Forests

20 pages, 1594 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Tourists’ Perceived Value on Environmentally Responsible Behavior in an Urban Forest Park: The Mediating Effects of Satisfaction and Subjective Well-Being

by Jiali Zhao and Lisheng Weng

Forests 2024, 15(10), 1730; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15101730 (registering DOI) - 29 Sep 2024

Abstract

Urban forest parks serve as significant venues for tourists’ leisure and recreation. The experiences and perceptions of tourists in these parks considerably influence their attitudes and behaviors. While numerous studies have investigated the functions and values of urban forest parks at a macro [...] Read more.

Urban forest parks serve as significant venues for tourists’ leisure and recreation. The experiences and perceptions of tourists in these parks considerably influence their attitudes and behaviors. While numerous studies have investigated the functions and values of urban forest parks at a macro level, the mechanisms influencing tourists’ perceived values and their environmentally responsible behavior at a micro level remain under explored. This research used structural equation modeling (SEM) to test the association between tourists’ perceived values and their environmentally responsible behavior, including the mediating functions of tourists’ satisfaction and their subjective well-being. 502 valid questionnaires in total were obtained from Changpoling National Forest Park in Guiyang City, Guizhou, China, for this case study. The results show that there are some variances in the impact of the dimensions of tourists’ perceived value on environmentally responsible behavior, in which service quality, resource quality, and emotional value impose a pronounced positive effect on environmentally responsible behavior, tourism costs impose a pronounced negative effect on environmentally responsible behavior, and the activity experience does not exert a pronounced effect on environmentally responsible behavior. Satisfaction and subjective well-being have a mediating function during the process of positive influence of tourists’ perceived value on their environmentally responsible behavior and serve as partial mediators, and the significant positive influence of satisfaction on subjective well-being as well as subjective well-being on environmentally responsible behavior are verified. This research can help better explain the mechanism of the effect of tourists’ perceived value exerted on environmental responsibility behavior in nature-based tourism destinations, and also has a guiding and reference significance for the sustainable development of urban forest parks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forest Recreation and Ecotourism)

13 pages, 3687 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Altitudinal Variation in Soil Acid Phosphomonoesterase Activity in Subalpine Coniferous Forests in China

by Xiaoli He, Shile Dai, Tingting Ma, Tao Zhang, Junbo He and Yanhong Wu

Forests 2024, 15(10), 1729; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15101729 (registering DOI) - 29 Sep 2024

Abstract

Studying the altitudinal variation and driving factors of soil acid phosphomonoesterase (ACP) activity in subalpine regions is crucial for understanding nutrient cycling processes within mountainous ecosystems. This study focused on fir (Abies fabri (Mast.) Craib) forests located at three altitudes (2781 m, [...] Read more.

Studying the altitudinal variation and driving factors of soil acid phosphomonoesterase (ACP) activity in subalpine regions is crucial for understanding nutrient cycling processes within mountainous ecosystems. This study focused on fir (Abies fabri (Mast.) Craib) forests located at three altitudes (2781 m, 3044 m, and 3210 m) on the eastern slope of Mt. Gongga in southwest China. We measured soil ACP activity alongside soil climate, nutrients, and microorganisms at various depths and elevations to investigate how these factors influence ACP activity. The results indicated that in the organic matter horizons (Oe and Oa horizons), ACP activity gradually decreased with elevation. However, the surface mineral horizon (A horizon) did not show a decline in ACP activity with increasing elevation, which could be attributed to significantly lower ACP activity recorded at the 2781 m sample site compared to the 3044 m site. Variance partitioning analysis revealed that among soil climate, nutrients, and microorganisms, soil nutrients had the most substantial impact on ACP activity across all horizons, with a particularly high contribution of 89.4% observed in the A horizon. Random forest model analysis further demonstrated that soil total carbon (TC) played a crucial role in determining ACP activity in the Oe and Oa horizons, with importance values of 8.5% and 7.3%, respectively. Additionally, soil total nitrogen (TN) was identified as the primary factor influencing ACP activity in the A horizon, with an importance value of 12.6%. Furthermore, soil ACP activity was positively regulated by the soil TC:TP and TN:TP ratios, indicating a stoichiometric control of ACP activity in the Abies fabri (Mast.) Craib forests on Mt. Gongga. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forest Soil Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties)

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21 pages, 1249 KiB

Open AccessReview

Evaluating Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Methods for Sustainable Management of Forest Ecosystems: A Systematic Review

by Cokou Patrice Kpadé, Lota D. Tamini, Steeve Pepin, Damase P. Khasa, Younes Abbas and Mohammed S. Lamhamedi

Forests 2024, 15(10), 1728; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15101728 (registering DOI) - 29 Sep 2024

Abstract

Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods provide a framework for addressing sustainable forest management challenges, especially under climate change. This study offers a systematic review of MCDM applications in forest management from January 2010 to March 2024. Descriptive statistics were employed to analyze trends in [...] Read more.

Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods provide a framework for addressing sustainable forest management challenges, especially under climate change. This study offers a systematic review of MCDM applications in forest management from January 2010 to March 2024. Descriptive statistics were employed to analyze trends in MCDM use and geographic distribution. Thematic content analysis investigated the appearance of MCDM indicators supplemented by Natural Language Processing (NLP). Factorial Correspondence Analysis (FCA) explored correlations between models and publication outlets. We systematically searched Web of Science (WoS), Scopus, Google Scholar, Semantic Scholar, CrossRef, and OpenAlex using terms such as ‘MCDM’, ‘forest management’, and ‘decision support’. We found that the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) were the most commonly used methods, followed by the Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluation (PROMETHEE), the Analytic Network Process (ANP), GIS, and Goal Programming (GP). Adoption varied across regions, with advanced models such as AHP and GIS less frequently used in developing countries due to technological constraints. These findings highlight emerging trends and gaps in MCDM application, particularly for argan forests, emphasizing the need for context-specific frameworks to support sustainable management in the face of climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Production in Forest Nurseries, Field Performance of Seedlings and Natural Regeneration in the Context of Climate Change)

16 pages, 8118 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of High-Severity Post-Fire Soil Quality and Its Recovery in Dry/Warm Valley Forestlands in Southwest China through Selecting the Minimum Data Set and Soil Quality Index

by Xiaosong Qin, Yi Wang, Dongdong Hou and Yongkang Li

Forests 2024, 15(10), 1727; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15101727 (registering DOI) - 29 Sep 2024

Abstract

Recurrent wildfires can negatively affect soil quality, and post-fire soil quality recovery is critical for maintaining sustainable ecosystem development. The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes and recovery of soil properties and soil quality in the forests of dry/warm river [...] Read more.

Recurrent wildfires can negatively affect soil quality, and post-fire soil quality recovery is critical for maintaining sustainable ecosystem development. The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes and recovery of soil properties and soil quality in the forests of dry/warm river valleys in southwest China after disturbance by high-severity fires. In this study, the impact of fire on soil properties and soil quality was investigated for three years post-fire. Unburned forest land with a similar natural environment compared to the fire area was used as a control. Soil samples were collected from three different depths of 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, and 20–30 cm, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) combined with the Norm value was used to select the minimum data set (MDS), thus calculating the soil quality index (SQI). The results showed that the soil properties changed significantly after high-severity fires. On average, soil bulk density (0.91 g/cm³, p = 0.001), total nitrogen (0.12 g/kg, p = 0.000), total phosphorus (0.10 g/kg, p = 0.000), and total potassium (5.55 g/kg, p = 0.000) were significantly lower in the burned areas than in the unburned areas at the first sampling. These indicators increased in the following three years but still did not recover to unburned levels. Compared with the above indicators, soil porosity and organic matter increased post-fire, but gradually decreased over time. Soil clay, geometric mean diameter, and total potassium were included in the MDS. The SQI was ranked as unburned > 3 years > 2 years > 1 year > 6 months. The SQI was significantly (p = 0.001) reduced six months post-fire by an average of 36%, and, after three years of recovery, the soil quality of the post-fire areas could be restored to 81% of soil in unburned areas. Apparently, high-severity fires caused changes in soil properties, thereby significantly decreasing soil quality. Soil quality gradually improved with increasing restoration time. However, the complete recovery of soil quality post-fire in forest land in the dry/warm river valley will take a longer time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Influence of Environmental Changes on Forest Soil Quality and Health)

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21 pages, 2358 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Tourist–Environment Fit on Environmental Responsibility Behavior: A Moderated Mediation Model

by Yifei Li and Min Song

Forests 2024, 15(10), 1726; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15101726 (registering DOI) - 29 Sep 2024

Abstract

Urban forest parks have emerged as significant tourist destinations thanks to economic expansion and the rise in free time. These parks offer tourists the opportunity to connect with nature. Existing studies have examined the value and importance of urban forest parks for tourists. [...] Read more.

