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20 pages, 9422 KiB  
Article
Interrelationship between Wall and Beach Erosion in Loc An, Vietnam: Remote Sensing and Numerical Modeling Approaches
by Dinh Van Duy, Nguyen Quang Duc Anh, Nguyen Trung Viet and Hitoshi Tanaka
Water 2024, 16(17), 2553; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172553 - 9 Sep 2024
Viewed by 630
Abstract
Beach erosion and coastal protection are complex and interconnected phenomena that have a substantial impact on coastal environments worldwide. Among the various coastal protection measures, seawalls have been widely implemented to mitigate erosion and protect coastal assets. However, the interrelationship between beach erosion [...] Read more.
Beach erosion and coastal protection are complex and interconnected phenomena that have a substantial impact on coastal environments worldwide. Among the various coastal protection measures, seawalls have been widely implemented to mitigate erosion and protect coastal assets. However, the interrelationship between beach erosion and seawalls remains a critical topic for investigation to ensure effective and sustainable coastal management strategies. Seawalls impact the shoreline, particularly through the “end effect”, where the seawall functions similarly to a groin, causing erosion on the downdrift side relative to the direction of wave approach. This study provides a detailed analysis of the interplay between beach erosion and seawall structures in Loc An, Vietnam, employing both remote sensing and numerical approaches. Sentinel-2 images were employed together with an analytical solution to observe the shoreline change at the Loc An sand spit and to determine input values for the numerical model. Based on the shoreline dynamics, a numerical scheme was employed to study the shoreline evolution after the construction of a seawall. Our findings show that the shoreline evolution can be divided into three stages: (1) The first stage corresponds to the elongation of the sand spit without interference from coastal structures. (2) The second stage shows the effect of jetties on the shoreline, as signaled by the buildup of sand updrift of the jetties. (3) The third stage shows the effectiveness of the seawall, where the shoreline reaches its equilibrium condition. The study provides a quick and simple method for estimating shoreline diffusivity (ε) in situations where measured data is scarce. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Oceans and Coastal Zones)
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14 pages, 854 KiB  
Article
A Prospective Observational Clinical Cohort of Women with Suspected Breast Implant Illness
by Karlinde A. Spit, Siham Azahaf, Christel J. M. de Blok and Prabath W. B. Nanayakkara
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(15), 4394; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13154394 - 27 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1000
Abstract
Background: This study aims to describe a prospective clinical cohort of patients with silicone breast implants and suspected Breast Implant Illness (BII). Methods: Women were included in a specialized silicone outpatient clinic at Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands. Baseline characteristics were collected [...] Read more.
Background: This study aims to describe a prospective clinical cohort of patients with silicone breast implants and suspected Breast Implant Illness (BII). Methods: Women were included in a specialized silicone outpatient clinic at Amsterdam UMC, the Netherlands. Baseline characteristics were collected including medical history, implant details, and symptoms. Experienced physicians categorized BII suspicion as high, moderate, or low, based on symptoms and after exclusion of other probable causes. Additionally, participants completed questionnaires assessing symptoms and daily life impact at baseline, 6 months, 1, 2, and 5 years. For this initial analysis, the results from the first three years of inclusions were collected. Results: Data from 353 women were collected from December 2020–December 2023. At baseline, the most reported symptoms were fatigue, arthralgia, myalgia, and morning stiffness, accompanied by local symptoms in 83.3% of patients. At the clinic, 112 women were categorized as having high suspicion of BII, 147 women as moderate, and 94 women as low. At follow-up, 182 women (51.6%) opted for explantation. Following explantation, women with a high or moderate suspicion of BII experienced more significant symptom improvement, accompanied by a decrease in anxiety and a greater sense of control over their illness, compared to women with a low suspicion of BII. Conclusions: Our study highlights a distinct interplay of systemic and local symptoms among women with suspicion of BII. Women with a high or moderate BII suspicion benefit significantly more from explantation than women with low suspicion. Experienced physicians are pivotal in effectively assessing and guiding this patient group, highlighting the need for tailored clinical approaches. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Guidelines)
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23 pages, 28193 KiB  
Article
Using Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) to Investigate the Exceptionally Thick Deposits from the Storegga Tsunami in Northeastern Scotland
by Charlie S. Bristow, Lucy K. Buck and Rishi Shah
Remote Sens. 2024, 16(11), 2042; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16112042 - 6 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1176
Abstract
A submarine landslide on the edge of the Norwegian shelf that occurred around 8150 ± 30 cal. years BP triggered a major ocean-wide tsunami, the deposits of which are recorded around the North Atlantic, including Scotland. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) was used here to [...] Read more.
