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The mitochondrial-located enzyme Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-2 (CPT2) is involved in long-chain fatty acid transport into mitochondria and the subsequent shortening of these fatty acids by β-oxidation, to produce energy. Two phenotypes have been identified that associate with a reduced CPT2 activity in genetically deficient patients: showing either neonatal lethality or, in milder forms, myopathy. Resveratrol (RSV, trans-3,5,4′-trihydroxystilbene) is a phytophenol produced by grape plant in response to biotic or abiotic stresses that displays anti-oxidant properties. This polyphenol, is also present in grape juice, raisins and in red wine. It protects humans against various diseases (cardiovascular and inflammation-associated pathologies, like infection, cancer, neurodegenerescence, aging, etc.) through the modulation of several signaling pathways, including those mediated by α 3-beta 5 integrin receptor, transcription factors (AP-1, NFκB, PGC-1 α, and STAT-3) or the COX AMPK, and sirtuins enzymes. RSV can enhance residual CPT2 activities in human fibroblasts derived from CPT2-deficient patients and restores almost normal fatty acid oxidation rates via PGC-1 α /PPAR α [1,2].
2. Results
While we previously identified RSV-dependent miRNA modulation in THP-1 macrophages [3], here we report changes in miRNA expression linked to CPT2-deficiency. We also identified miRNAs whose expression changed following RSV treatment of control or CPT2-deficient fibroblasts isolated from patients [4]. We found that miR-378 was down-regulated by RSV in control fibroblasts. Interestingly, miR-378 putatively controls PPAR-α mRNAs expression and miR-21 was down-regulated by RSV in CPT2-deficient fibroblasts. In databases miR-21 has been reported to control NRF1 transcripts, that encodes a transcription factor implicated in the respiratory control.
3. Conclusions
It appears likely that changes in miRNA levels in CPT2-deficient cells might, at least in part, be involved in abnormal fatty acid oxidation. We confirm the emerging role of miRNAs in lipid metabolism as critical regulators of lipid synthesis, fatty acid ß-oxidation and lipoprotein metabolism. Changes in the expression of crucial miRNAs can impact gene regulatory network, driving to metabolic syndrome and its related pathologies. Our findings suggest that RSV consumption might exert beneficiary effects in patients with CPT2 deficiency.
Funding
This work was supported by UBFC, and UNESCO Chair, culture and wine tradition and by COST Action NutRedOx-CA16112 supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) and by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR, grant ANR-09-GENO-024-01).
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to Jean-Jacques Michaille for helpful discussions.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest. We appreciate the interest of NMS (mediterranean diet and health) association.
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