Search Results (1,127)

Background: The use of mental health questionnaires is common in desk-based public health epidemiological research; however, the burden this might put on participants and researchers has been questioned and has not been previously addressed. This paper delves into the ethical issues and challenges of using such scales and questionnaires, providing a real-life case study where the Beck’s Depression Inventory-II was used. Methods/Results: The ethical considerations raised by using mental health questionnaires in public health epidemiological research include incorrectly identifying participants as depressed or non-depressed; inability to identify participants for referral procedures due to the anonymous nature of some research studies; an increased burden on participants through depression and suicidal questions; and the high expectation of participants towards the researcher. Preventative measures to reduce these challenges include choosing appropriate cut-off scores for correctly identifying participants; highlighting whether the mental health questionnaires used may elicit negative emotional or psychological reactions related to suicidality; specifying the criteria for referral to clinical services; detailing the intended referral processes; including approaches where the researcher directly connects participants with a psychological service provider; and including a passive referral method such as contact details for participants to initiate their own referrals to clinical care. Conclusions: This paper serves as a guide for researchers aiming to collect data on mental health through questionnaires. The ethical challenges discussed in this paper should be considered and reviewed at all stages of the research project. Full article

Vacuum-assisted and forceps-assisted vaginal births are associated with higher rates of formula supplementation and shorter breastfeeding duration compared to unassisted vaginal births; however, the reasons for this are unclear. Factors such as maternal knowledge, partner support, and parity significantly influence breastfeeding initiation and duration. The prevalence of perineal trauma, neonatal and maternal birth complications, and decreased birth satisfaction is higher after assisted births and may also impact breastfeeding outcomes. Given the limited research on the specific effects of different vaginal birth modes on breastfeeding, this study aimed to examine women’s experiences of establishing breastfeeding after unassisted, vacuum-assisted, and forceps-assisted vaginal birth. A mixed-methods study design was employed using an anonymous online questionnaire, which included binary, multiple choice, and open-ended questions, and Likert scale items. Using social media, we recruited Australian women who had an unassisted, vacuum-assisted, or forceps-assisted birth within the last year. Details of participant demographics, breastfeeding history, initiation and establishment, postpartum mobility, and pain ratings were recorded. Additionally, qualitative data on postpartum recovery and breastfeeding support were analysed using an inductive thematic analysis framework. A total of 565 women were recruited between May and June 2024, of which 488 responses were retained for analysis. Thematic analysis of the qualitative responses identified four central themes that defined women’s experiences of establishing breastfeeding and were similar between unassisted or assisted vaginal birth modes: Experience of Care, Environment, Expectations, and Health Complications. A range of both positive and negative experiences of breastfeeding support, environmental factors, and expectations of the realities of breastfeeding impacted women’s experiences. For many women, various maternal and/or newborn health issues, nipple pain, and latching difficulties made breastfeeding more difficult. Commercial milk formula supplementation during the hospital stay was more prevalent after a forceps-assisted birth when compared to unassisted vaginal birth (41% vs. 17%, respectively; p < 0.001). Further, during the first two weeks at home, commercial milk formula supplementation was more prevalent after both forceps-assisted (26%) and vacuum-assisted (23%) births than after unassisted vaginal birth (8%, p < 0.001). Pain ratings in the early days following birth and in the first two weeks at home were significantly higher for the forceps-assisted group than for the other vaginal birth modes (p ≤ 0.005). Women that had an unassisted vaginal birth with an intact perineum had the lowest pain ratings in the early days and weeks after birth, while pain ratings were similar between women that had a vacuum-assisted birth and those who had an unassisted vaginal birth with a perineal tear or episiotomy (p = 0.05). Early commercial milk formula supplementation is associated with shorter breastfeeding duration, while postpartum pain is known to impede maternal mobility and may partially inhibit the milk ejection reflex, potentially negatively impacting breastfeeding and increasing formula use. Therefore, women who have an instrumental assisted vaginal birth, particularly those who have a forceps-assisted birth, are at greater risk of suboptimal breastfeeding outcomes including short durations of exclusive and any breastfeeding. Improvements to early postpartum pain management, breastfeeding education, and the judicious use of commercial milk formula may improve breastfeeding and subsequent maternal and health outcomes after instrument-assisted vaginal birth. Full article