A submarine landslide on the edge of the Norwegian shelf that occurred around 8150 ± 30 cal. years BP triggered a major ocean-wide tsunami, the deposits of which are recorded around the North Atlantic, including Scotland. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) was used here to investigate tsunami sediments within estuaries on the coast of northeastern Scotland where the tsunami waves were funnelled inland. Around the Dornoch Firth, the tsunami deposits are up to 1.6 m thickness, which is exceptionally thick for tsunami deposits and about twice the thickness of the 2004 IOT or 2011 Tohoku-oki tsunami deposits. The exceptional thickness is attributed to a high sediment supply within the Dornoch Firth. At Ardmore, the tsunami appears to have overtopped a beach ridge with a thick sand layer deposited inland at Dounie and partly infilled a valley. Later, fluvial activity eroded the tsunami sediments locally, removing the sand layer. At Creich, on the north side of the Dornoch Firth, the sand layer varies in thickness; mapping of the sand layer with GPR shows lateral thickness changes of over 1 m attributed to a combination of infilling an underlying topography, differential compaction, and later reworking by tidal inlets. Interpretation of the GPR profiles at Wick suggests that there has been a miscorrelation of Holocene stratigraphy based on boreholes. Changes in the stratigraphy of spits at Ardmore are attributed to the balance between sediment supply and sea-level change with washovers dominating a spit formed during the early Holocene transgression, while spits formed during the subsequent mid-Holocene high-stand are dominated by progradation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers for Section Environmental Remote Sensing)
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17 pages, 15689 KiB  
Article
Monitoring and Forecasting of Coastal Erosion in the Context of Climate Change in Saint Louis (Senegal)
by Mamadou Adama Sarr, Ibrahima Pouye, Aissatou Sene, Iñigo Aniel-Quiroga, Abdoul A. Diouf, Fatim Samb, Mamadou L. Ndiaye and Moussa Sall
Geographies 2024, 4(2), 287-303; https://doi.org/10.3390/geographies4020017 - 28 Apr 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1378
Abstract
Owing to its unique physical and socio-economic characteristics, the Saint Louis region stands out as one of the most susceptible areas in Senegal to the adverse impacts of coastal erosion. The dynamics of erosion in this region are significantly influenced by the Langue [...] Read more.
