Search Results (3,342)

Land degradation in communal rangelands poses significant challenges to environmental sustainability, agricultural productivity, and livelihoods in southern Africa. This study presents a bibliometric analysis of research trends, key contributors, thematic evolution, and collaborative networks in the field of land degradation in communal rangelands from 1997 to 2024. Utilizing data obtained from the Scopus database, we examined 66 publications to identify patterns in publication output, leading journals, influential articles, and prominent authors and institutions. The analysis demonstrates an overall increase in research output, with a notable surge in publications during the past decade, indicating a growing academic and policy interest in this field. Major themes identified include sustainable land management, restoration strategies, and the impacts of grazing management on ecosystem health. Networks showcasing co-authorship and keyword co-occurrence reveal robust collaborative connections among researchers and a concentrated focus on specific dominant themes. Consequently, these findings propose opportunities for expanding interdisciplinary research and exploring underrepresented areas. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the research landscape, offering insights to steer future studies and inform policy interventions aimed at mitigating land degradation and bolstering the resilience of communal rangelands in southern Africa. Full article

Cargo terminals, as pivotal hubs of mechanical activities, maritime shipping, and land transportation, are significant sources of air pollutants, exhibiting considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity due to the complex and irregular nature of emissions. This study employed a high-density air sensor network with 17 sites across four functional zones in two Shanghai cargo terminals to monitor NO and NO₂ concentrations with high spatiotemporal resolution post sensor data validation against regulatory monitoring stations. Notably, NO and NO₂ concentrations within the terminal surged during the night, peaking at 06:00 h, likely due to local regulations on heavy-duty diesel trucks. Spatial analysis revealed the highest NO concentrations in the core operational areas and adjacent roads, with significantly lower levels in the outer ring, indicating strong emission sources and limited dispersion. Employing the lowest percentile method for baseline extraction from high-resolution data, this study identified local emissions as the primary source of NO, constituting over 80% of total emissions. Elevated background concentrations of NO₂ suggested a gradual oxidation of NO into NO₂, with local emissions contributing to 32–70% of the total NO₂ concentration. These findings provide valuable insights into the NO and NO₂ emission characteristics across different terminal areas, aiding decision-makers in developing targeted emission control policies. Full article

This study aims to assess the adaptability of coastal areas in the Republic of Korea to future climate change-induced flooding. Coastal areas can be susceptible to complex external factors, including rainfall, tide levels, storm surge wave overtopping, etc. The study employs an integrated approach to address this, connecting hydrological and marine engineering technologies. The models utilized in this study encompass XP-SWMM, ADCIRC, SWAN, and FLOW-3D. This study analyzed floods in 2050 and 2100, considering expected rainfall patterns, sea level rising, and an increase in typhoon intensity based on climate change scenarios for six coastal areas in the Republic of Korea. We reviewed the adaptability of flooding to climate change in each region. Full article

The diaphragm is the primary muscle of respiration. Here, we disclose a fascinating patient’s perspective that led, by clinical reasoning alone, to a novel mechanism of spontaneous respiratory arrests termed diaphragm cramp-contracture (DCC). Although the 7-year-old boy survived its paroxysmal nocturnal “bearhug pain apnea” episodes, essentially by breathing out to breathe in, DCC could cause sudden unexpected deaths in children, especially infants. Diaphragm fatigue is central to the DCC hypothesis in SIDS. Most, if not all, SIDS risk factors contribute to it, such as male sex, young infancy, rebreathing, nicotine, overheating and viral infections. A workload surge by a roll to prone position or REM-sleep inactivation of airway dilator or respiratory accessory muscles can trigger pathological diaphragm excitation (e.g., spasms, flutter, cramp). Electromyography studies in preterm infants already show that diaphragm fatigue and sudden temporary failure by transient spasms induce apneas, hypopneas and forced expirations, all leading to hypoxemic episodes. By extension, prolonged spasm as a diaphragm cramp would induce sustained apnea with severe hypoxemia and cardiac arrest if not quickly aborted. This would cause a sudden, rapid, silent death consistent with SIDS. Moreover, a unique airway obstruction could develop where the hypercontracted diaphragm resists terminal inspiratory efforts by the accessory muscles. It would disappear postmortem. SIDS autopsy evidence consistent with DCC includes disrupted myofibers and contraction band necrosis as well as signs of agonal breathing from obstruction. Screening for diaphragm injury from hypoxemia, hyperthermia, viral myositis and excitation include serum CK-MM and skeletal troponin-I. Active excitation could be visualized on ultrasound or fluoroscopy and monitored by respiratory inductive plethysmography or electromyography. Full article

HTS 2G tapes used in Superconducting Fault Current Limiters (SFCLs) have properties that allow for the effective limitation of short-circuit currents; however, due to the specificity of the device operation, they should be characterized by the high stability of the parameters when repeatedly leaving the superconducting state. During the operation of SFCLs, a situation may occur in which the parameters of the HTS tapes used will change several times as a result of the action of short-circuit currents that exceed the critical current I_C of the superconductor of the tape used. This paper presents the results of microstructural tests of 2G HTS tapes intended for SFCLs, subjected to surge currents corresponding to prospective short-circuit currents with values higher than their critical currents I_C and for which I_C changes were observed. The HTS tapes were examined using a JEOL 7600F field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM), and their chemical composition was analyzed using Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). The test results indicate the possibility of micro-damage in the form of cracks in the superconductor layer, as well as the interruption of the buffer layers and the oxidation of the silver layers. The analysis of the chemical composition of the HTS tape layers may indicate the occurrence of diffusion processes. Full article