Urban forest parks have emerged as significant tourist destinations thanks to economic expansion and the rise in free time. These parks offer tourists the opportunity to connect with nature. Existing studies have examined the value and importance of urban forest parks for tourists. However, there is a lack of research on the interaction between tourists and the natural environment and its influence on environmental responsibility. This study used structural equation modeling to explore the impact of tourist–environment fit on environmentally responsible behavior and the mediating role of natural empathy and awe in the impact of the above-mentioned relationship. In addition, the moderating role of tourists’ different cultural backgrounds (nationalities) was also analyzed. In this study, 509 valid questionnaires were collected from field surveys in April and May 2024 at the forest park of Lim City, Seoul, Republic of Korea. The data analysis indicates a notable and favorable impact of tourist–environment fit on visitors’ natural empathy, awe, and environmentally responsible behavior. Natural empathy and awe play a mediating role in the influence of tourist–environment fit on environmentally responsible behavior. It suggests that the fit between tourists and the recreational environment of urban forest parks promotes the emergence of empathy and awe and, thus, stimulates tourists’ environmentally responsible behavior. In addition, tourists’ cultural backgrounds play a moderating role in the influence of natural empathy and awe on environmentally responsible behavior. Compared to Korean tourists, Chinese tourists’ natural empathy and awe strongly influence environmentally responsible behavior compared to Korean tourists. This paper also explores the theoretical progress and practical observations that provide guidance and serve as references for the management and sustainable development of urban forest parks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Sustainable Use of Forests in Tourism and Recreation)

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17 pages, 2488 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Timber Harvest Planning Using Reinforcement Learning: A Feasibility Study

by Hyo-Vin Ji, Sang-Kyun Han and Jin-Woo Park

Forests 2024, 15(10), 1725; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15101725 (registering DOI) - 29 Sep 2024

Abstract

This study developed a forest management plan model using reinforcement learning (Q-learning) to optimize both the economic and ecological functions of forests. Management objectives for national forests were established, and forest conditions were analyzed using GIS spatial data and administrative records. A 60-year [...] Read more.

This study developed a forest management plan model using reinforcement learning (Q-learning) to optimize both the economic and ecological functions of forests. Management objectives for national forests were established, and forest conditions were analyzed using GIS spatial data and administrative records. A 60-year forest management plan was formulated to predict timber production and management performance across different regions and time periods. Our analysis revealed that Scenario 3 (Carbon Storage Priority) demonstrated the highest economic value, starting at approximately KRW 576.2 billion in the initial period and escalating to KRW 775.7 billion over six 10-year periods, totaling 60 years. In addition to its economic performance, Scenario 3 effectively improved forest age class structure and ensured a stable timber supply, making it the most balanced approach for sustainable forest management. By focusing on carbon storage as a key management goal, this approach highlights the potential for achieving both economic and environmental benefits concurrently. These results suggest that reinforcement learning is a powerful tool for developing long-term forest management strategies that address multiple objectives, including economic viability, ecological sustainability, and resource optimization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Applications in Forestry)

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11 pages, 2070 KiB

Open AccessOpinion

Two Infectious Diseases: “COVID-19” and “Pine Wilt Disease”

by Kazuyoshi Futai

Forests 2024, 15(10), 1724; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15101724 (registering DOI) - 29 Sep 2024

Abstract

Two epidemics, a new coronavirus disease (hereafter COVID-19) and pine wilt disease (hereafter PWD) whose causal agent is the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, are similar in terms of disease spread, particularly in an important role of the latent carrier in the [...] Read more.

Two epidemics, a new coronavirus disease (hereafter COVID-19) and pine wilt disease (hereafter PWD) whose causal agent is the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, are similar in terms of disease spread, particularly in an important role of the latent carrier in the spread of the disease. In Japan, damage caused by PWD has gradually decreased over the past 40 years, not because of successful control of PWD, but because pine forests susceptible to pine wilt have been drastically reduced by the disease. Meanwhile, COVID-19, which was first identified in China in 2019, became a pandemic in 2020 and caused long-term disruptions to people’s lives worldwide. Even after the declaration of the end of the emergency by the WHO in May 2023, the coronavirus continues to produce new variants and maintains the potential for new waves of infection. In this paper, I would like to discuss the issues of control measures for the forest disease PWD, especially for the measures against asymptomatic carrier trees, with reference to the efforts implemented for COVID-19, which is more closely related to human society. This is because an asymptomatic carrier has been a blind spot in conventional PWD control measures, and I believe that a fundamental review of control measures considering this aspect is essential, and understanding the similarities between COVID-19 management and PWD control can provide guidance on how to effectively deal with both human and plant epidemics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Health)

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16 pages, 7538 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification of the Auxin Response Factor Gene Family in Maple (Acer truncatum) and Transcriptional Expression Analysis at Different Coloration Stages of Leaves

by Tongbao Qu, Yinglun Sun, Ran Yu, Jian Liu, Xinyu Zhang and Zaixin Gong

Forests 2024, 15(10), 1723; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15101723 (registering DOI) - 29 Sep 2024

Abstract

Auxin response factors (ARFs) are involved in the mechanism of plant leaf color regulation, inhibiting chlorophyll synthesis while promoting anthocyanin production. However, it is not clear whether the ARF gene family is involved in autumn leaf color changes in maple. The differentially expressed [...] Read more.

