Saved Queries

by Sagie Katz, Hoang Trong Phan, Fabian Rieder, Franziska Seifert, Markus Pietzsch, Jan Laufer, Franz-Josef Schmitt and Peter Hildebrandt

Molecules 2024, 29(20), 4948; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29204948 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2024

Viewed by 47

Abstract

Fluorescing proteins emitting in the near-infrared region are of high importance in various fields of biomedicine and applied life sciences. Promising candidates are phytochromes that can be engineered to a small size and genetically attached to a target system for in vivo monitoring. Here, we have investigated two of these minimal single-domain phytochromes, miRFP670nano3 and miRFP718nano, aiming at a better understanding of the structural parameters that control the fluorescence properties of the covalently bound biliverdin (BV) chromophore. On the basis of resonance Raman and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, it is shown that in both proteins, BV is deprotonated at one of the inner pyrrole rings (B or C). This protonation pattern, which is unusual for tetrapyrroles in proteins, implies an equilibrium between a B- and C-protonated tautomer. The dynamics of the equilibrium are slow compared to the fluorescence lifetime in miRFP670nano3 but much faster in miRFP718nano, both in the ground and excited states. The different rates of proton exchange are most likely due to the different structural dynamics of the more rigid and more flexible chromophore in miRFP670nano3 and miRFP718nano, respectively. We suggest that these structural properties account for the quite different fluorescent quantum yields of both proteins. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stimuli-Responsive Chromophores and Luminophores—Second Volume)

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23 pages, 15994 KiB

Open AccessArticle

C3a Mediates Endothelial Barrier Disruption in Brain-Derived, but Not Retinal, Human Endothelial Cells

by Hannah Nora Wolf, Larissa Guempelein, Juliane Schikora and Diana Pauly

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(20), 11240; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252011240 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2024

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Abstract

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is associated with pathological aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G (AQP4-IgG), which cause brain damage. However, the impact of AQP4-IgG on retinal tissue remains unclear. Additionally, dysregulated complement anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a, known to modulate the endothelial barrier, are implicated in NMOSD. This study evaluates the susceptibility of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) and human retinal endothelial cells (HREC) to C3a- and C5a-mediated stress using real-time cell barrier analysis, immunocytochemical staining, qPCR and IgG transmigration assays. The findings reveal that C3a induced a concentration-dependent paracellular barrier breakdown and increased transcellular permeability in HBMEC, while HREC maintained barrier integrity under the same conditions. C5a attenuated C3a-induced disruption in HBMEC, indicating a protective role. Anaphylatoxin treatment elevated transcript levels of complement component C3 and increased C5 gene and protein expression in HREC, with no changes observed in HBMEC. In HBMEC, C5a treatment led to a transient upregulation of C3a receptor (C3AR) mRNA and an early decrease in C5a receptor 1 (C5AR1) protein detection. Conversely, HREC exhibited a late increase in C5aR1 protein levels. These results indicate that the retinal endothelial barrier is more stable under anaphylatoxin-induced stress compared to the brain, potentially offering better protection against paracellular AQP4-IgG transport. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Research in Retinal Degeneration)

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11 pages, 1377 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Trends in Nutritional Status and Dietary Behavior in School-Aged Children with Congenital Heart Defects

by Dominik Tobias, Paul Christian Helm, Ulrike Maria Margarethe Bauer, Claudia Niessner, Sigrid Hahn, Jannos Siaplaouras and Christian Apitz

Children 2024, 11(10), 1264; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11101264 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2024

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Abstract

Background: Malnutrition and poor weight gain has been reported in infants with congenital heart defects (CHDs); however data in older children with CHDs are limited. In order to obtain representative data on the nutritional status, dietary behavior, and potential influencing factors in school-aged children with CHDs, we performed a nationwide online survey. Methods: Patients aged 6 to 17 years registered in the German National Register for CHDs were asked to participate in this study by completing the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS) eating study questionnaire in order to assess their self-reported dietary habits. The use of the same questionnaire enabled a comparison with a representative subset of 4569 participants of the KiGGS study. Results: A total of 894 patients (mean age 12.5 ± 3.0 years; 47.2% female) were enrolled. Patients were allocated according to anatomic complexity into simple (23.8%), moderate (37.8%), and complex CHDs (38.4%). The consumption of sugar-containing food (p < 0.001) and fast food (p < 0.05) was significantly lower among the CHD patients than in the healthy children. Children with CHDs showed significantly lower body mass index (BMI) percentiles (p < 0.001) compared with their healthy peers, while children with complex and moderate CHDs had the lowest BMI. While in CHD patients, the BMI percentiles were not related to unhealthy food, there was a strong correlation with the CHD severity and number of previous interventions (p < 0.01). Conclusions: According to this nationwide survey, school-aged children with complex CHD are at risk of undernutrition, which is not due to dietary habits but to CHD severity and repeated surgery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Cardiology)