Owing to its unique physical and socio-economic characteristics, the Saint Louis region stands out as one of the most susceptible areas in Senegal to the adverse impacts of coastal erosion. The dynamics of erosion in this region are significantly influenced by the Langue de Barbarie (LB), a sand spit formed at the mouth of the Senegal River. Initially, in 2003, a 4 m wide artificial breach was strategically introduced to mitigate flooding; however, sediment dynamics expanded it to 6 km by 2020, thereby affecting the entire region. This study delves into the coastline change of the LB, specifically divided into three zones (LB-1, LB-2, and LB-3), spanning the period from 1994 to 2042. Leveraging Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing techniques, our investigation reveals that, prior to the breach’s creation, the average dynamic coastline rates in zones LB-1, LB-2, and LB-3 were estimated at 4.4, 5.9, and 4.4 m/year, respectively. Subsequent to the breach, these rates shifted to −1.2, 8.4, and −2.7 m/year, with the most significant erosion observed alongshore of LB-3 at −6.6 m/year during the period 2002–2012. Projecting into 2032, LB-1 and LB-3 are anticipated to experience erosion rates of −11.5 and −26.8 m/year, respectively, while the LB-2 records an estimated accretion rate of 8.41 m/year. Eroded areas are expected to total 571,458 m2, while accumulated areas are expected to total 67,191 m2. By 2042, zones LB-1, LB-2, and LB-3 are expected to experience erosion rates of −23 and −53.6 m/year, resulting in the erosion of 1,021,963 m2 and the accumulation of 94,930 m2 with a dynamic rate of 168.2 m/year in zone LB-3. These results have significant implications for solving the urgent issue of coastal erosion in LB. Full article
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26 pages, 34475 KiB  
Article
Hydrodynamic Modeling of Water Renewal Time and Potential Dissolved Matter Using TELEMAC: Applications to Shediac Bay (New Brunswick, Canada)
by Chinh Lieou, Serge Jolicoeur, Thomas Guyondet, Stéphane O’Carroll and Tri Nguyen-Quang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(3), 461; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12030461 - 7 Mar 2024
Viewed by 993
Abstract
This study examines the hydrodynamic regimes in Shediac Bay, located in New Brunswick, Canada, with a focus on the breach in the Grande-Digue sand spit. The breach, which was developed in the mid-1980s, has raised concerns about its potential impacts on water renewal [...] Read more.
This study examines the hydrodynamic regimes in Shediac Bay, located in New Brunswick, Canada, with a focus on the breach in the Grande-Digue sand spit. The breach, which was developed in the mid-1980s, has raised concerns about its potential impacts on water renewal time and water quality in the inner bay. The aims of this study, using mathematical modeling approaches, were to evaluate the flow regimes passing through the breach and influences on the distribution of dissolved matter, providing insights into whether the breach should be allowed to naturally evolve or be artificially infilled to prevent contaminant stagnancy in the bay. The study considered three simulation scenarios to comprehend the water renewal time and the role of the breach in the environmental management of Shediac Bay. Results indicated that completely closing the breach would significantly increase the water renewal time in the inner bay, although the spatial extent of this increase is limited. However, the study identified some limitations, including the need to better define the concentration limit for considering water as renewed and the lack of consideration of dynamic factors such as wind and wave effects. Full article
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22 pages, 4906 KiB  
Article
Using Remote Sensing Multispectral Imagery for Invasive Species Quantification: The Effect of Image Resolution on Area and Biomass Estimation
by Manuel de Figueiredo Meyer, José Alberto Gonçalves and Ana Maria Ferreira Bio
Remote Sens. 2024, 16(4), 652; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16040652 - 9 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1857
Abstract
This study assesses the applicability of different-resolution multispectral remote sensing images for mapping and estimating the aboveground biomass (AGB) of Carpobrotus edulis, a prominent invasive species in European coastal areas. This study was carried out on the Cávado estuary sand spit (Portugal). [...] Read more.