Over recent decades, internet-based communication has grown exponentially, accompanied by a surge in cyber threats from malicious actors targeting users and organizations, heightening the demand for robust security and privacy measures. With the emergence of physical–digital environments based on Mixed Reality (MR) and the Metaverse, new cybersecurity, privacy, and confidentiality challenges have surfaced, requiring innovative approaches. This work examines the current landscape of cybersecurity concerns in MR and Metaverse environments, focusing on their unique vulnerabilities and the risks posed to users and their data. Key challenges include authentication issues, data breaches, and risks to user anonymity. The work also explores advancements in secure design frameworks, encryption techniques, and regulatory approaches to safeguard these technologies. Additionally, it identifies opportunities for further research and innovation to strengthen data protection and ensure a safe, trustworthy experience in these environments. Full article

Veterinary anaesthesia requires theoretical knowledge and quick decision-making skills. Traditional education may not adequately prepare students, while simulation-based learning enhances engagement and skill development. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a Twine-based web system in improving experiential learning, engagement, knowledge retention, and decision-making skills in veterinary anaesthesia students. Five interactive clinical cases were developed using Twine, simulating realistic anaesthesia scenarios with decision points and gamified elements, such as scoring systems and resource management. These modules were accessible on various devices via the web. Following a workshop for second- to fourth-year students of the Degree in Veterinary Sciences, an anonymous survey assessed the module’s effectiveness. Quantitative data were analysed descriptively, while qualitative feedback was processed through a hybrid AI–human thematic analysis. Out of 849 invited students, 367 responded (42% response rate). Feedback was highly positive; 90.8% found it effective for training, and 97.0% agreed it improved knowledge. User-friendliness was rated as “easy” or “very easy” by 94.6%. Regarding overall satisfaction, 96.7% of students described the workshop as “good” or “excellent”. Some participants suggested improvements in mobile device compatibility and the need for additional resources to understand the concepts better. Twine’s interactive format fosters experiential learning while reducing reliance on live animals, aligning with modern ethical standards. Its accessibility via web and translation-enabled browsers enhances its reach. Future research should examine Twine’s impact on clinical skills retention and adaptability in various educational contexts, providing a flexible approach to veterinary anaesthesia education through gamified learning. Full article

Active methodologies emphasize student participation, autonomy, and skill development, offering an innovative approach to education. However, their implementation in Spain faces challenges, including limited teacher training, resource shortages, institutional constraints, and resistance from both educators and students. This research aims to explore teachers’ perceptions regarding the integration of active methodologies into their teaching practices. The research employed a quantitative, non-experimental, descriptive, and cross-sectional survey design to systematically analyze population characteristics. The study utilized a validated questionnaire with Likert-scale items to assess teachers’ use of active methodologies. Data were collected anonymously via Google Forms, ensuring confidentiality and a robust reliability (Cronbach’s alpha 0.942). The study sampled answers provided by 994 Spanish teachers aged 20–65 using stratified probabilistic sampling, ensuring representation across educational levels, disciplines, and urban–rural contexts. This study shows that teachers prefer traditional active methodologies, such as cooperative learning, while emerging technologies like artificial intelligence face limited adoption due to training gaps. Women show a greater inclination towards active methodologies, with minimal impact from geographical context. These findings underscore the importance of targeted teacher training and support the idea that it is of paramount importance to bridge the gaps in active methodology implementation, fostering inclusive, innovative, and student-centered learning environments across diverse educational contexts. Full article