Auxin response factors (ARFs) are involved in the mechanism of plant leaf color regulation, inhibiting chlorophyll synthesis while promoting anthocyanin production. However, it is not clear whether the ARF gene family is involved in autumn leaf color changes in maple. The differentially expressed genes for autumn leaf discoloration were obtained by transcriptome sequencing, and the AtARF family was constructed by homologous gene search. The results show that the AtARFs consist of 21 members distributed on 11 chromosomes and can be divided into three subfamilies, which are mainly distributed in the nucleus. The promoter regions of the AtARFs contain light-responsive elements, abiotic stress-responsive elements, and hormone-responsive elements. The analyses presented in this paper provide comprehensive information on ARFs and help to elucidate their functional roles in leaf color change in Acer truncatum. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics and Molecular Biology)

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16 pages, 9032 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Vulnerability to Cyclone Hazards in the World’s Largest Mangrove Forest, The Sundarbans: A Geospatial Analysis

by Mohammed, Fahmida Sultana, Ariful Khan, Sohag Ahammed, Md. Shamim Reza Saimun, Md Saifuzzaman Bhuiyan, Sanjeev K. Srivastava, Sharif A. Mukul and Mohammed A. S. Arfin-Khan

Forests 2024, 15(10), 1722; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15101722 (registering DOI) - 29 Sep 2024

Abstract

The Sundarbans is the world’s largest contiguous mangrove forest with an area of about 10,000 square kilometers and shared between Bangladesh and India. This world-renowned mangrove forest, located on the lower Ganges floodplain and facing the Bay of Bengal, has long served as [...] Read more.

The Sundarbans is the world’s largest contiguous mangrove forest with an area of about 10,000 square kilometers and shared between Bangladesh and India. This world-renowned mangrove forest, located on the lower Ganges floodplain and facing the Bay of Bengal, has long served as a crucial barrier, shielding southern coastal Bangladesh from cyclone hazards. However, the Sundarbans mangrove ecosystem is now increasingly threatened by climate-induced hazards, particularly tropical cyclones originating from the Indian Ocean. To assess the cyclone vulnerability of this unique ecosystem, using geospatial techniques, we analyzed the damage caused by past cyclones and the subsequent recovery across three salinity zones, i.e., Oligohaline, Mesohaline, and Polyhaline. Our study also examined the relationship between cyclone intensity with the extent of damage and forest recovery. The findings of our study indicate that the Polyhaline zone, the largest in terms of area and with the lowest elevation, suffered the most significant damage from cyclones in the Sundarbans region, likely due to its proximity to the most cyclone paths. A correlation analysis revealed that cyclone damage positively correlated with wind speed and negatively correlated with the distance of landfall from the center of the Sundarbans. With the expectation of more extreme weather events in the near future, the Sundarbans mangrove forest faces a potentially devastating outlook unless both natural protection processes and human interventions are undertaken to safeguard this critical ecosystem. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodiversity, Health, and Ecosystem Services of Mangroves)

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19 pages, 5368 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Farmers’ Perception of Shelter Forests and the Influencing Factors in Windy Desert Areas of the Hexi Corridor, China

by Yuzhong Zhang, Gaofeng Zhu, Yang Zhang, Jingjing Wu, Zhiqi Gao, Yonghong Su, Cong Xu and Haochen Fan

Forests 2024, 15(10), 1721; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15101721 (registering DOI) - 28 Sep 2024

Abstract

Shelter forest systems in the sandy areas mainly comprise farmland shelter forests (FSF) and windbreak and sand-fixing forests (WSF). Through a questionnaire survey of farmers in the oasis–desert transition zone of the windy desert areas of the Hexi Corridor in China, a perception [...] Read more.

Shelter forest systems in the sandy areas mainly comprise farmland shelter forests (FSF) and windbreak and sand-fixing forests (WSF). Through a questionnaire survey of farmers in the oasis–desert transition zone of the windy desert areas of the Hexi Corridor in China, a perception assessment model of farmers’ perception of the status quo and ecosystem service function of shelter forests was constructed, and the willingness of farmers to pay for shelter forest construction and protection was measured. Influencing factors for the farmers’ perception of shelter forests were analyzed by a multiple regression analysis. The results showed problems with pests and diseases all present in FSF and WSF, the destruction of farmland in FSF, and water scarcity in WSF. Farmers evaluated the ecological role of shelter forests as the most obvious in windbreak and sand fixation; intermediate in the four ecological roles of leisure and recreation, agricultural production, a sense of locality, and climate regulation; and the smallest in soil improvement. Nearly 95% of farmers are willing to donate funds to shelter forest construction and protection, and the average amount the farmers were willing to pay was CNY 54.30 per year. Willingness to pay, annual household income, gender, environmental experience, age, and interview area have significant effects on farmers’ perception of shelter forests. Finally, in this paper, we recommend increasing motivation through government financial support and training for farmers to address pests and diseases, water security, and the destruction of farmland in shelter forests to ensure healthy and sustainable growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Economics, Policy, and Social Science)

