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Search Results (224)

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21 pages, 5740 KiB  
Article
Adenoviral-Vectored Multivalent Vaccine Provides Durable Protection Against Influenza B Viruses from Victoria-like and Yamagata-like Lineages
by Matthew J. Pekarek, Adthakorn Madapong, Joshua Wiggins and Eric A. Weaver
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(4), 1538; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26041538 - 12 Feb 2025
Viewed by 361
Abstract
Despite annual vaccines, Influenza B viruses (IBVs) continue to cause severe infections and have a significant impact and burden on the healthcare system. Improving IBV vaccine effectiveness is a key focus, with various strategies under investigation. In this research, we used a computational [...] Read more.
Despite annual vaccines, Influenza B viruses (IBVs) continue to cause severe infections and have a significant impact and burden on the healthcare system. Improving IBV vaccine effectiveness is a key focus, with various strategies under investigation. In this research, we used a computational design to select wildtype sequences for a multivalent viral-vectored vaccine (rAd-Tri-Vic) targeting the Victoria-like (Vic) hemagglutinin (HA) protein. In mouse models, the vaccine induced strong antibody and T cell responses, providing complete protection against both lineage-specific and cross-lineage (Yamagata-like) lethal challenges. The immune responses remained robust for up to six months, which demonstrated sustained protection. These results highlight the potential of HA-targeted multivalent vaccines to enhance the IBV efficacy and address protection against antigenically diverse IBV strains. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protective Immune Response to Virus Infection and Vaccines)
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15 pages, 3307 KiB  
Article
Epidemiology and Genetic Evolutionary Analysis of Influenza Virus Among Children in Hainan Island, China, 2021–2023
by Meng Chang, Shengjie Shi, Yan Jin, Gaoyu Wang, Ruoyan Peng, Jing An, Yi Huang, Xiaoyuan Hu, Chuanning Tang, Yi Niu, Xiuying Tian, Wanxin Deng, Cheng Tang, Xiuji Cui, Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan, Yibo Jia and Feifei Yin
Pathogens 2025, 14(2), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14020142 - 3 Feb 2025
Viewed by 541
Abstract
Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, we continuously monitored the epidemiology of influenza virus among pediatric patients from January 2021 to December 2023 in Hainan Island, China. Methods: In this study, we collected 54,974 nasopharyngeal swab samples for influenza A Virus (IAV) testing and [...] Read more.
Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, we continuously monitored the epidemiology of influenza virus among pediatric patients from January 2021 to December 2023 in Hainan Island, China. Methods: In this study, we collected 54,974 nasopharyngeal swab samples for influenza A Virus (IAV) testing and 53,151 samples for influenza B Virus (IBV) testing from pediatric outpatients. Additionally, we also collected 19,687 nasopharyngeal swab samples from pediatric inpatients for IAV and IBV testing. Outpatient samples were screened for influenza viruses (IVs) infection by the colloidal gold method. Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing (tNGS) was used to detect influenza virus infections in inpatients. Influenza virus types were identified by analyzing the HA/NA partial regions. Results: The findings revealed a significant decrease in the infection rate of IBV over the specified period, while the infection rate of IAV exhibited a rising trend. Additionally, B/Victoria lineage was the dominant epidemic strain in 2021, while the epidemic strains in 2022 and 2023 underwent a dynamic transformation from A/H3N2 to A/H1N1. Phylogenetic analysis revealed close relationships among the circulating strains. Nonetheless, because the sample size is limited, additional research is required. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the predominant types of influenza viruses in the pediatric population are undergoing dynamic changes, influenced by the implementation and relaxation of non-pharmaceutical intervention measures. These findings highlight the need for adaptive influenza vaccination and containment strategies, particularly in tropical regions like Hainan, where climate and public health policies significantly impact viral transmission patterns. The insights gained from this study could inform more effective public health strategies in similar regions to mitigate the impact of influenza outbreaks in the future. Full article
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17 pages, 3837 KiB  
Article
Dynamic Immune Response Landscapes of Avian Peripheral Blood Post-Vaccination Against Infectious Bronchitis Virus Infection
by Xuefeng Li, Yumeng Liang, Yu Zhang, Zheyi Liu, Lu Cui, Miaomiao Xi, Shufeng Feng, Xiaoxiao Liu, Yongxin Zhu, Shengwang Liu and Hai Li
Vaccines 2025, 13(2), 146; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13020146 - 30 Jan 2025
Viewed by 616