The rapidly growing number of electric vehicles and the large-scale user privacy management in smart grids have led to a symmetrical phenomenon. While decentralized identifiers (DIDs) offer a promising solution for users to better control their private data, the frequent interactions between vehicles and the grid require a vast number of identities. Existing methods, while focusing on efficiency, often neglect privacy protection, especially in Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) scenarios. They also overlook fundamental features such as resistance to Sybil attacks and the ability to supervise malicious identities, which may seem contradictory to privacy protection. In this paper, we propose an identity authentication scheme based on decentralized identifiers (DIDs) that allow massive numbers of electric vehicle users to autonomously control the disclosure of their information. We also introduce a mechanism that simultaneously protects privacy while resisting Sybil attacks and strengthening privacy in V2G scenarios. Furthermore, our scheme enables anonymity while maintaining supervisory capabilities. Experimental results and formal proofs demonstrate that the proposed scheme performs well in terms of authentication efficiency and security, making it suitable for large-scale V2G deployments. Full article

The COVID-19 pandemic scenario has witnessed a rise in remote working arrangements, moving away from traditional office settings, which increasingly calls into question employees’ sense of belongingness as a top human capital issue in order to favor both workers’ productivity and well-being. Organizational belongingness refers to employees’ sense of personal connectedness with the organization, which makes them feel they are an integral part of the organizational system. This study examines the effects of organizational belongingness on workplace stressors (i.e., organizational constraints, interpersonal conflict, work–family conflict) and subsequent employee productivity (i.e., cognitive failures, performance) and well-being (i.e., mental health, exhaustion). Using a multilevel multigroup design with anonymous survey data collected from a sample of 1449 in-person and 514 flexible (i.e., remote and hybrid) workers from 205 organizations, the structural invariance analyses performed in this study suggested a similar pattern of results for in-person and flexible workers. Specifically, belongingness negatively predicted employees’ perception of organizational constraints, interpersonal conflict, and work–family conflict. Moreover, while belongingness positively predicted performance and mental health, it negatively predicted cognitive failures and exhaustion, both directly and indirectly through work stressors. Finally, organizational constraints, interpersonal conflict, and work–family conflict positively predicted cognitive failures and exhaustion, whereas organizational constraints and work–family conflict did not predict performance. Additionally, work–family conflict and interpersonal conflict negatively predicted mental health, whereas organizational constraints negatively predicted mental health. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed in light of the globally widespread use of flexible work options and costs related to workers’ productivity and well-being. Full article

A group signature scheme allows a user to sign a message anonymously on behalf of a group and provides accountability by using an opening authority who can “open” a signature and reveal the signer’s identity. Group signature schemes have been widely used in privacy-preserving applications, including anonymous attestation and anonymous authentication. Fully dynamic group signature schemes allow new members to join the group and existing members to be revoked if needed. Symmetric-key based group signature schemes are post-quantum group signatures whose security rely on the security of symmetric-key primitives, and cryptographic hash functions. In this paper, we design a symmetric-key based fully dynamic group signature scheme, called DGMT, that redesigns DGM (Buser et al. ESORICS 2019) and removes its two important shortcomings that limit its application in practice: (i) interaction with the group manager for signature verification, and (ii) the need for storing and managing an unacceptably large amount of data by the group manager. We prove security of DGMT (unforgeability, anonymity, and traceability) and give a full implementation of the system. Compared to all known post-quantum group signature schemes with the same security level, DGMT has the shortest signature size. We also analyze DGM signature revocation approach and show that despite its conceptual novelty, it has significant hidden costs that makes it much more costly than using the traditional revocation list approach. Full article

In the Internet of Everything era of Web 3.0, smart grid (SG) technology is also developing towards intelligent interconnection of terminal devices. However, in the smart grid scenario, security issues are particularly prominent, especially the openness of wireless sensor networks. Sensor nodes are vulnerable to attacks and other security threats, which makes confirming the legitimacy of access identity and ensuring the secure transmission of data an urgent problem to be solved. At present, although a variety of authentication schemes for smart grid nodes have been proposed, most of them have problems. For example, some cannot achieve forward security. Therefore, this paper aims to solve this problem and proposes a lightweight anonymous authentication protocol based on physical unclonable functions (PUFs), which can implement mutual authentication and session key agreement between gateway nodes and sensor nodes. Compared to five state-of-the-art schemes in security and performance, the proposed scheme achieves all eight of the listed security requirements with lightweight calculation overhead, communication overhead, and storage overhead. Full article