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10 pages, 2887 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Raman Spectroscopy Investigations of Ribbeck Meteorite

by Mariusz Dudek, Jacek Grabarczyk, Tomasz Jakubowski, Paweł Zaręba and Anna Karczemska

Materials 2024, 17(20), 5105; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17205105 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2024

Viewed by 158

Abstract

On 21 January 2024, asteroid 2024BX1, discovered the three hours before, fell to Earth south of Ribbeck in the Havelland region of Germany. In this study, fragments of the Ribbeck meteorite, characterized by white and gray colors lithology, were examined for their chemical and phase compositions. The white lithology fragment exhibited a homogeneous chemical and phase structure typical of orthopyroxene, which crystallizes in the orthorhombic system. The gray lithology fragment showed a greater diversity in chemical and phase compositions. Raman spectra analysis revealed that, in addition to the pyroxenes found in the white lithology fragment, minerals from the olivine group (fayalite and forsterite) were also present, along with plagioclase and sulfur in pure crystalline form. Full article

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12 pages, 2042 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Molecular Imaging Biomarkers Derived from [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT in mCRPC: Whole-Body Total Lesion Glycolysis (TLG) Predicts Overall Survival in Patients Undergoing [²²⁵Ac]Ac-PSMA-617-Augmented [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 Radioligand Therapy

by Caroline Burgard, Fadi Khreish, Lukas Dahlmanns, Arne Blickle, Moritz B. Bastian, Tilman Speicher, Stephan Maus, Andrea Schaefer-Schuler, Mark Bartholomä, Sven Petto, Samer Ezziddin and Florian Rosar

Cancers 2024, 16(20), 3532; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16203532 (registering DOI) - 19 Oct 2024

Viewed by 170

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The augmentation of [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 radioligand therapy by alpha emitting [²²⁵Ac]Ac-PSMA-617, known as the tandem therapy concept, is a promising escalating treatment option in advanced mCRPC. In this study, we evaluated the value of [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT-derived molecular imaging biomarkers for predicting response and outcome to PSMA tandem RLT in n = 33 patients with insufficient response on [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 monotherapy. Methods: Six different molecular imaging parameters at baseline, i.e., before initiation of PSMA tandem RLT with respect to SUV_max, SUV_peak, SUV₅, SUV_mean, metabolic tumor volume (MTV), and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) were tested for association with response and overall survival (OS). Results: After the initiation of augmentation, 24.2% of patients with a previously insufficient response experienced partial remission, and 39.4% experienced stable disease. The median OS was 7 months (95% CI: 4–11 months). None of the tested parameters were able to predict the response (all p > 0.529). In contrast, the [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT-derived whole-body molecular imaging parameter TLG was significantly (p = 0.029) associated with OS of patients undergoing [²²⁵Ac]Ac-PSMA-617 augmented [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 RLT after insufficient response to [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 monotherapy. Conclusion: Implementing [¹⁸F]FDG PET/CT in the management of PSMA-RLT in clinical practice may contribute to outcome prediction and provide a route to more individualized management in mCRPC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Imaging Biomarker in Oncology)

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24 pages, 9980 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biofeedback-Based Closed-Loop Phytoactuation in Vertical Farming and Controlled-Environment Agriculture

by Serge Kernbach

Biomimetics 2024, 9(10), 640; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9100640 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2024

Viewed by 305

Abstract

This work focuses on biohybrid systems—plants with biosensors and actuating mechanisms that enhance the ability of biological organisms to control environmental parameters, to optimize growth conditions or to cope with stress factors. Biofeedback-based phytoactuation represents the next step of development in hydroponics, vertical farming and controlled-environment agriculture. The sensing part of the discussed approach uses (electro)physiological sensors. The hydrodynamics of fluid transport systems, estimated electrochemically, is compared with sap flow data provided by heat-based methods. In vivo impedance spectroscopy enables the discrimination of water, nutrient and photosynthates in the plant stem. Additionally to plant physiology, the system measures several air/soil and environmental parameters. The actuating part includes a multi-channel power module to control phytolight, irrigation, fertilization and air/water preparation. We demonstrate several tested in situ applications of a closed-loop control based on real-time biofeedback. In vertical farming, this is used to optimize energy and water consumption, reduce growth time and detect stress. Biofeedback was able to reduce the microgreen production cycle from 7 days to 4–5 days and the production of wheatgrass from 10 days to 7–8 days, and, in combination with biofeedback-based irrigation, a 30% increase in pea biomass was achieved. Its energy optimization can reach 25–30%. In environmental monitoring, the system performs the biological monitoring of environmental pollution (a low concentration of O₃) with tomato and tobacco plants. In AI research, a complex exploration of biological organisms, and in particular the adaptation mechanisms of circadian clocks to changing environments, has been shown. This paper introduces a phytosensor system, describes its electrochemical measurements and discusses its tested applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics and Biomimetics in Engineering Design)

