Raman Spectra of Blood Serum as Holistic Biomarker for Differential Auxiliary Diagnoses of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Clinical Phase
2.1.1. Patient and Control Group Selection
2.1.2. Samples Preparation
2.2. Spectroscopic Phase
2.2.1. Sample Measurements
2.2.2. Data Pre-Processing
2.3. Statistical Phase
Classification Model Development and Testing
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Preliminary Analysis of the Data
3.2. Classification Model Development
3.3. Predictions
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Raman Shift | Assignment | Raman Shift | Assignment |
---|---|---|---|
2929 | Lipids ν(CH) | 1205 | Amino acids ν(C=C) |
1655 | Protein (Amide I) ν(C=O) | 1173 | Cytosine, guanine |
1609 | Phenylalanine ν(C=C) | 1002 | Phenylalanine ν(C–H) |
1445 | Lipoproteins, phospholipids, | 945 | Phenylalanine ν(C–C) |
δ(CH2), δ(CH3) | 850 | Tyrosine | |
1338 | Proteins (tryptophan) | 754 | Guanine, thymine |
1267 | Phospholipids δ(CH) | 654 | Amide IV (proteins) δ(NC=O) |
513 | Cystine ν(S–S) |
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Dogan, G.Y.; Halimoglu, G.; Kaplanoglu, D.; Aksoy, U.M.; Kandeger, A.; Yavuz, E.; Kartal, S.; Fausto, R.; Ildiz, G.O. Raman Spectra of Blood Serum as Holistic Biomarker for Differential Auxiliary Diagnoses of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Adults. Spectrosc. J. 2024, 2, 53-67. https://doi.org/10.3390/spectroscj2020004
Dogan GY, Halimoglu G, Kaplanoglu D, Aksoy UM, Kandeger A, Yavuz E, Kartal S, Fausto R, Ildiz GO. Raman Spectra of Blood Serum as Holistic Biomarker for Differential Auxiliary Diagnoses of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Adults. Spectroscopy Journal. 2024; 2(2):53-67. https://doi.org/10.3390/spectroscj2020004
Chicago/Turabian StyleDogan, Gizem Yavuz, Gokhan Halimoglu, Dilara Kaplanoglu, Umut Mert Aksoy, Ali Kandeger, Elif Yavuz, Sehban Kartal, Rui Fausto, and Gulce Ogruc Ildiz. 2024. "Raman Spectra of Blood Serum as Holistic Biomarker for Differential Auxiliary Diagnoses of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Adults" Spectroscopy Journal 2, no. 2: 53-67. https://doi.org/10.3390/spectroscj2020004