This study assesses the applicability of different-resolution multispectral remote sensing images for mapping and estimating the aboveground biomass (AGB) of Carpobrotus edulis, a prominent invasive species in European coastal areas. This study was carried out on the Cávado estuary sand spit (Portugal). The performance of three sets of multispectral images with different Ground Sample Distances (GSDs) were compared: 2.5 cm, 5 cm, and 10 cm. The images were classified using the supervised classification algorithm random forest and later improved by applying a sieve filter. Samples of C. edulis were also collected, dried, and weighed to estimate the AGB using the relationship between the dry weight (DW) and vegetation indices (VIs). The resulting regression models were evaluated based on their coefficient of determination (R2), Normalised Root Mean Square Error (NRMSE), p-value, Akaike information criterion (AIC), and the Bayesian information criterion (BIC). The results show that the three tested image resolutions allow for constructing reliable coverage maps of C. edulis, with overall accuracy values of 89%, 85%, and 88% for the classification of the 2.5 cm, 5 cm, and 10 cm GSD images, respectively. The best-performing VI-DW regression models achieved R2 = 0.87 and NRMSE = 0.09 for the 2.5 cm resolution; R2 = 0.77 and NRMSE = 0.12 for the 5 cm resolution; and R2 = 0.64 and NRMSE = 0.15 for the 10 cm resolution. The C. edulis area and total AGB were 3441.10 m2 and 28,327.1 kg (with an AGB relative error (RE) = 0.08) for the 2.5 cm resolution; 3070.04 m2 and 29,170.8 kg (AGB RE = 0.08) for the 5 cm resolution; and 2305.06 m2 and 22,135.7 kg (AGB RE = 0.11) for the 10 cm resolution. Spatial and model differences were analysed in detail to determine their causes. Final analyses suggest that multispectral imagery of up to 5 cm GSD is adequate for estimating C. edulis distribution and biomass. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing for 2D/3D Mapping)
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12 pages, 2114 KiB  
Article
Natural Vector of Avian Haemoproteus asymmetricus Parasite and Factors Altering the Spread of Infection
by Rita Žiegytė, Vaidas Palinauskas and Rasa Bernotienė
Insects 2023, 14(12), 926; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects14120926 - 5 Dec 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1351
Abstract
Avian haemosporidians (Apicomplexa, Haemosporida) are widespread blood protists, often causing severe haemosporidiosis, pathology, or even mortality in their hosts. Migrant birds regularly bring various haemosporidian parasites from wintering grounds to European breeding areas. Some haemosporidian parasites are prevalent in breeding sites and complete [...] Read more.
Avian haemosporidians (Apicomplexa, Haemosporida) are widespread blood protists, often causing severe haemosporidiosis, pathology, or even mortality in their hosts. Migrant birds regularly bring various haemosporidian parasites from wintering grounds to European breeding areas. Some haemosporidian parasites are prevalent in breeding sites and complete their life cycles in temperate climate zones and can be transmitted, but others do not. The factors altering the spread of these haemosporidians are not fully understood. Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) play an important role in the transmission of worldwide distributed avian haemosporidian parasites belonging to the genus Haemoproteus, but this information is particularly scarce and insufficient. The key factors limiting the spread of these pathogens in temperate climate zones, which we suspect and aim to study, are the absence of susceptible vectors and the ecological isolation of birds from vectors during the breeding period when transmission occurs. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate how the habitats of biting midges and bird breeding sites influence parasite transmission while also seeking to expand our understanding of the natural vectors for these parasites. Biting midges were collected using UV traps on the Curonian Spit, Lithuania, in different habitats, such as woodland and reeds, from May to September. Parous Culicoides females were identified, dissected, and investigated for the presence of Haemoproteus parasites using both microscopy and PCR-based tools. Among the dissected 1135 parous Culicoides females, the sporozoites of Haemoproteus asymmetricus (genetic lineage hTUPHI01) have been detected for the first time in the salivary glands of Culicoides festivipennis. The sporozoites of four Haemoproteus lineages were detected in Culicoides segnis, C. festivipennis, and Culicoides kibunensis biting midges. PCR-based screening showed that the females of seven Culicoides species were naturally infected with Haemoproteus parasites. The DNA of the parasite of owls, Haemoproteus syrnii (hSTAL2), was detected for the first time in Culicoides punctatus. The highest abundance of collected Culicoides females was in June, but the highest prevalence of Haemoproteus parasites in biting midges was in July. The abundance of Culicoides was higher in the woodland compared with reeds during the season. The acquired findings indicate the varied abundance and diversity of biting midges throughout the season and across distinct habitats. This variability could potentially impact the transmission of Haemoproteus parasites among birds with diverse breeding site ecologies. These outcomes hold the potential to enhance our understanding of the epizootiology of Haemoproteus infections within temperate climatic zones. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)
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15 pages, 1185 KiB  
Article
Can We Do More with Less? Analyzing the Organization of Flexibility of Space and Infrastructure at UDCs: A Case Study for Food Center Amsterdam
by Rogier Pennings, Bart Wiegmans and Tejo Spit
Logistics 2023, 7(4), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/logistics7040090 - 1 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1697
Abstract
Background: How can flexible applications of the space and infrastructure of urban distribution centers (UDCs) be organized to help lower demands on space and infrastructure in cities? The application of flexible use of space and infrastructure can improve the efficiency of a [...] Read more.
