Temporal Characterization of the Viral Load of Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease Virus in Rosy-Faced Lovebirds (Agapornis roseicollis)
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Species and Sample Collection
2.2. DNA Extraction
2.3. Quantitative PCR (qPCR)
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Variation in Viral Loads between Individuals
A | |||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Individual | Week of Arrival | Sampling Period (Week) | |||||||||||||||||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | Cq | ||||
RAA7 | −4 | + | + | + | + | + | + | <30 | |||||||||||||||
RAA8 | −4 | + | + | + | − | − | + | + | 30−35 | ||||||||||||||
RAA9 | −4 | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | >35 | ||||||||||||||
RAA11 | −4 | + | − | + | − | − | − | Negative | |||||||||||||||
RAA12 | −4 | + | − | − | − | − | |||||||||||||||||
RAA13 | −4 | + | + | − | − | − | + | ||||||||||||||||
RAA14 | −4 | + | + | − | + | − | − | ||||||||||||||||
RAA15 | −1 | + | − | − | − | − | |||||||||||||||||
RAA16 | −1 | + | + | + | − | ||||||||||||||||||
RAA17 | −1 | − | − | − | + | + | − | ||||||||||||||||
RAA18 | −2 | − | − | + | − | ||||||||||||||||||
RAA20 | 9 | + | − | − | |||||||||||||||||||
RAA21 | 13 | − | |||||||||||||||||||||
RAA22 | 16 | − | |||||||||||||||||||||
RAA23 | 16 | − | |||||||||||||||||||||
RAA24 | 17 | − | |||||||||||||||||||||
RAA25 | 17 | + | |||||||||||||||||||||
B | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Individual | Week of arrival | Sampling period (week) | |||||||||||||||||||||
8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | ||
RAA7 | −4 | + | + | + | + | ||||||||||||||||||
RAA8 | −4 | + | + | + | + | ||||||||||||||||||
RAA9 | −4 | + | + | + | + | ||||||||||||||||||
RAA11 | −4 | + | + | + | |||||||||||||||||||
RAA12 | −4 | + | + | + | |||||||||||||||||||
RAA13 | −4 | + | + | + | − | ||||||||||||||||||
RAA14 | −4 | + | + | − | + | ||||||||||||||||||
RAA15 | −1 | − | − | − | − | − | |||||||||||||||||
RAA16 | −1 | − | − | ||||||||||||||||||||
RAA17 | −1 | + | − | ||||||||||||||||||||
RAA18 | −2 | − | − | ||||||||||||||||||||
RAA20 | 9 | + | + | − | |||||||||||||||||||
RAA21 | 13 | − | |||||||||||||||||||||
RAA22 | 16 | + | |||||||||||||||||||||
RAA23 | 16 | + | |||||||||||||||||||||
RAA24 | 17 | + | |||||||||||||||||||||
RAA25 | 17 | + | |||||||||||||||||||||
C | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Individual | Age (months) | Sex | Feces | Back feather | Chest feather | Down feather | |||||||||||||||||
RAA7 | 16 | F | + (5/5) | + (4/4) | + (4/4) | + (4/4) | |||||||||||||||||
RAA8 | 16 | M | + (4/6) | + (4/4) | + (4/4) | + (4/4) | |||||||||||||||||
RAA9 | 16 | M | + (6/6) | + (4/4) | + (4/4) | + (4/4) | |||||||||||||||||
RAA11 | 23 | F | + (2/5) | + (3/3) | |||||||||||||||||||
RAA12 | 16 | M | + (1/5) | + (3/3) | |||||||||||||||||||
RAA13 | 16 | M | + (3/6) | + (3/4) | |||||||||||||||||||
RAA14 | 16 | M | + (3/6) | + (3/4) | |||||||||||||||||||
RAA15 | 6 | M | + (2/5) | − (0/5) | |||||||||||||||||||
RAA16 | 10 | M | + (3/4) | − (0/2) | |||||||||||||||||||
RAA17 | 9.5 | M | + (2/6) | + (1/2) | |||||||||||||||||||
RAA18 | 7.5 | M | + (1/4) | − (0/2) | |||||||||||||||||||
RAA20 | 6 | M | + (1/3) | + (2/3) | |||||||||||||||||||
RAA21 | 5 | M | − (0/1) | − (0/1) | |||||||||||||||||||
RAA22 | 4 | M | − (0/1) | + (1/1) | |||||||||||||||||||
RAA23 | 4.5 | F | − (0/1) | + (1/1) | |||||||||||||||||||
RAA24 | 3 | M | − (0/1) | + (1/1) | |||||||||||||||||||
RAA25 | 3 | M | + (1/1) | + (1/1) |
3.2. Temporal Viral Load Changes within an Individual
3.3. Feathers Had a Higher BFDV Load Than Feces
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lam, D.K.; Poon, E.S.K.; Sin, S.Y.W. Temporal Characterization of the Viral Load of Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease Virus in Rosy-Faced Lovebirds (Agapornis roseicollis). Birds 2024, 5, 417-427. https://doi.org/10.3390/birds5030028
Lam DK, Poon ESK, Sin SYW. Temporal Characterization of the Viral Load of Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease Virus in Rosy-Faced Lovebirds (Agapornis roseicollis). Birds. 2024; 5(3):417-427. https://doi.org/10.3390/birds5030028
Chicago/Turabian StyleLam, Derek Kong, Emily Shui Kei Poon, and Simon Yung Wa Sin. 2024. "Temporal Characterization of the Viral Load of Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease Virus in Rosy-Faced Lovebirds (Agapornis roseicollis)" Birds 5, no. 3: 417-427. https://doi.org/10.3390/birds5030028