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23 pages, 5705 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Estimation of Crown-Level Leaf Dry Biomass of Ginkgo Saplings Based on Multi-Height UAV Imagery and Digital Aerial Photogrammetry Point Cloud Data

by Saiting Qiu, Xingzhou Zhu, Qilin Zhang, Xinyu Tao and Kai Zhou

Forests 2024, 15(10), 1720; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15101720 (registering DOI) - 28 Sep 2024

Abstract

Ginkgo is a multi-purpose economic tree species that plays a significant role in human production and daily life. The dry biomass of leaves serves as an accurate key indicator of the growth status of Ginkgo saplings and represents a direct source of economic [...] Read more.

Ginkgo is a multi-purpose economic tree species that plays a significant role in human production and daily life. The dry biomass of leaves serves as an accurate key indicator of the growth status of Ginkgo saplings and represents a direct source of economic yield. Given the characteristics of flexibility and high operational efficiency, affordable unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been utilized for estimating aboveground biomass in plantations, but not specifically for estimating leaf biomass at the individual sapling level. Furthermore, previous studies have primarily focused on image metrics while neglecting the potential of digital aerial photogrammetry (DAP) point cloud metrics. This study aims to investigate the estimation of crown-level leaf biomass in 3-year-old Ginkgo saplings subjected to different nitrogen treatments, using a synergistic approach that combines both image metrics and DAP metrics derived from UAV RGB images captured at varying flight heights (30 m, 60 m, and 90 m). In this study, image metrics (including the color and texture feature parameters) and DAP point cloud metrics (encompassing crown-level structural parameters, height-related and density-related metrics) were extracted and evaluated for modeling leaf biomass. The results indicated that models that utilized both image metrics and point cloud metrics generally outperformed those relying solely on image metrics. Notably, the combination of image metrics obtained from the 60 m flight height with DAP metrics derived from the 30 m height significantly enhanced the overall modeling performance, especially when optimal metrics were selected through a backward elimination approach. Among the regression methods employed, Gaussian process regression (GPR) models exhibited superior performance (CV-R² = 0.79, rRMSE = 25.22% for the best model), compared to Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) models. The common critical image metrics for both GPR and PLSR models were found to be related to chlorophyll (including G, B, and their normalized indices such as NGI and NBI), while key common structural parameters from the DAP metrics included height-related and crown-related features (specifically, tree height and crown width). This approach of integrating optimal image metrics with DAP metrics derived from multi-height UAV imagery shows great promise for estimating crown-level leaf biomass in Ginkgo saplings and potentially other tree crops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Inventory, Modeling and Remote Sensing)

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22 pages, 13676 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does Urban Green Space Pattern Affect Green Space Noise Reduction?

by Liyi Feng, Jiabing Wang, Binyan Liu, Fangbing Hu, Xinchen Hong and Wenkui Wang

Forests 2024, 15(10), 1719; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15101719 (registering DOI) - 28 Sep 2024

Abstract

The effect of urban green spaces on traffic noise reduction has been extensively studied at the level of single vegetation, hedges, etc., but there is a lack of corresponding studies at the scale of spatial patterns of urban green spaces. Therefore, this study [...] Read more.

The effect of urban green spaces on traffic noise reduction has been extensively studied at the level of single vegetation, hedges, etc., but there is a lack of corresponding studies at the scale of spatial patterns of urban green spaces. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the relationship between the spatial pattern of urban green space and the change in green space’s noise reduction capacity. Through the morphology spatial pattern analysis method, this analysis divides the urban green space in the Fuzhou high-tech zone into seven types of elements with different ecological definitions and simulates the noise condition of the urban environment with the presence of green space as well as without the presence of green space by computer simulation, calculates the distribution map of the noise reduction produced by the urban green space, and analyzes the correlation between the seven types of green space elements and the noise reduction with the geographically weighted regression modeling analysis. The study finds that (1) Urban green space patterns can significantly affect the net noise reduction of green space. Areas with high green coverage can produce a stronger green space noise reduction effect. (2) More complex green space shapes and more fragmented urban green space can produce higher noise reduction. (3) The green space close to the source of noise can exert a stronger noise reduction effect. Therefore, in the process of planning and design, from the perspective of improving the urban acoustic environment, the configuration of high-quality green spaces in areas with higher levels of noise pollution should be given priority, which may have better noise reduction effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soundscape in Urban Forests - 2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 41400 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Taxonomic Studies on Five Species of Sect. Tuberculata (Camellia L.) Based on Morphology, Pollen Morphology, and Molecular Evidence

by Xu Xiao, Zhi Li, Zhaohui Ran, Chao Yan, Ming Tang and Lang Huang

Forests 2024, 15(10), 1718; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15101718 (registering DOI) - 28 Sep 2024

Abstract

Sect. Tuberculata Chang in the genus Camellia (Theaceae Mirb.) is named after the “tubercle-like projections on the surface of the capsule and ovary”. Due to complex morphological variations in these taxon and insufficient field investigations, the interspecies relationships are unclear, the species’ definitions [...] Read more.