Background: How can flexible applications of the space and infrastructure of urban distribution centers (UDCs) be organized to help lower demands on space and infrastructure in cities? The application of flexible use of space and infrastructure can improve the efficiency of a UDC, but the challenge lies in the organization of the application of flexibility. Methods: The goal of this research was to identify how flexibility can be organized to impact overall societal benefits for the stakeholders in UDCs. This explorative and qualitative research was applied to the case of Food Center Amsterdam. Results: The results show that stakeholders have a limited understanding of the potential that flexibility can offer; that there is a need for an independent organizing capability and responsibility for collaboration on flexibility; and that a clear way to divide costs, benefits, risks, and opportunities in relation to stakeholder interests is required. Conclusions: Overall, flexibility shows potential to improve the efficient use of infrastructure and space. Further research avenues include the initiation of an organizing capability and distribution method for costs, benefits, risks, and opportunities between stakeholders. The remaining question is, can we get this organized in order to do more with less? Full article
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20 pages, 5776 KiB  
Article
Research on Maize Acreage Extraction and Growth Monitoring Based on a Machine Learning Algorithm and Multi-Source Remote Sensing Data
by Wenjie Luan, Xiaojing Shen, Yinghao Fu, Wangcheng Li, Qiaoling Liu, Tuo Wang and Dongxiang Ma
Sustainability 2023, 15(23), 16343; https://doi.org/10.3390/su152316343 - 27 Nov 2023
Viewed by 1249
Abstract
Getting accurate and up-to-date information on the cultivated land area and spatial arrangement of maize, an important staple crop in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, is very important for planning agricultural development in the region and judging crop yields. This work proposes a [...] Read more.
Getting accurate and up-to-date information on the cultivated land area and spatial arrangement of maize, an important staple crop in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, is very important for planning agricultural development in the region and judging crop yields. This work proposes a machine-learning methodology to extract corn from medium-resolution photos obtained from the Sentinel-2 satellite. The Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud platform is utilized to facilitate the process. The identification of maize cultivation regions in Huinong District in the year 2021 was performed through the utilization of support vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF) classification techniques. After obtaining the results, they were compared to see if using the random forest classification method to find planting areas for maize was possible and useful. Subsequently, the regions where maize was cultivated were combined with image data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), which has a high temporal resolution. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) contemporaneous difference method, which gives regular updates, was then used to track the growth of maize during its whole growth phase. The study’s results show that using the GEE cloud platform made it easier to quickly map out data about where to plant maize in Huinong District. Furthermore, the implementation of the random forest method resulted in enhanced accuracy in extracting maize planting areas. The confusion matrix’s evaluation of the classification performance produced an average overall accuracy of 98.9% and an average Kappa coefficient of 0.966. In comparison to the statistics yearbook of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, the method employed in this study consistently yielded maize-planted area estimates in Huinong District with relative errors below 4% throughout the period spanning 2017 to 2021. The average relative error was found to be 2.04%. By combining MODIS image data with the NDVI difference model in the year 2021, the high-frequency monitoring of maize growth in Huinong District was successful. The growth of maize in Huinong District in 2021 exhibited comparable or improved performance in the seedling stage, nodulation stage, and the early stage of staminate pulling and spitting, possibly attributed to the impact of climate and other relevant elements. After that, the growth slowed down in August, and the percentage of regions with slower growth rates than in previous years gradually increased. However, overall, the growth of maize in Huinong District during the year 2021 showed improvement relative to the preceding years. The present study introduces a novel approach that demonstrates the capability to accurately extract corn crops in the Huinong District while simultaneously monitoring their growth at a high frequency. Full article
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12 pages, 300 KiB  
Article
A Retrospective Cohort Study of Cobra Envenomation: Clinical Characteristics, Treatments, and Outcomes
by Phantakan Tansuwannarat, Achara Tongpoo, Suraphong Phongsawad, Charuwan Sriapha, Winai Wananukul and Satariya Trakulsrichai
Toxins 2023, 15(7), 468; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15070468 - 20 Jul 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1900
Abstract
This study investigated the clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes of envenomation involving cobra species in Thailand (Naja kaouthia, Naja siamensis, and Naja sumatrana). Data of patients who had been bitten by a cobra or inoculated via the eyes/skin in [...] Read more.