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17 pages, 5181 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Shift-Invariance Robustness of Convolutional Neural Networks in Side-Channel Analysis

by Marina Krček, Lichao Wu, Guilherme Perin and Stjepan Picek

Mathematics 2024, 12(20), 3279; https://doi.org/10.3390/math12203279 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2024

Viewed by 262

Abstract

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) offer unrivaled performance in profiling side-channel analysis. This claim is corroborated by numerous results where CNNs break targets protected with masking and hiding countermeasures. One hiding countermeasure commonly investigated in related works is desynchronization (misalignment). The conclusions usually state that CNNs can break desynchronization as they are shift-invariant. This paper investigates that claim in more detail and reveals that the situation is more complex. While CNNs have certain shift-invariance, it is insufficient for commonly encountered scenarios in deep learning-based side-channel analysis. We investigate data augmentation to improve the shift-invariance and, in a more powerful version, ensembles of data augmentation. Our results show that the proposed techniques work very well and improve the attack significantly, even for an order of magnitude. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Artificial Intelligence to Cryptography)

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11 pages, 1165 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Focal Unspecific Bone Uptake on [¹⁸F]PSMA-1007 PET: Evaluation Analog PROMISE Criteria and Validation via PET/CT Follow-Up

by Jonas-Alexander Benecke, Eduardo Calderón, Gerald Reischl, Andreas Brendlin, Igor Tsaur, Christian la Fougère and Jonas Vogel

Diagnostics 2024, 14(20), 2327; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14202327 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2024

Viewed by 214

Abstract

Background: Focal unspecific bone uptake (UBU) is common in [¹⁸F]PSMA-1007 PET/CT, yet its clinical significance remains unclear, causing uncertainty in treatment decisions. Material and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 99 prostate cancer patients (age 69 ± 7) who underwent [¹⁸F]PSMA-1007 PET/CT scans (3 MBq/kg; uptake time 70 ± 14 min) for staging and follow-up (after 13.0 ± 7.2 months). Semiquantitative assessment using the miPSMA score, analogous to the PROMISE criteria, evaluated the prevalence of UBU and bone metastases. Results: In the initial PET/CT scan, 56 patients had 230 lesions classified as UBU. A total of 19 patients were found to have bone metastases and UBU, while 24 patients had no focal bone uptake. UBU distribution was as follows: ribs (50%), spine (30%), pelvis (15%), and other sites (5%). There were no significant differences in age, Gleason score, injected tracer dose, uptake time, SUV_peak of UBU, or SUV_mean in the spleen and parotid gland between patients with and without UBU. Follow-up showed stable miPSMA-score and CT appearance in 44/56 patients with UBU (79%), minor changes in 5/56 patients (8%), and new bone metastases in 7/56 patients (12%). Patient-specific analysis indicated at least one bone metastasis initially classified as UBU in 3/56 patients (5%) and new bone metastases in 4/56 patients (7%). In total, 4 of the 24 patients (17%) without initial focal uptake developed osseous metastases at follow-up. Conclusions: No significant differences were found between patients with or without UBU. Only a small portion of UBU (2%) evolved into metastases, a lower rate than the development of new osseous metastases, which appears to be independent of UBU. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Technology)

17 pages, 1696 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study of Polymer of Intrinsic Microporosity-Derivative Polymers in Pervaporation and Water Vapor Permeance Applications

by Esra Caliskan, Sergey Shishatskiy and Volkan Filiz

Polymers 2024, 16(20), 2932; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16202932 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2024