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Despite decades of extensive vaccinations against avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection, outbreaks caused by constantly emerging variants due to genome recombination between different viral strains, including vaccine strains, occur annually worldwide. The development of novel vaccines with favorable safety and [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Despite decades of extensive vaccinations against avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection, outbreaks caused by constantly emerging variants due to genome recombination between different viral strains, including vaccine strains, occur annually worldwide. The development of novel vaccines with favorable safety and effectiveness is required but is hindered by a limited understanding of vaccination against IBV. Methods: Here, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the in vivo dynamics of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in specific pathogen-free chickens inoculated with the widely used live attenuated IBV vaccine strain H120 at single-cell level, using high-throughput single-cell transcriptome sequencing (scRNA-seq). Results: High-quality sequencing dataset for four scRNA-seq data containing the transcriptomes of 29,846 individual chicken PBMCs were obtained, defining 22 populations and 7 cell types based on distinct molecular signatures and known markers. Further integrative analysis constructed the time series dynamic cell transition and immune response landscapes within the two weeks post-prime vaccination against IBV. Enhanced crosstalk between antigen-presenting cells and T lymphocytes was revealed as early as four days post-vaccination. The specific immune cell populations and their comprehensive cellular and molecular networks involved in the initiation phase of antiviral adaptive immune responses were elucidated in details. Conclusions: Our study provides a comprehensive view of the dynamic initiation of immune responses in chickens against IBV infection at the cellular and molecular levels, which provides theoretical support and potential solutions for the future rational design of safe and effective vaccines, the augmentation of the efficacy of current vaccines, and the optimization of immune programs. Full article
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27 pages, 5607 KiB  
Article
Experimental Investigation into the Design, Optimization, Toxicity, and Anti-Viral Efficacy of Proliposomes Loaded with Ivermectin Against Infectious Bronchitis Virus Using an Embryonated Chicken Egg Model
by Mohammad H. Alyami, Hamad S. Alyami, Asmaa M. Abdo, Shereen A. Sabry, Shimaa M. G. Mansour, Hanan M. El-Nahas and Margrit M. Ayoub
Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(2), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17020165 - 25 Jan 2025
Viewed by 742
Abstract
Background: Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes a significant illness in birds, making it a leading source of financial loss in the poultry business. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of proliposomes (PLs) containing ivermectin (IVM) against IBV using [...] Read more.
Background: Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes a significant illness in birds, making it a leading source of financial loss in the poultry business. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of proliposomes (PLs) containing ivermectin (IVM) against IBV using embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs). Methods: A three-factor, two-level (23) full factorial design was employed; carrier/lipid phase ratio (A), stearyl glycyrrhetinate amount (B), and phospholipid type (C) were studied as independent variables, while product yield (PY), entrapment efficiency (EE), particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), and cumulative percentage of drug released after 6 h (Q6h) were characterized. The selected formulations (PL2 and PL6) were subjected to further characterizations, including IVM toxicity and anti-viral activity. Results: The PY% ranged from 88.6 ± 2.19% to 98.8 ± 0.45%, EE% was from 71.8 ± 2.01% to 96.1 ± 0.51%, PS was from 330.1 ± 55.65 nm to 1801.6 ± 45.61 nm, PDI was from 0.205 ± 0.06 to 0.603 ± 0.03, ZP was from −18.2 ± 0.60 mV to −50.1 ± 1.80 mV, and Q6h was from 80.95 ± 1.36% to 88.79 ± 2.03%. IVM-loaded PLs had lower toxicity in ECEs than pure IVM; the mortality rate was substantially reduced in IBV-infected ECEs injected with PL2 rather than pure IVM. As further evidence of IVM’s anti-viral action against IBV, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) revealed that the PL2-treated group exhibited further reduction in IBV’s copies in comparison with the pure IVM-treated group. Conclusions: PLs loaded with IVM are an innovative and potentially effective way to inhibit IBV. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Drug Delivery and Controlled Release)
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18 pages, 4567 KiB  
Article
The Development of a Novel Broad-Spectrum Influenza Polypeptide Vaccine Based on Multi-Epitope Tandem Sequences
by Song Zhao, Junhao Luo, Wenhui Guo, Li Li, Siyu Pu, Libo Dong, Wenfei Zhu and Rongbao Gao
Vaccines 2025, 13(1), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13010081 - 17 Jan 2025
Viewed by 882
Abstract
Background: Polypeptide vaccines have the potential to improve immune responses by targeting conserved and weakly immunogenic regions in antigens. This study aimed to identify and evaluate the efficacy of a novel influenza universal vaccine candidate consisting of multiple polypeptides derived from highly conserved [...] Read more.
