Beyond Inverse Dynamics: Methods for Assessment of Individual Muscle Function during Gait
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Muscle Moment Arm
2.1. Measurement of Muscle Moment Arms during Walking
2.2. Moment Arm Measurement to Inform Estimation of Force and Stress
2.3. Muscle Moment Arms in Clinical Populations
3. Muscle “Gear Ratio”
3.1. Foot and Ankle Gearing
3.2. Abnormal Gearing and “Lever Arm Dysfunction”
4. Muscle–Tendon Length
4.1. Hamstrings Lengths and Crouch Gait
4.2. Muscle–Tendon Lengths of Plantarflexors
4.3. Muscle–Tendon Lengths in Assessment of Injury Risk
4.4. Modeling Considerations
5. Muscle-Induced Acceleration Analysis
5.1. Methods for Estimation of Induced Accelerations
5.2. Roles of Multi-Articular Muscles
5.3. Plantarflexor Contributions to Support and Propulsion
5.4. Assessment of Accelerations in Pathological Gait
6. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Piazza, S.J. Beyond Inverse Dynamics: Methods for Assessment of Individual Muscle Function during Gait. Bioengineering 2024, 11, 896. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11090896
Piazza SJ. Beyond Inverse Dynamics: Methods for Assessment of Individual Muscle Function during Gait. Bioengineering. 2024; 11(9):896. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11090896
Chicago/Turabian StylePiazza, Stephen J. 2024. "Beyond Inverse Dynamics: Methods for Assessment of Individual Muscle Function during Gait" Bioengineering 11, no. 9: 896. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11090896