This study investigated the clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes of envenomation involving cobra species in Thailand (Naja kaouthia, Naja siamensis, and Naja sumatrana). Data of patients who had been bitten by a cobra or inoculated via the eyes/skin in 2018–2021 were obtained from the Ramathibodi Poison Center. There were 1045 patients admitted during the 4-year study period (bite, n = 539; ocular/dermal inoculation, n = 506). Almost all patients with ocular/dermal inoculation had eye involvement and ocular injuries, but none had neurological effects. Most of the patients bitten by a cobra had local effects (69.0%) and neurological signs and symptoms (55.7%). The median interval between the bite and the onset of neurological symptoms was 1 h (range, 10 min to 24 h). Accordingly, patients should be observed closely in hospitals for at least 24 h after a bite. Intubation with ventilator support was required in 45.5% of patients and for a median duration of 1.1 days. Antivenom was administered in 63.5% of cases. There were nine deaths, most of which resulted from severe infection. Neurological effects and intubation were significantly more common after a monocled cobra bite than after a spitting cobra bite. The administration of antivenom with good supportive care, including the appropriate management of complications, especially wound infection, might decrease fatality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Venoms)
15 pages, 7431 KiB  
Article
Coastal Dynamics Analysis Based on Orbital Remote Sensing Big Data and Multivariate Statistical Models
by Anderson Targino da Silva Ferreira, Regina Célia de Oliveira, Maria Carolina Hernandez Ribeiro, Carlos Henrique Grohmann and Eduardo Siegle
Coasts 2023, 3(3), 160-174; https://doi.org/10.3390/coasts3030010 - 29 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1944
Abstract
As the interface between land and water, coastlines are highly dynamic and intricately tied to the sediment budget. These regions have a high functional diversity and require enlightened management to preserve their value for the future. In this study we assess changes to [...] Read more.
As the interface between land and water, coastlines are highly dynamic and intricately tied to the sediment budget. These regions have a high functional diversity and require enlightened management to preserve their value for the future. In this study we assess changes to the São Paulo State (SE Brazil) coastline over the last 36 years. The study innovatively employs big data remote sensing techniques and multivariate statistical models to evaluate and generate erosion/accretion rates (1985–2021) relative to beach orientation and slope. Shoreline change rates have been obtained for sandy beaches at 485 one-kilometer-spaced transects. Our findings capture the complexity and heterogeneity of the analyzed coastline, at a regional and local scale. No association was found between shoreline changes and beach face orientation. Nonetheless, a dependency relationship was found between dissipative beaches with moderate to high accretion. Beaches facing south, with relative stability, were prone to sediment accumulation. Locations with slow accretion, like sandy spits and tombolo-protected beaches, were associated with dissipative beaches with moderate to high accretion. The southeast-oriented beaches are more prone to erosion due to storm waves from the south. Results provide a broad, fast, and relatively low-cost methodology that can be used in any sandy beach context, bringing essential information for coastal management and decision-making related to the use and occupation of the coastal zones. Full article
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16 pages, 1658 KiB  
Article
Detecting SPIT Attacks in VoIP Networks Using Convolutional Autoencoders: A Deep Learning Approach
by Waleed Nazih, Khaled Alnowaiser, Esraa Eldesouky and Osama Youssef Atallah
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(12), 6974; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13126974 - 9 Jun 2023
Viewed by 1940
Abstract
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is a technology that enables voice communication to be transmitted over the Internet, transforming communication in both personal and business contexts by offering several benefits such as cost savings and integration with other communication systems. However, VoIP attacks [...] Read more.