Background: Polypeptide vaccines have the potential to improve immune responses by targeting conserved and weakly immunogenic regions in antigens. This study aimed to identify and evaluate the efficacy of a novel influenza universal vaccine candidate consisting of multiple polypeptides derived from highly conserved regions of influenza virus proteins hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and matrix protein 2 (M2). Methods: Immunoinformatics tools were used to screen conserved epitopes from different influenza virus subtypes (H1N1, H3N2, H5N1, H7N9, H9N2, and IBV). A polypeptide vaccine, P125-H, was constructed by linking multiple epitopes using Ii-Key technology. The immunogenicity of P125-H was assessed in mice using MF59-adjuvanted P125-H via intraperitoneal injection. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and neutralizing antibody responses were measured, along with IFN-γ levels in spleen lymphocytes. Protective efficacy was evaluated using viral challenge with lethal doses of H1N1 and H7N9. Results: Mice immunized with P125-H generated high levels of HI and neutralizing antibodies against multiple influenza strains. IFN-γ production was significantly elevated in spleen lymphocytes upon stimulation with the vaccine. P125-H protected mice from influenza infection, reducing weight loss and the viral load in the lungs, mitigating lung pathology, and decreasing mortality. Conclusions: The P125-H vaccine induced broad cross-protection against multiple influenza strains and elicited robust immune responses. It demonstrates strong potential as a candidate for a universal influenza vaccine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Influenza Virus Vaccines)
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16 pages, 8554 KiB  
Article
Robot Closed-Loop Grasping Based on Deep Visual Servoing Feature Network
by Junqi Luo, Zhen Zhang, Yuangan Wang and Ruiyang Feng
Actuators 2025, 14(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/act14010025 - 12 Jan 2025
Viewed by 500
Abstract
Robot visual servoing for grasping has long been challenging to execute in complex visual environments because of issues with efficient feature extraction. This paper proposes a novel visual servoing grasping approach based on the Deep Visual Servoing Feature Network (DVSFN) to tackle this [...] Read more.
Robot visual servoing for grasping has long been challenging to execute in complex visual environments because of issues with efficient feature extraction. This paper proposes a novel visual servoing grasping approach based on the Deep Visual Servoing Feature Network (DVSFN) to tackle this issue. The approach enables feasible to extract scale-invariant point features and target bounding boxes in real time by building an effective single-stage multi-dimensional feature extractor. The DVSFN is then integrated into a Levenberg–Marquardt–based image visual servoing (LM-IBVS) controller. The above creates a mapping link between the robot’s joint space and image features. The robot is then guided in positioning and grabbing by converting the difference between the expected and present features into the corresponding robot joint velocities. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a mean average precision (mAP) of 0.80 and 0.87 for detecting target bounding boxes and point features, respectively, in scenarios with significant lighting variations and occlusions. Under low-light and partial occlusion conditions, the method achieves an average grasping success rate approximately 80%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Actuators for Robotics)
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22 pages, 4090 KiB  
Article
Visual Servoing Using Sliding-Mode Control with Dynamic Compensation for UAVs’ Tracking of Moving Targets
by Christian P. Carvajal, Víctor H. Andaluz, José Varela-Aldás, Flavio Roberti, Carolina Del-Valle-Soto and Ricardo Carelli
Drones 2024, 8(12), 730; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones8120730 - 2 Dec 2024
Viewed by 728
Abstract
An Image-Based Visual Servoing Control (IBVS) structure for target tracking by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) is presented. The scheme contains two stages. The first one is a sliding-model controller (SMC) that allows one to track a target with a UAV; the control strategy [...] Read more.