Sect. Tuberculata Chang in the genus Camellia (Theaceae Mirb.) is named after the “tubercle-like projections on the surface of the capsule and ovary”. Due to complex morphological variations in these taxon and insufficient field investigations, the interspecies relationships are unclear, the species’ definitions are vague, and the names are confusing. This is not conducive to the conservation and study of these species. Therefore, herein, we systematically explore the taxonomic status of five sect. Tuberculata species using morphological, pollen morphological, and molecular phylogenetic methods. The results showed that (1) the morphological characteristics of the flower, fruit, and leaves of C. anlungensis and C. leyeensis are similar. Furthermore, the pollen characteristics and pollen wall ornamentation show that there is no significant difference between the two species; (2) there are significant differences between C. acutiperulata and C. anlungensis in terms of leaf shape (elliptic vs. obovate), calyx characteristics (sepal apex pointed vs. sepal oblong), and fruit shape (subglobose folds with shallow verruculose vs. flat folds and verruculose protuberances with pronounced internal cleavage); (3) C. pyxidiacea and C. rubituberculata differ in flower color (white or light color vs. red) and fruit verrucae (obviously deeply cleft vs. shallowly uncracked); (4) a phylogenetic tree based on the chloroplast genome shows that C. anlungensis and C. leyeensis form a single clade (BS = 100%, PP = 1.0) and are on a different branch, with C. acutiperulata on clade II (BS = 100%, PP = 1.0), and C. pyxidiacea and C. rubituberculata clustered on different branches of clade I (BS = 99%, PP = 1.00). Considering the above results together, we propose that C. leyeensis should be treated as a homonym of C. anlungensis, and C. acutiperulata, C. pyxidiacea, and C. rubituberculata should be considered as separate species. Clarifying the taxonomic status of these five species not only advances our understanding of the significance and complexity of the systematic classification of the genus Camellia but also has important implications for diversity conservation and population genetics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecophysiology and Biology)

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15 pages, 2656 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Evolving Role of FSC Certification in Croatia: From Market Pressures to Sustainable Practices

by Kristina Klarić, Miljenko Klarić, Slađana Josipović and Azra Tafro

Forests 2024, 15(10), 1717; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15101717 (registering DOI) - 28 Sep 2024

Abstract

Forests are crucial in sustaining life on Earth and are at the core of global sustainability efforts, to which Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification makes a significant contribution. Changes in motivations, benefits, and challenges associated with FSC certification among Croatian companies, particularly in [...] Read more.

Forests are crucial in sustaining life on Earth and are at the core of global sustainability efforts, to which Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification makes a significant contribution. Changes in motivations, benefits, and challenges associated with FSC certification among Croatian companies, particularly in light of recent market fluctuations and global sustainability trends, have been examined in this study. The research was conducted in 2015 and 2023 using a survey method among FSC chain of custody (CoC) certificate holders in Croatia. A statistically significant decline in the proportion of companies citing customer demands and company image as the main reasons for FSC certification was observed, while environmental awareness became a more prominent motivation. Additionally, although key benefits such as retaining existing customers and attracting new ones remain important, a significant decline in the proportion of companies reporting increased profits as a benefit was noted. Challenges related to extensive documentation and frequent changes in standards also significantly increased. This study suggests that FSC certification remains crucial for maintaining competitiveness in the Croatian wood industry, especially as environmental concerns gain importance. Given that FSC standards help enforce European sustainability regulations, FSC certification is important for ensuring long-term resilience and success in an unstable market environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategic Forest-Based Sector Planning and Management in the Era of Bioeconomy)

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25 pages, 1695 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Classification and Interpretation of Methodological Approaches to Pursue Natural Capital Valuation in Forest Research

by Simone Martino, Stanislav Martinat, Katy Joyce, Samuel Poskitt and Maria Nijnik

Forests 2024, 15(10), 1716; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15101716 (registering DOI) - 28 Sep 2024

Abstract

This paper reviews natural capital (NC) valuation approaches in the context of woodland, forest, and riparian ecosystems, emphasising the need for participatory methods to take priority over neoclassical economics approaches. Focusing on research carried out in Scotland, the study analyses findings according to [...] Read more.