The author surveyed researchers about United States federal grant applications for therapeutic psychedelic research and their funding success. An anonymous survey was sent to corresponding authors of the 50 most-cited psychedelic research articles published after 2000 and also disseminated on Twitter. Ten researchers responded, reporting on 24 National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant applications for psilocybin, ibogaine, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and other psychedelics, dating back to the early 1990s. Grant applications increased noticeably after 2006. Of the applications assessed, 16.7% were funded, below the NIH’s 23.4% average funding rate for R01-equivalent grants from 1998 to 2023. While no applications submitted before 2006–2010 were funded, the funding rate since then (19.05–22.2%) aligns with the NIH’s 20.6 ± 1.9% annual average for R01-equivalent grants from 2006 to 2023. Respondents generally perceived funding for psychedelic research as more difficult to obtain than for other areas, though recent improvements were noted. If the analyzed applications represent only a small subset of total submissions of applications proposing to study therapeutic applications of psychedelics, the findings may have limited generalizability and larger-scale validation studies would be required. However, this is difficult to determine since detailed data on unfunded NIH applications are not publicly available. Full article

Animal shelters play a pivotal role in protecting pets in crisis and bringing families together. This paper adds to the work of Hoy-Gerlach and colleagues which outlined a three-tier framework for developing and training veterinary social workers (VSWs) to serve in animal shelters. Our research questions sought to explore the VSWs’ self-identified role (RQ1), and how VSWs self-identify their scope of practice (RQ2). Through these exploratory questions, our research aimed to advance knowledge about the state of VSWs in the animal-shelter setting. Methods: Using a purposive sampling strategy, an anonymous community practice survey (CPS) was emailed to VSWs working in animal shelters. Inclusion criteria included being over the age of 18, being currently employed in an animal shelter, and cognitive fluency in English. The survey yielded 25 responses with 14 included in the data analysis. Findings: The VSWs identified their role as supporting multiple groups, including clients and their practice community (i.e., colleagues). While most of their time was devoted to individuals from the community, they also supported the mental wellbeing of their team. Their work ranged from case management and psychoeducation to crisis intervention and suicide risk assessment. As there are no standards of practice for VSWs, each respondent used unique language to explain their role and scope of practice. Conclusions: The CPS was helpful in illuminating developing trends within the field, though a larger sample size is needed to gain a more nuanced understanding of self-identified needs of VSWs practicing in animal shelters and other related spaces. Full article

IoT-based applications require effective anonymous authentication and key agreement (AKA) protocols to secure data and protect user privacy due to open communication channels and sensitive data. While AKA protocols for these applications have been extensively studied, achieving anonymity remains a challenge. AKA schemes using one-time pseudonyms face resynchronization issues after desynchronization attacks, and the high computational overhead of bilinear pairing and public key encryption limits its applicability. Existing schemes also lack essential security features, causing issues such as vulnerability to ephemeral secret leakage attacks and key compromise impersonation. To address these issues, we propose two novel AKA schemes, PUAKA and RCAKA, designed for different IoT traffic patterns. PUAKA improves end device anonymity in the periodic update pattern by updating one-time pseudonyms with authenticated session keys. RCAKA, for the remote control pattern, ensures anonymity while reducing communication and computation costs using shared signatures and temporary random numbers. A key contribution of RCAKA is its ability to resynchronize end devices with incomplete data in the periodic update pattern, supporting continued authentication. Both protocols’ security is proven under the Real-or-Random model. The performance comparison results show that the proposed protocols exceed existing solutions in security features and communication costs while reducing computational overhead by 32% to 50%. Full article

This study introduces a data-driven approach to calibrate microscopic traffic simulation models like VISSIM using high-resolution trajectory data, aiming to improve simulation accuracy and fidelity. The study focuses on a highway segment of NJ-3 and NJ-495 in Hudson County, New Jersey, selected as a case study for its high traffic volume and strategic significance. Trajectory data from 338 connected vehicles, sourced from the Wejo dataset, a global provider of anonymized, high-resolution vehicle movement data, along with traffic volume data from Remote Traffic Microwave Sensors (RTMS), served as inputs. The trajectories produced by the simulation model were compared to the ground truth to measure discrepancies. By adjusting driving behavior parameters (e.g., car-following and lane-changing behaviors) and other factors (e.g., desire speed), a Genetic Algorithm was adopted to minimize these differences. Results showed significant improvements, including a 14.19% reduction in mean error, an 18.27% reduction in median error, and a 22.57% reduction in the 75th percentile error during calibration. In the validation phase, the calibrated parameters yielded a 32.68% reduction in mean error, demonstrating the framework’s robustness. This study presents a scalable calibration framework using connected vehicle data, providing tools for accurate simulation, real-time traffic management, and infrastructure planning. Full article