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is a technology that enables voice communication to be transmitted over the Internet, transforming communication in both personal and business contexts by offering several benefits such as cost savings and integration with other communication systems. However, VoIP attacks are a growing concern for organizations that rely on this technology for communication. Spam over Internet Telephony (SPIT) is a type of VoIP attack that involves unwanted calls or messages, which can be both annoying and pose security risks to users. Detecting SPIT can be challenging since it is often delivered from anonymous VoIP accounts or spoofed phone numbers. This paper suggests an anomaly detection model that utilizes a deep convolutional autoencoder to identify SPIT attacks. The model is trained on a dataset of normal traffic and then encodes new traffic into a lower-dimensional latent representation. If the network traffic varies significantly from the encoded normal traffic, the model flags it as anomalous. Additionally, the model was tested on two datasets and achieved F1 scores of 99.32% and 99.56%. Furthermore, the proposed model was compared to several traditional anomaly detection approaches and it outperformed them on both datasets. Full article
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17 pages, 5156 KiB  
Article
Designing, Modeling, and Fabrication of a Novel Solar-Concentrating Spittoon against COVID-19 for Antibacterial Sustainable Atmosphere
by Abhimannyu Sharma, Dheeraj Kumar, Amit Kumar, Nadeem Faisal, Naresh Kumar, Shatrudhan Pandey, S. M. Mozammil Hasnain, Tahani Mohamed Al-Hazani, Abdullah A. AlKahtane, Saad Alkahtani and Rajeshwari Chatterjee
Sustainability 2023, 15(12), 9286; https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129286 - 8 Jun 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1927
Abstract
Spreading infectious illnesses such as viral meningitis, hepatitis, and cytomegalovirus among people is facilitated by spitting in public. India is more prone to transferring infectious illnesses. Recent research discovered that the new Coronavirus may also be transmitted via an infected person’s saliva. Self-collected [...] Read more.
Spreading infectious illnesses such as viral meningitis, hepatitis, and cytomegalovirus among people is facilitated by spitting in public. India is more prone to transferring infectious illnesses. Recent research discovered that the new Coronavirus may also be transmitted via an infected person’s saliva. Self-collected saliva from 91.7% of patients contains COVID-19. Numerous nations have prioritized preventing individuals from spitting in open or public areas such as hospitals, parks, airports, train stations, etc. The UVC range has a greater damaging effect on microbial cells because microorganisms’ intracellular components, such as RNA, DNA, and proteins, are sensitive to UVC photon absorption. In this article, the design and construction of a solar-concentrating spittoon is attempted. At its receiver, it can create a temperature of 390 K and 176 W of heat. At this temperature, most viruses (including Coronavirus), bacteria, and pathogens are inactivated. Daily, from 8:00 a.m. until 5:00 p.m., the solar-concentrating spittoon is functional. The solar-concentrating spittoon performance was best for nine hours. The receiver thermal efficiency was 80% and 20% of heat was lost to the surroundings. The overall efficiency was found to be 70%. During this time, most people spend their time outside, where this solar-powered spittoon can incinerate human cough and spit within one minute. The installation of this solar-concentrated spittoon will aid in preventing the spread of fatal dangerous diseases and cleaning the city. Full article
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32 pages, 4212 KiB  
Article
Global Distribution and Morphodynamic Patterns of Paired Spits Developed at the Mouths of Interdistributary Bays of Deltas and within Coastal Channels
by Javier Alcántara-Carrió, Ángela Fontán-Bouzas, Ana Caicedo Rodríguez, Rogério Portantiolo Manzolli and Luana Portz
Remote Sens. 2023, 15(11), 2713; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15112713 - 23 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1651
Abstract
Previously, paired spits have been described at the mouths of bays, estuaries, and deltas. This study analyzed the worldwide distribution and morphodynamic patterns of paired spits located at the mouths of interdistributary bays of deltas (three systems) and within coastal channels (24 systems). [...] Read more.