This paper reviews natural capital (NC) valuation approaches in the context of woodland, forest, and riparian ecosystems, emphasising the need for participatory methods to take priority over neoclassical economics approaches. Focusing on research carried out in Scotland, the study analyses findings according to a classification of natural capital initiatives that we have developed, building on ideas proposed by the UK ENCA initiative, a guideline proposed to help researchers and practitioners understand NC and take it into account in valuation, decision-making and policy. We have found that landscape-scale initiatives that address the relationships between people and place to inform value and decision-making beyond the economic (monetary) benefits generated by ecosystem services (ES) are becoming popular. For instance, recent methods employed to capture stakeholders’ non-utilitarian preferences include the use of participatory GIS mapping, scenario planning, and other participatory methods to identify, explore and quantify less tangible cultural ecosystem services (CES). The review shows that many studies provide information relevant to the formulation of a place-based NC approach, working towards the integration of contextual and relational values into land management decisions to help formulate management strategies that maximise ES delivery. Conversely, we have not found evidence of the integration of shared values arising from an eco-centric perspective of nature valuation into the more classical, instrumental value lens. Such an approach would help inform broader, overarching aspects of woodland and forest management that may foster more effective conservation and help to manage conflicts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovation, Transition and Reconstruction of Forestry Oriented by Policies)

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22 pages, 16907 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Coordination of Park Green Spaces and Urban Functional Areas through Multi-Source Data: A Spatial Analysis in Fuzhou, China

by Han Xu, Guorui Zheng, Xinya Lin and Yunfeng Jin

Forests 2024, 15(10), 1715; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15101715 (registering DOI) - 27 Sep 2024

Abstract

The coordinated development of park green spaces (PGS)with urban functional areas (UFA) has a direct impact on the operational efficiency of cities and the quality of life of residents. Therefore, an in-depth exploration of the coupling patterns and influencing factors between PGS and [...] Read more.

The coordinated development of park green spaces (PGS)with urban functional areas (UFA) has a direct impact on the operational efficiency of cities and the quality of life of residents. Therefore, an in-depth exploration of the coupling patterns and influencing factors between PGS and UFA is fundamental for efficient collaboration and the creation of high-quality living environments. This study focuses on the street units of Fuzhou’s central urban area, utilizing multi-source data such as land use, points of interest (POI), and OpenStreetMap (OSM) methods, including kernel density analysis, standard deviational ellipse, coupling coordination degree model, and geographical detectors, are employed to systematically analyze the spatial distribution patterns of PGS and UFA, as well as their coupling coordination relationships. The findings reveal that (1) both PGS and various UFA have higher densities in the city center, with a concentric decrease towards the periphery. PGS are primarily concentrated in the city center, exhibiting a monocentric distribution, while UFA display planar, polycentric, or axial distribution patterns. (2) The spatial distribution centers of both PGS and UFA are skewed towards the southwest of the city center, with PGS being relatively evenly distributed and showing minimal deviation from UFA. (3) The dominant type of coupling coordination between PGS and various UFA is “Close to dissonance”, displaying a spatial pattern of “high in the center, low on the east-west and north-south wings”. Socioeconomic factors are the primary driving force influencing the coupling coordination degree, while population and transportation conditions are secondary factors. This research provides a scientific basis for urban planning and assists planners in more precisely coordinating the development of parks, green spaces, and various functional spaces in urban spatial layouts, thereby promoting sustainable urban development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Urban Forestry)

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23 pages, 7106 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mixed Coniferous Broad-Leaved Forests as Road Shelter Forests: Increased Urban Traffic Noise Reduction Effects and Economic Benefits

by Jiaxuan Liu, Yulun Wu, Haibo Hu and Yuanyuan Feng

Forests 2024, 15(10), 1714; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15101714 - 27 Sep 2024

Abstract

Establishing road shelter forests is a key method to reduce traffic noise pollution. However, the characteristics of various types of road shelter forests and their effectiveness in reducing traffic noise remain extensively unexplored. This study focused on five types of pure road shelter [...] Read more.

Establishing road shelter forests is a key method to reduce traffic noise pollution. However, the characteristics of various types of road shelter forests and their effectiveness in reducing traffic noise remain extensively unexplored. This study focused on five types of pure road shelter forests (PFs) and one type of mixed coniferous broad-leaved forest (MCBLF). By conducting field noise monitoring and spectrum simulations, we analyzed average mass density, additional noise reduction and economic benefits. With a forest belt width of 60 m, the MCBLF reduced additional noise by 6.6 dB(A). Additionally, Forest height, crown shape, average mass density and noise frequency were all positively linked to noise reduction. The width of shelter forests was the main factor affecting noise reduction. Linear regression analysis results showed that cumulative mass surface density was a significant factor in noise reduction (p < 0.01, R² = 0.93). Furthermore, the type and composition of the shelter forest had indirect effects on noise reduction. The MCBLF had better noise-reducing effects compared to both broad-leaved PFs and needle-leaved PFs due to its more complex structure. Interestingly, as the forest belt became wider, the noise reduction benefits per unit area decreased, implying that a 10 m wide forest belt offered higher economic returns. Considering that a 10 m wide shelter forest belt did not meet noise reduction requirements. This study suggested that the 20 m wide MCBLF was an optimal choice as an urban road shelter forest, providing both effective noise reduction and maximized economic benefits. Our findings provide a basis for the construction and sustainable development of road shelter forests with noise reduction functions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Forests and Greening for Sustainable Cities)