Viewed by 328

Abstract

This study assesses the gas and water vapor permeance of PIM-derivative thin-film composite (TFC) membranes using pervaporation and “pressure increase” methods, and provides a comparative view of “time lag” measurements of thick films obtained from our previous work. In this study, TFC membranes were prepared using PIM-1 and homopolymers that were modified with different side groups to explore their effects on gas and water vapor transport. Rigid and bulky aliphatic groups were used to increase the polymer’s free volume and were evaluated for their impact on both gas and water transport. Aromatic side groups were specifically employed to assess water affinity. The permeance of CO₂, H₂, CH₄ and water vapor through these membranes was analyzed using the ‘pressure increase’ method to determine the modifications’ influence on transport efficiency and interaction with water molecules. Over a 20 h period, the aging and the permeance of the TFC membranes were analyzed using this method. In parallel, pervaporation experiments were conducted on samples taken independently from the same membrane roll to assess water flux, with particular attention paid to the liquid form on the feed side. The significantly higher water vapor transport rates observed in pervaporation experiments compared to those using the “pressure increase” method underline the efficiency of pervaporation. This efficiency suggests that membranes designed for pervaporation can serve as effective alternatives to conventional porous membranes used in distillation applications. Additionally, incorporating “time lag” results from a pioneering study into the comparison revealed that the trends observed in “time lag” and pervaporation results exhibited similar trends, whereas “pressure increase” data showed a different development. This discrepancy is attributed to the state of the polymer, which varies significantly depending on the operating conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Applications)

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19 pages, 1849 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Crystallographic and Optical Spectroscopic Study of Metal–Organic 2D Polymeric Crystals of Silver(I)– and Zinc(II)–Squarates

by Bojidarka Ivanova

Crystals 2024, 14(10), 905; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14100905 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2024

Viewed by 191

Abstract

Metal–organic framework materials, as innovative functional materials for nonlinear optical technologies, feature linear and nonlinear optical responses, such as a laser damage threshold, outstanding mechanical properties, thermal stability, and optical transparency. Their non-centrosymmetric crystal structure induces a higher-order nonlinear optical response, which guarantees technological applications. Zn^II– and Ag^I–squarate complexes are attractive templates for these purposes due to their good crystal growth, optical transparency, high thermal stability, etc. However, the space group type of the catena-((μ₂-squarato)-tetra-aqua-zinc(II)) complex ([Zn(C₄O₄)(H₂O)₄]) is debatable, (1) showing centro- and non-centrosymmetric monoclinic C2/c and Cc phases. The same is valid for the catena-((μ₃-squarato)-(μ₂-aqua)-silver(I)) complex (Ag₂C₄O₄), (2) exhibiting, so far, only a C2/c phase. This study is the first to report new crystallographic data on (1) and (2) re-determined at different temperatures (293(2) and 300(2)K) and the non-centrosymmetric Cc phase of (2), having different numbers of molecules per unit cell compared with the C2/c phase. There are high-resolution crystallographic measurements of single crystals, experimental electronic absorption, and vibrational spectroscopic data, together with ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometric ones. The experimental results are supported for theoretical optical and nonlinear optical properties obtained via high-accuracy static computational methods and molecular dynamics, using density functional theory as well as chemometrics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring the Frontier of MOFs through Crystallographic Studies)

16 pages, 288 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Sixth-Order Cubic B-Spline Approach for Solving Linear Boundary Value Problems: An In-Depth Analysis and Comparative Study

by Ram Kishun Lodhi, Moustafa S. Darweesh, Abdelkarim Aydi, Lioua Kolsi, Anil Sharma and Katta Ramesh

Mathematics 2024, 12(20), 3274; https://doi.org/10.3390/math12203274 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2024

Viewed by 190

Abstract

This research presents an efficient and highly accurate cubic B-spline method (CBSM) for solving second-order linear boundary value problems (BVPs). The method achieves sixth-order convergence, supported by rigorous error analysis, ensuring rapid error reduction with mesh refinement. The effectiveness of the CBSM is validated through four numerical examples, showcasing its accuracy, reliability, and computational efficiency, making it well-suited for large-scale problems. A comparative analysis with existing methods confirms the superior performance of the CBSM, positioning it as a practical and powerful tool for solving second-order BVPs. Full article

21 pages, 885 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Medium-Duty Road Freight Transport—Investigation of Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Battery Electric and Fuel Cell Trucks with Model-Based Predictions Until 2050

by Manfred Dollinger and Gerhard Fischerauer

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(20), 9535; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209535 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2024