Background and Objectives: The use of anabolic–androgenic steroids (AASs) by competitive and recreational athletes has been studied and well documented. There are numerous studies showing its effects on personality traits and risky behaviors like aggression. The relationship between AAS use, aggression, and narcissism is complex and intricate. We examined this relationship in male bodybuilders who use AASs. Materials and Methods: A total of 319 healthy subjects aged 18–44 years (33.4 ± 9.4) who have been regularly training at bodybuilding for at least 3 years participated voluntarily in the study and completed a demographic data inventory, the Five-Factor Narcissism Inventory Short Form (FFNI-SF), and the Buss–Perry Aggression Scale anonymously. Demographic data were given as percentages, comparisons of aggression and narcissism scores according to AAS use were performed by using an independent sample t test, and effects of narcissism and aggression levels on AAS use was assessed by using logistic regression analysis. All analyses were performed by using SPSS Statistics 22.0. Results: Results showed that AAS users had significantly higher scores on the overall FFNI-SF Scale (p < 0.001) and all sub-dimensions of narcissism (p < 0.001) and on the overall Buss–Perry Aggression Scale (p < 0.001) and all sub-dimensions of aggression (p < 0.001). It was also shown that there were significant and positive correlations between the FFNI-SF overall score (p < 0.001) and both the vulnerable narcissism and grandiose narcissism sub-dimensions (p < 0.001) and the scores of the Buss–Perry Aggression Scale (p < 0.001), physical aggression (p < 0.001), anger (p < 0.001), hostility (p < 0.001), and verbal aggression (p < 0.001) sub-dimensions. Conclusions: These results show a strong relation between AAS use, narcissism, and aggression in bodybuilders. However, it is not clear whether AAS use leads to aggression and narcissism or whether narcissistic and/or aggressive people tend to use AASs. Furthermore, including a lot of potential third variables shows that it does not have to be either one or the other way around. There is a need to conduct future studies to determine this causality. Full article

Background/Objectives: Postnatal growth faltering (PGF) is a risk factor for adverse neurodevelopment in very preterm neonates. The aim of this retrospective study was to determine which infants’ baseline characteristics, prenatal risk factors and neonatal morbidities are associated with two definitions of PGF: defined as loss of >2 weight z-scores (severe PGF) or as loss of >1 weight, length, and head circumference z-scores between birth and discharge (complex PGF); Methods: 146 premature newborns (<32 weeks of gestational age, <1500 g) were included in the study. Anonymized data including anthropometric measurements (weight, length, and head circumference), perinatal and neonatal data (demographics, maternal morbidities and previous pregnancies, and neonatal and perinatal morbidities) were extracted from the clinical electronic database. Changes in anthropometric age- and sex-specific z-scores using the Fenton 2013 preterm growth charts were calculated to diagnose severe PGF and complex PGF; Results: The incidence of severe PGF was 11% and complex PGF was 24%. Both PGF definitions were associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), longer respiratory support, and longer hospital stay. Severe PGF was associated with surgical necrotizing enterocolitis at 25% vs. 1.5%, p = 0.001. Complex PGF was associated with severe brain injury at 51% versus 27%, p = 0.007. Complex PGF was more common in newborns born most prematurely, while severe PGF was more common in newborns born small for gestational age (SGA); Conclusions: Both severe and complex PGF are associated with several important neonatal morbidities, which might explain why growth faltering is associated with suboptimal neurodevelopment. Appropriate early identification of faltered growth may influence medical and nutrition interventions which in turn could improve the outcome of very preterm newborns. Full article