An Image-Based Visual Servoing Control (IBVS) structure for target tracking by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) is presented. The scheme contains two stages. The first one is a sliding-model controller (SMC) that allows one to track a target with a UAV; the control strategy is designed in the function of the image. The proposed SMC control strategy is commonly used in control systems that present high non-linearities and that are always exposed to external disturbances; these disturbances can be caused by environmental conditions or induced by the estimation of the position and/or velocity of the target to be tracked. In the second instance, a controller is placed to compensate the UAV dynamics; this is a controller that allows one to compensate the velocity errors that are produced by the dynamic effects of the UAV. In addition, the corresponding stability analysis of the sliding mode-based visual servo controller and the sliding mode dynamic compensation control is presented. The proposed control scheme employs the kinematics and dynamics of the robot by presenting a cascade control based on the same control strategy. In order to evaluate the proposed scheme for tracking moving targets, experimental tests are carried out in a semi-structured working environment with the hexarotor-type aerial robot. For detection and image processing, the Opencv C++ library is used; the data are published in an ROS topic at a frequency of 50 Hz. The robot controller is implemented in the mathematical software Matlab. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flight Control and Collision Avoidance of UAVs)
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14 pages, 1952 KiB  
Article
Impact of Sample Storage Time and Temperature on the Stability of Respiratory Viruses and Enteric Viruses in Wastewater
by Judy Y. Qiu, Richardson Mah, Logan A. Brand, Xiaoli Pang, Melodie Barnett, Mathew Diggle and Graham Tipples
Microorganisms 2024, 12(12), 2459; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12122459 - 29 Nov 2024
Viewed by 750
Abstract
Wastewater-based surveillance (WBS) has been widely used to track SARS-CoV-2 as well as many other viruses in communities during the COVID pandemic and post-pandemic. However, it is still not clear how temperature and storage time would influence the stability of viruses in wastewater. [...] Read more.
Wastewater-based surveillance (WBS) has been widely used to track SARS-CoV-2 as well as many other viruses in communities during the COVID pandemic and post-pandemic. However, it is still not clear how temperature and storage time would influence the stability of viruses in wastewater. In this study, we assessed the stability of SARS-CoV-2, pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), influenza viruses A (IAV) and B (IBV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and enteric viruses in raw wastewater stored at room temperature, 4 °C, and −20 °C for 3 and 6 days. SARS-CoV-2, PMMoV, IAV, and enteric viruses were found to be stable up to 6 days after storing at room temperature or 4 °C. SARS-CoV-2 and RSV were more susceptible to freeze–thaw cycles compared to PMMoV and enteric viruses, which were relatively stable for up to 6 days stored at −20 °C. Low detection of IBV in wastewater made it difficult to evaluate the impact. Based on our findings, we conclude that short-term storage or transportation of wastewater samples within 6 days at ambient temperature or 4 °C is acceptable for the majority of these viruses. Freezing samples at −20 °C for even short periods is not recommended for WBS of respiratory viruses. The data obtained from this study can provide guidance for quality assurance purposes from the operational aspects of wastewater surveillance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Virology)
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17 pages, 1029 KiB  
Study Protocol
One-Step Multiplex Real-Time Fluorescent Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR for Simultaneous Detection of Four Waterfowl Viruses
by Chenchen Wang, Huixin Liu, Junze Cheng, Sijia Pan, Wenwen Yang, Xiaofang Wei, Yue Cheng, Ting Xu and Hongbin Si
Microorganisms 2024, 12(12), 2423; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12122423 - 25 Nov 2024
Viewed by 588
Abstract
Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV), duck hepatitis virus (DHV), Muscovy duck reovirus (MDRV), and Muscovy duck parvovirus (MDPV) represent four emergent infectious diseases impacting waterfowl, which can be challenging to differentiate due to overlapping clinical signs. In response to this, we have developed a [...] Read more.
Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV), duck hepatitis virus (DHV), Muscovy duck reovirus (MDRV), and Muscovy duck parvovirus (MDPV) represent four emergent infectious diseases impacting waterfowl, which can be challenging to differentiate due to overlapping clinical signs. In response to this, we have developed a one-step multiplex real-time fluorescence quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) assay, capable of simultaneously detecting DTMUV, DHV, MDRV, and MDPV. This method exhibits high specificity, avoiding cross-reactivity with other viruses such as Fowl adenoviruses (FADV), infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), Haemophilus paragallinarum (Hpg), duck circovirus (DUCV), goose astrovirus (GoAstV), and mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG). The limit of detection (LOD) established for DTMUV, DHV, MDRV, and MDPV was determined to be 27 copies/μL. In the repeatability test, the intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) of the recombinant plasmid standard were less than 2%. Utilizing this method, we analyzed 326 clinical specimens sourced from Guangxi over the period spanning October 2021 through December 2023, yielding promising and precise outcomes. The qRT-PCR method established herein exhibits commendable specificity, sensitivity, and repeatability. Furthermore, it boasts a high clinical detection rate, making it a highly effective tool for diagnosing these pathogenic agents in waterfowl. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Detection and Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria and Viruses)
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22 pages, 6489 KiB  
Article
Nucleotide and Amino Acid Analyses of Unique Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) Variants from Canadian Poultry Flocks with Drop in Egg Production
by Muhammad Farooq, Ahmed Ali, Mohamed S. H. Hassan and Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem
Genes 2024, 15(11), 1480; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15111480 - 17 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1060
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly infectious avian disease caused by the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). The disease causes lesions mainly in the respiratory, reproductive, and renal systems and has a significant economic impact on the poultry industry worldwide. Methods: We discovered [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly infectious avian disease caused by the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). The disease causes lesions mainly in the respiratory, reproductive, and renal systems and has a significant economic impact on the poultry industry worldwide. Methods: We discovered two unique IBV isolates (T-62: PP737794.1 and CL-61: PP783617.1) circulating in Canada and molecularly characterized them. Results: The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the IBV isolates belong to genotype I and fall between lineages 25 and 7. Further analysis of the T-62 IBV isolate indicated that it is a potential recombinant of the Iowa state isolate (IA1162/2020-MW) and that the CL-61 strain of the IBV is also a recombinant IBV with the Connecticut (Conn) vaccine strain as its major parent. The S1 glycoprotein of the CL-61 and T-62 strains of the IBV had 85.7% and 73.2% amino acid (aa) identities respectively compared to the Conn vaccine strain. There were 67 and 129 aa substitutions among the S1 glycoprotein of the CL-61 and T-62 strains of the IBV compared to the Conn vaccine, respectively. Importantly, two and nineteen of these aa variations were in hypervariable regions 1 (HVR1) and HVR3. Finally, the two IBV isolates possessed a higher affinity for the sialic acid ligand compared to the DMV/1639 and Mass/SES IBV strains. Conclusions: Genetic recombination in the IBV results in the continual emergence of new variants, posing challenges for the poultry industry. As indicated by our analyses, live attenuated vaccine strains play a role in the genetic recombination of the IBV, resulting in the emergence of variants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Viral Genomics)
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7 pages, 548 KiB  
Communication
Respiratory Viral Infection Patterns in Hospitalised Children Before and After COVID-19 in Hong Kong
by Jason Chun Sang Pun, Kin Pong Tao, Stacy Lok Sze Yam, Kam Lun Hon, Paul Kay Sheung Chan, Albert Martin Li and Renee Wan Yi Chan
Viruses 2024, 16(11), 1786; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16111786 - 17 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1027
Abstract
The study highlights the significant changes in respiratory virus epidemiology following the lifting of COVID-19 restrictions. Method: In this single-centre retrospective study, the virological readouts of adenovirus (AdV), influenza virus A (IAV), influenza virus B (IBV), parainfluenza viruses (PIV) 1, 2, 3, 4, [...] Read more.