Viewed by 318

Abstract

The present work intends to make a scientific contribution to future drive technology in medium-duty road freight transportation that is as objective and fact-based as possible. In cooperation with a medium-sized forwarding company, 1-day transports, previously driven with diesel trucks, were examined. Using a physically based model, which was first validated by comparing simulated CNG drive data with real-world diesel data, the findings were transferred to battery electric trucks (BETs) and fuel cell trucks (FCETs) and extrapolated to 2050 based on expected technological developments. The model makes statements based on the results of the investigated application regarding specific consumption, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, consumption shares and recuperation. The CNG combustion technology (ICET-CNG) serves as a reference. BETs in this application have the lowest emission and consumption values: BET₂₀₅₀ will consume a third of the energy and emit a fifth of the GHGs of ICET-CNG₂₀₂₄. The weight of the battery leads to higher consumption values. FCETs have higher fuel consumption due to their longer drive trains. This is partially compensated by their lower weight: FCET₂₀₅₀ will consume 40% of the energy and emit a third of the GHGs of ICET₂₀₂₄. In long-distance traffic, aerodynamic drag is the dominant consumption factor, accounting for 40%, which should be addressed in further truck development. Recuperation extends the range by 3–7%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Transportation and Future Mobility)

17 pages, 655 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Various Extraction Technologies on Protein and Chlorophyll Yield from Stinging Nettle

by Simon Dirr and Özlem Özmutlu Karslioglu

Foods 2024, 13(20), 3318; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13203318 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2024

Viewed by 201

Abstract

Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) has gained attention as a sustainable protein source due to its rich bioactive compound profile and medicinal properties, but research on optimizing its protein extraction remains limited. This research explores various cell disruption methods, including pulsed electric fields and high-pressure homogenization, combined with extraction techniques like isoelectric precipitation, ultrafiltration, and salting-out, to enhance protein yield and assess its impact on chlorophyll content. The findings indicate that high-pressure homogenization combined with isoelectric precipitation achieved the highest protein yield of 11.60%, while pulsed electric fields with ultrafiltration significantly reduced chlorophyll content from 4781.41 µg/g in raw leaves to 15.07 µg/g in the processed sample. Additionally, the findings suggest that innovative extraction technologies can improve the efficiency and sustainability of protein isolation from stinging nettle, offering a valuable addition to the repertoire of alternative protein sources. These advancements could pave the way for broader applications of stinging nettle in food fortification and functional ingredient development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Methods in Food Processing and Analysis)

24 pages, 1133 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Inversion-Enhanced U-Control of Quadrotor Trajectory Tracking

by Ahtisham Lone, Quanmin Zhu, Hamidreza Nemati and Paolo Mercorelli

Drones 2024, 8(10), 599; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones8100599 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2024

Viewed by 182

Abstract

This study proposes a universal (U)-control enhanced with dynamic inversion for a class of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) quadrotor flight tracking operations. In the technique, a robust compensator is integrated with the U-controller to achieve stabilisation at the equilibrium and setpoint tracking in the presence of any unmodelled uncertainties and external disturbances. A series of bench tests of simulated and real experiments on a Parrot Mambo quadrotor are conducted to show the design framework from the academic formulation to Simulink simulation and real flight tests. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamics Modeling and Conceptual Design of UAVs)

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13 pages, 14885 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Utilization of the Resonance Behavior of a Tendon-Driven Continuum Joint for Periodic Natural Motions in Soft Robotics

by Oliver Neumann, Bastian Deutschmann and Jens Reinecke

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(20), 9532; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209532 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2024

Viewed by 223

Abstract

Continuum joints use structural elastic deformations to enable joint motion, and their intrinsic compliance and inherent mechanical robustness are envisioned for applications in which the robot, the human, and the environment need to be safe during interaction. In particular, the intrinsic compliance makes continuum joints a competitor to soft articulated joints, which require additional integrated spring elements. For soft articulated joints incorporating rigid and soft parts, natural motions have been investigated in robotics research to exploit this energy-efficient motion property for cyclic motions, e.g.,~locomotion. To the best of the author's knowledge, there is no robotic system to date that utilizes the natural motion of a continuum joint under periodic excitation. In this paper, the resonant behavior of a tendon-driven continuum joint under periodic excitation of the torsional axis is experimentally investigated in a functional sense. In the experiments, periodic inputs are introduced on the joint side of a tendon driven continuum joint with four tendons. By modulating the pretension of the tendons, both the resonant frequency and the gain can be shifted, {from 3 to 4.3 Hz and 2.8 to 1.4}, respectively, in the present experimental setup. An application would be the rotation of a humanoid torso, where gait frequencies are synchronized with the resonant frequency of the continuum joint. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Fundamental Research to Application of Bio-Inspired, Bio-Hybrid, and Soft Robotics)

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