An Updated View of the Milky Way from Maser Astrometry
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Observations and Data Calibration
2.1. BeSSeL VLBA Observations and Data Calibration
2.2. VERA Observations and Data Calibration
2.3. Astrometric Observations with Other Telescopes
2.3.1. The European VLBI Network
2.3.2. The Australian Long Baseline Array
3. Determination of Parallax and Proper Motion
3.1. BeSSeL Maser Parallax and Proper Motion Determination
3.2. VERA Maser Parallax and Proper Motion Determination
3.3. Distance Determination from Absolute Proper Motion Measurements
3.4. Distances through the Phase-Lag Method
4. Comparison with Gaia Astrometry
5. Spiral Arm Structure of the Milky Way
5.1. Arm Assignment
5.2. Spiral Arm Model
6. Individual Spiral Arms
6.1. Outer
6.2. Perseus
6.3. Local
- a branch of the Perseus arm with a bifurcation point at a distance of 6 kpc at a Galactic longitude of 55° which is supported by the vicinity of the Local to the Perseus arm and by the fact that branches often branch off at the inner edge of an arm;
- a branch of the Carina–Sagittarius arm with a bifurcation point at a longitude of 282° which yet has to be confirmed with maser parallax measurements from the Southern Hemisphere;
- an independent spiral arm segment which is contradictory to the theory of spiral density waves [88] due to the small distances to the adjacent spiral arms.
6.4. Sagittarius
6.5. Scutum
6.6. Far Side of the Milky Way
7. Fundamental Galactic Parameters from Astrometry
7.1. Using Maser Astrometry to Fit Galactic Parameters
Method | Result | Reference |
---|---|---|
—Distance to Galactic Centre (kpc) | ||
Maser astrometry | [9] | |
Maser astrometry | [10] | |
Maser and stellar astrometry | [101] | |
Stellar orbits | [109] | |
Stellar orbits | [108] | |
Kinematics of bar stars | [103] | |
Stellar radial velocities | [107] | |
Stellar astrometry | [66] | |
Pop II Cepheids | [106] | |
—circular rotation speed at the Sun (km s) | ||
Maser astrometry | [9] | |
Maser astrometry | [10] | |
Maser and stellar astrometry | [101] | |
Stellar radial velocities | [107] | |
Cepheid astrometry | [110] | |
Cepheid astrometry | [111] | |
Stellar astrometry | [112] | |
Stellar astrometry | [66] | |
Stellar astrometry | [113] | |
—Full Solar angular rotation speed (km s kpc) | ||
Maser astrometry | [9] | |
Maser astrometry | [10] | |
Sgr A* apparent motion | [114] | |
Maser and stellar astrometry | [101] | |
Stellar astrometry | [66] |
7.1.1. Distance to the Galactic Centre
7.1.2. Solar Rotation Speed
7.1.3. Galactic Rotation Curve
7.2. The Galactic Plane
7.3. Structure in the Galactic Z-Height
8. Summary and Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
1 | The BeSSeL website is available at http://bessel.vlbi-astrometry.org/ (accessed on 8 May 2022). |
2 | The VERA website is available at https://www.miz.nao.ac.jp/veraserver/ (accessed on 8 May 2022). |
3 | The Gaia archive is available at https://gea.esac.esa.int/archive/ (accessed on 8 May 2022). |
4 | The updated version of the parallax-based distance calculator can be found here http://bessel.vlbi-astrometry.org/node/378 (accessed on 8 May 2022). |
5 | Their azimuth is defined counter clockwise, starting at the Solar azimuth, while in this review, azimuth is defined as increasing clockwise. |
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Arm | Pitch Angle 1 (deg) | Pitch Angle 2 (deg) | Width (kpc) | (km s) | (km s) | (km s) | Reference | Comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outer | 14.9 ± 2.7 | 1.8 ± 2.9 | −3.3 ± 4.4 | 11.7 ± 2.3 | 6 | [76] | |||
3.0 ± 4.4 | 9.4 ± 4.0 | 0.65 ± 0.16 | 11 | [9] | = 15° | ||||
15 | [85] | + young star clusters | |||||||
Perseus | 17.8 ± 1.7 | 8 | [95] | ||||||
14.8 ± 0.8 | 14 | [85] | |||||||
9.9 ± 1.5 | 9.4 ± 1.3 | −4.4 ± 2.0 | −2.1 ± 1.1 | 25 | [81] | ||||
9.2 ± 1.5 | 0.39 | 27 | [82] | ||||||
10.3 ± 1.4 | 8.7 ± 2.7 | 0.35 ± 0.06 | 41 | [9] | |||||
Inner | 5 ± 4 | −8.4 ± 2.5 | −9.7 ± 8.3 | 2.6 ± 2.8 | 9 | [80] | l = 30°−50° | ||
Outer | 14.1 ± 1.4 | −7.6 ± 1.4 | −1.7 ± 1.3 | 16 | [80] | l = 90°−140° | |||
3.5 ± 1.8 | −3.3 ± 2.0 | −1.2 ± 1.9 | 9 | [80] | l = 170°−245° | ||||
Local | 10.1 ± 2.7 | 1.3 ± 1.3 | −5.4 ± 1.0 | 2.4 ± 1.4 | 30 | [87] | |||
11.6 ± 1.8 | 38 | [86] | |||||||
11.4 ± 1.9 | 0.31 ± 0.05 | 28 | [9] | ||||||
Sagittarius | 7.3 ± 1.5 | 0.21 | 2.9 ± 1.5 | 3.7 ± 1.5 | −1.7 ± 1.4 | 18 | [89] | ||
9.3 ± 2.2 | 7 | [85] | |||||||
17.1 ± 1.6 | 1.0 ± 2.1 | 0.27 ± 0.04 | 35 | [9] | |||||
Global | 7.2 ± 1.9 | 2.6 ± 1.1 | 4.5 ± 1.3 | −0.7 ± 1.1 | 30 | [21] | |||
Near | 9.4 ± 3.9 | 2.0 ± 1.4 | 7.1 ± 1.5 | −1.1 ± 1.5 | 12 | [21] | l = 351°−50° | ||
Far | 5.4 ± 3.3 | 4.3 ± 2.4 | −0.6 ± 2.2 | 2.0 ± 1.4 | 18 | [21] | l = 32°−52° | ||
Scutum | 19.8 ± 3.1 | 0.17 | 8.2 ± 2.3 | −4.2 ± 2.6 | −1.5 ± 1.5 | 16 | [92] | ||
11.2 ± 4.0 | 4 | [85] | |||||||
14.1 ± 1.7 | 12.1 ± 2.4 | 0.23 ± 0.05 | 36 | [9] |
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Immer, K.; Rygl, K.L.J. An Updated View of the Milky Way from Maser Astrometry. Universe 2022, 8, 390. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe8080390
Immer K, Rygl KLJ. An Updated View of the Milky Way from Maser Astrometry. Universe. 2022; 8(8):390. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe8080390
Chicago/Turabian StyleImmer, Katharina, and Kazi L. J. Rygl. 2022. "An Updated View of the Milky Way from Maser Astrometry" Universe 8, no. 8: 390. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe8080390