The study highlights the significant changes in respiratory virus epidemiology following the lifting of COVID-19 restrictions. Method: In this single-centre retrospective study, the virological readouts of adenovirus (AdV), influenza virus A (IAV), influenza virus B (IBV), parainfluenza viruses (PIV) 1, 2, 3, 4, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and coupled enterovirus and rhinovirus (EV/RV) were extracted from the respiratory specimens of paediatric patients in Hong Kong from January 2015 to February 2024. The subjects were stratified into five age groups. Results: The study included 18,737 and 6001 respiratory specimens in the pre-COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 mask mandate period, respectively. The mean age of hospitalised patients increased from 3.49 y ± 0.03 y to 4.37 y ± 0.05 y after the COVID-19 lockdown. The rates of single-virus infection and co-infection were significantly higher in the post-COVID-19 mask mandate period. The odds ratio for AdV for all age groups (OR: 4.53, 4.03, 2.32, 2.46, 1.31) and RSV in older children from 3 years old and above (OR: 1.95, 3.38, p < 0.01) were significantly elevated after the COVID-19 outbreak. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that public health measures to contain COVID-19 may have unintended consequences on children’s natural exposure and immunity to other respiratory viruses, potentially increasing their morbidity in the post-pandemic era. Full article
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16 pages, 8149 KiB  
Article
Interaction Network Characterization of Infectious Bronchitis Virus Nsp2 with Host Proteins
by Mengmeng Wang, Zongyi Bo, Chengcheng Zhang, Mengjiao Guo, Yantao Wu and Xiaorong Zhang
Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(11), 531; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11110531 - 31 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1143
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly contagious acute viral disease that leads to substantial economic losses in the poultry industry. Previous research conducted in our laboratory has indicated that Nsp2 may serve as a key virulence factor within the IBV genome, as evidenced [...] Read more.
Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly contagious acute viral disease that leads to substantial economic losses in the poultry industry. Previous research conducted in our laboratory has indicated that Nsp2 may serve as a key virulence factor within the IBV genome, as evidenced by its pronounced divergence between the field strain and its attenuated counterpart. Understanding the interaction between Nsp2 and host proteins is crucial to elucidating the role of the Nsp2 protein in the pathogenesis and proliferation of IBV. Currently, much remains to be uncovered regarding the host proteins that interact with the IBV Nsp2 protein. In this study, 10 host proteins, including COX1, COX3, NFIA, ITGA1, ATP1B1, ATP1B3, ABCB1, ISCA1, DNAJA1, and IREB2, were screened to interact with IBV Nsp2 through yeast two-hybrid experiments and molecular docking simulations. Furthermore, the interaction of Nsp2 with ATP1B3, DNAJA1, and ISCA1 proteins was further validated through co-immunoprecipitation and confocal experiments. The GO, KEGG, and PPI databases revealed that the host proteins interacting with Nsp2 are primarily associated with ATPase activation, Fe-S cluster binding, ion homeostasis, and innate immune regulation. The examination of the expression levels of these Nsp2-interacting host proteins during IBV infection demonstrated the significant downregulation of COX3, COX1, ATP1B1, and ATP1B3, while NFIA, DNAJA1, and IREB2 showed significant upregulation. Moreover, our study identified that IBV enhances viral replication by upregulating DNAJA1 expression, although the underlying mechanism requires further investigation. These findings provide valuable insights into the potential role of the Nsp2 protein in the pathogenesis of IBV. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)
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20 pages, 5331 KiB  
Article
Visual Servoing for Aerial Vegetation Sampling Systems
by Zahra Samadikhoshkho and Michael G. Lipsett
Drones 2024, 8(11), 605; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones8110605 - 22 Oct 2024
Viewed by 989
Abstract
This research describes a vision-based control strategy that employs deep learning for an aerial manipulation system developed for vegetation sampling in remote, dangerous environments. Vegetation sampling in such places presents considerable technical challenges such as equipment failures and exposure to hazardous elements. Controlling [...] Read more.