Previously, paired spits have been described at the mouths of bays, estuaries, and deltas. This study analyzed the worldwide distribution and morphodynamic patterns of paired spits located at the mouths of interdistributary bays of deltas (three systems) and within coastal channels (24 systems). The methodology was based on the detailed analysis of satellite images, nautical charts, and tidal-range databases. The paired spits found were mainly located on microtidal coasts at high or mid latitudes. Waves were the main factor controlling convergent progradation and breaching of the spits, while the hydraulic blockage for the development of these paired spits was mainly due to tide-induced currents, as well as minor fluvial outlets in the interdistributary bays. Three morphodynamic patterns were identified: (i) stable, with low progradation rates, generally without breaching or degradation of any of the spits; (ii) stationary, with high progradation rates, alternating degradation or breaching of any of the spits with the formation of new spits or closure of the breaches; and (iii) instable or ephemeral, which included three subtypes, the severe erosion of one or both spits, the joining of the head of the two spits forming a single barrier, and the merging of each with its channel margin. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Remote Sensing in Coastal Geomorphology Ⅱ)
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18 pages, 6851 KiB  
Article
Sand Spit Morphology at an Inlet on Phu Quoc Island, Vietnam
by Dinh Van Duy, Tran Van Ty, Tran Nhat Thanh, Huynh Vuong Thu Minh, Cao Van De, Vu Hoang Thai Duong, Trinh Cong Dan, Nguyen Trung Viet and Hitoshi Tanaka
Water 2023, 15(10), 1941; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15101941 - 20 May 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2330
Abstract
Tidal inlets with attached sand spits are a very common coastal landform. Since the evolution of sand spits along coastlines influence the social-economic development of local coastal areas, sand spits have become the objects of numerous studies. However, previous studies have mainly focused [...] Read more.
Tidal inlets with attached sand spits are a very common coastal landform. Since the evolution of sand spits along coastlines influence the social-economic development of local coastal areas, sand spits have become the objects of numerous studies. However, previous studies have mainly focused on sand spits that are usually in the scale of hundreds of meters in width, whilst knowledge about the evolution of smaller-scale sand spits still remains limited. Therefore, in this study, the morphological change of a small and unexplored sand spit in front of Song Tranh Inlet on the west coast of Phu Quoc Island, Vietnam is investigated. Satellite images are first used to observe the morphological change of the sand spit and calculate the longshore sediment transport rates (LSTR) along the sand spit. Waves and beach sediments are collected at the study site to calculate the longshore sediment transport rate using the CERC formula. It is found that there is a seasonal variation in the evolution of the sand spit at Song Tranh Inlet. The longshore sediment transport rates along the spit calculated by image analysis are 39,000 m3/year, 66,000 m3/year, and 40,000 m3/year, whilst the longshore sediment transport rate calculated by the CERC formula is 72,000 m3/year. This study aims to contribute to the methodology for investigating the evolutions of small sand spits and, specifically, sustainable coastal management for Phu Quoc Island, which is well-known as the Pearl Island of Vietnam. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Water Erosion and Sediment Transport)
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