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16 pages, 3150 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Herbaceous Plant Diversity and Soil Physicochemical Properties under Different Artificial Forests in the Bulianta Core Mine, Inner Mongolia, China

by Ruidong Wang, Zhongju Meng, Yong Gao and Zhenliang Wu

Forests 2024, 15(10), 1713; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15101713 (registering DOI) - 27 Sep 2024

Abstract

Understory vegetation constitutes an essential component of the ecosystem within the coal mining area, disclosing the correlation between plant species composition and soil properties throughout the multi-year restoration process, and offering a theoretical framework for ecological restoration and reconstruction in the northwest wind-blown [...] Read more.

Understory vegetation constitutes an essential component of the ecosystem within the coal mining area, disclosing the correlation between plant species composition and soil properties throughout the multi-year restoration process, and offering a theoretical framework for ecological restoration and reconstruction in the northwest wind-blown sand mining area. We investigated the coupling and coordination degree between the composition of understory vegetation and soil in Pinus sylvestris forests, Hippophae rhamnoides forests, and Prunus sibirica forests at different restoration stages (5 years, 10 years, 15 years) using field survey methods and indoor separation techniques. The results clearly indicate that: (1) After 15 years of recovery, a total of 32 species of herbs appeared in different plantations, belonging to 8 families and 21 genera, of which Artemisia scoparia had the highest importance value (42.85); (2) Significant differences were observed in herb diversity, soil physicochemical properties, and their relationships among different plantations (p < 0.05); (3) The vegetation–soil coupling coordination index of the plantations was as follows: P. sibirica forest (0.5111) > P. sylvestris forest (0.5069) > H. rhamnoides forest (0.4932). The vegetation status of the H. rhamnoides forest is a state of vegetation lagging development type of intermediate-level coordinated development, while the vegetation status of the P. sibirica forest and the P. sylvestris forest is barely harmonious. The status of the P. sibirica forest and P. sylvestris forest is better than that of H. rhamnoides forests. It is essential to enhance the management measures implemented in the Bulianta mine area. Appropriate tending, particularly the regulation of soil nutrients, might be more conducive to the restoration of vegetation and the improvement of forest ecosystem services in the mining area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Biodiversity)

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20 pages, 12381 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Shifts in Plant Phenology and Its Responses to Climate Warming in Three Temperate Cities of China during 1963–2020

by Lijuan Cao, Shaozhi Lin, Wei Liu, Chengxi Gao, Wenrui Bai, Mengyao Zhu, Yulong Hao, Xingming Hao and Junhu Dai

Forests 2024, 15(10), 1712; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15101712 - 27 Sep 2024

Abstract

The advance of spring phenology and the delay of autumn phenology caused by global warming have been documented by many studies. However, most research has focused on natural areas, with limited studies conducted on phenological observations in urban environments. Here, we selected the [...] Read more.

The advance of spring phenology and the delay of autumn phenology caused by global warming have been documented by many studies. However, most research has focused on natural areas, with limited studies conducted on phenological observations in urban environments. Here, we selected the first flowering date (FFD), first leaf date (FLD), and leaf coloring date (LCD) at three sites (Beijing, Harbin, and Mudanjiang) from the China Phenological Observation Network. We analyzed the phenological changes of 84 species between 1963–1991 and 1992–2020 to examine their response to urban warming. We then quantified the correlations and regressions between phenological events and preseason temperature. The results show the following: (1) Among the three sites, the mean FFD and FLD were earliest in Beijing, while the mean LCD occurred earliest in Harbin and latest in Beijing. (2) FFD and FLD exhibited a significant trend towards earlier occurrences at all three sites, while LCD showed a significant delay trend except for the Mudanjiang site. Specifically, at the Beijing, Harbin, and Mudanjiang sites, the mean FFD advanced by 8.32 days, 6.11 days, and 2.60 days in the latter period (p < 0.05), whereas the mean FLD advanced by 11.30 days, 7.21 days, and 5.02 days (p < 0.05), respectively. (3) In Beijing, Harbin, and Mudanjiang, both FFD and FLD were significantly negatively correlated with preseason temperature. However, no consistent relationship was observed between LCD and preseason temperature. These results enhance our understanding of the response of plant phenology to urban warming. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Woody Plant Phenology in a Changing Climate)

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