This research describes a vision-based control strategy that employs deep learning for an aerial manipulation system developed for vegetation sampling in remote, dangerous environments. Vegetation sampling in such places presents considerable technical challenges such as equipment failures and exposure to hazardous elements. Controlling aerial manipulation in unstructured areas such as forests remains a significant challenge because of uncertainty, complex dynamics, and the possibility of collisions. To overcome these issues, we offer a new image-based visual servoing (IBVS) method that uses knowledge distillation to provide robust, accurate, and adaptive control of the aerial vegetation sampler. A convolutional neural network (CNN) from a previous study is used to detect the grasp point, giving critical feedback for the visual servoing process. The suggested method improves the precision of visual servoing for sampling by using a learning-based approach to grip point selection and camera calibration error handling. Simulation results indicate the system can track and sample tree branches with minimum error, demonstrating that it has the potential to improve the safety and efficiency of aerial vegetation sampling. Full article
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12 pages, 2599 KiB  
Article
Detection and Molecular Characterization of GI-1 and GI-23 Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Broilers Indicate the Emergence of New Genotypes in Bolivia
by Doris Villanueva-Pérez, Luis Tataje-Lavanda, Angela Montalván-Avalos, Diego Paredes-Inofuente, Suly Montoya-Ortiz, Gisela Isasi-Rivas, María F. Fernández, Manolo Fernández-Sánchez and Manolo Fernández-Díaz
Viruses 2024, 16(9), 1463; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16091463 - 14 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1344
Abstract
Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) is a major threat to the poultry industry worldwide, causing significant economic losses. While the virus’s genetic structure is well understood, the specific strains circulating in Bolivia have remained uncharacterized until now. This study aimed to identify and characterize [...] Read more.
Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) is a major threat to the poultry industry worldwide, causing significant economic losses. While the virus’s genetic structure is well understood, the specific strains circulating in Bolivia have remained uncharacterized until now. This study aimed to identify and characterize new IBV strains in Bolivia. Tissue samples from broilers exhibiting clinical signs of Infectious Bronchitis were screened to detect IBV using real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR). Positive samples with low cycle threshold (Ct) values were selected for sequencing the full S1 gene. Of the 12 samples analyzed, 10 were determined to be positive for IBV. However, only four samples yielded sufficient genetic material for sequencing and subsequent phylogenetic analysis. The results revealed the presence of GI-1 and GI-23 lineages, both belonging to genotype I (GI). The GI-1 lineage showed >99% sequence identity to the H120 and Massachusetts vaccine strains, suggesting a close relationship. In contrast, the GI-23 lineage clustered with other IBV strains, showing a distinct subclade that is genetically distant from Brazilian strains. No evidence of recombination was found. Furthermore, amino acid substitution analysis identified specific mutations in the S1 subunit, particularly in the hypervariable regions 1, 2, and 3. These mutations could potentially alter the virus’s antigenicity, leading to reduced vaccine efficacy. The findings of this study highlight the importance of continued and broad genomic surveillance of circulating IBV strains and the need to improve vaccination strategies in Bolivia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Avian Coronaviruses)
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19 pages, 945 KiB  
Review
Influenza B Virus Vaccine Innovation through Computational Design
by Matthew J. Pekarek and Eric A. Weaver
Pathogens 2024, 13(9), 755; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13090755 - 2 Sep 2024
Viewed by 2873
Abstract
As respiratory pathogens, influenza B viruses (IBVs) cause a significant socioeconomic burden each year. Vaccine and antiviral development for influenza viruses has historically viewed IBVs as a secondary concern to influenza A viruses (IAVs) due to their lack of animal reservoirs compared to [...] Read more.
As respiratory pathogens, influenza B viruses (IBVs) cause a significant socioeconomic burden each year. Vaccine and antiviral development for influenza viruses has historically viewed IBVs as a secondary concern to influenza A viruses (IAVs) due to their lack of animal reservoirs compared to IAVs. However, prior to the global spread of SARS-CoV-2, the seasonal epidemics caused by IBVs were becoming less predictable and inducing more severe disease, especially in high-risk populations. Globally, researchers have begun to recognize the need for improved prevention strategies for IBVs as a primary concern. This review discusses what is known about IBV evolutionary patterns and the effect of the spread of SARS-CoV-2 on these patterns. We also analyze recent advancements in the development of novel vaccines tested against IBVs, highlighting the promise of computational vaccine design strategies when used to target both IBVs and IAVs and explain why these novel strategies can be employed to improve the effectiveness of IBV vaccines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Approaches in Mechanisms of Pathogenesis)
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