. This paper uses the autonomous data fusion of digital output motion sensor data to implement a pattern recognition algorithm for the above-mentioned pattern, which reduces the MCU computing and working time and the overall power consumption of the system while meeting real-time response requirements. The test results demonstrate that the method has a high rate of anomaly recognition accuracy. The method ensures the system’s real-time response capability, and the actual low power consumption test demonstrates that the device can operate continuously for 9.5 years. The low power consumption index exceeds the requirements of the existing national standard, thereby resolving the issue that it is challenging to balance intelligent manhole cover abnormality recognition and low power consumption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Embedded Systems: Fundamentals, Design and Practical Applications)

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