Background: The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic caught healthcare systems in many countries unprepared. Shortages of personnel, medicines, disinfectants, and intensive care unit (ICU) capacities, combined with inadvertent use of antibiotics and emergence of drug-resistant secondary infections, led to a surge in COVID-19-related mortality. Objective: We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of secondary bacterial infections and the associated antibiotic resistance in a temporary established ICU dedicated to COVID-19 patients. We also assessed the utility of clinical and routine laboratory data as predictors of secondary infections and mortality in these patients. Methods: We examined the medical records of 243 patients admitted to the COVID-19 Medical Support Unit of Târgu Mures, Romania, between 1 August 2020 and 31 January 2021. Results: Among the 243 patients admitted to the COVID-19 Medical Support Unit of Târgu Mures between 1 August 2020 and 31 January 2021, 59 (24.3%) presented secondary infections. Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the most frequent isolates (31.1% and 18.9%, respectively), most of them multidrug resistant. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease had a higher prevalence in patients who developed secondary infections (p = 0.012). Secondary infections were associated with longer stay in the ICU and with higher mortality (p = 0.006 and p = 0.038, respectively). Conclusions: Early identification of secondary infections and proper use of antibiotics are necessary to limit the spread of multidrug-resistant microorganisms in COVID-19 patients admitted in the ICU. Full article

The Hong Kong Observatory has been using a parametric storm surge model to forecast the rise of sea level due to the passage of tropical cyclones. This model includes an offset parameter to account for the rise in sea level due to other meteorological factors. By adding the sea level rise forecast to the astronomical tide prediction using the harmonic analysis method, coastal sea level prediction can be produced for the sites with tidal observations, which supports the high water level forecast operation and alert service for risk assessment of sea flooding in Hong Kong. The Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport (COAWST) Modelling System, which comprises the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model and Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS), which in itself is coupled with wave model WaveWatch III and nearshore wave model SWAN, was tested with tropical cyclone cases where there was significant water level rise in Hong Kong. This case study includes two super typhoons, namely Hato in 2017 and Mangkhut in 2018, three cases of the combined effect of tropical cyclone and northeast monsoon, including Typhoon Kompasu in 2021, Typhoon Nesat and Severe Tropical Storm Nalgae in 2022, as well as two cases of monsoon-induced sea level anomalies in February 2022 and February 2023. This study aims to evaluate the ability of the WRF-ROMS-SWAN model to downscale the meteorological fields and the performance of the coupled models in capturing the maximum sea levels under the influence of significant weather events. The results suggested that both configurations could reproduce the sea level variations with a high coefficient of determination (R²) of around 0.9. However, the WRF-ROMS-SWAN model gave better results with a reduced RMSE in the surface wind and sea level anomaly predictions. Except for some cases where the atmospheric model has introduced errors during the downscaling of the ERA5 dataset, bias in the peak sea levels could be reduced by the WRF-ROMS-SWAN coupled model. The study result serves as one of the bases for the implementation of the three-way coupled atmosphere–ocean–wave modelling system for producing an integrated forecast of storm surge or sea level anomalies due to meteorological factors, as well as meteorological and oceanographic parameters as an upgrade to the two-way coupled Operational Marine Forecasting System in the Hong Kong Observatory. Full article

The lanthanide series elements are transition metals used as critical components of electronics, as well as rechargeable batteries, fertilizers, antimicrobials, contrast agents for medical imaging, and diesel fuel additives. With the surge in their utilization, lanthanide metals are being found more in our environment. However, little is known about the health effects associated with lanthanide exposure. Epidemiological studies as well as studies performed in rodents exposed to lanthanum (La) suggest neurological damage, learning and memory impairment, and disruption of neurotransmitter signaling, particularly in serotonin and dopamine pathways. Unfortunately, little is known about the neurological effects of heavier lanthanides. As dysfunctions of serotonergic and dopaminergic signaling are implicated in multiple neurological conditions, including Parkinson’s disease, depression, generalized anxiety disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder, it is of utmost importance to determine the effects of La and other lanthanides on these neurotransmitter systems. We therefore hypothesized that early-life exposure of light [La (III) or cerium (Ce (III))] or heavy [erbium (Er (III)) or ytterbium (Yb (III))] lanthanides in Caenorhabditis elegans could cause dysregulation of serotonergic and dopaminergic signaling upon adulthood. Serotonergic signaling was assessed by measuring pharyngeal pump rate, crawl-to-swim transition, as well as egg-laying behaviors. Dopaminergic signaling was assessed by measuring locomotor rate and egg-laying and swim-to-crawl transition behaviors. Treatment with La (III), Ce (III), Er (III), or Yb (III) caused deficits in serotonergic or dopaminergic signaling in all assays, suggesting both the heavy and light lanthanides disrupt these neurotransmitter systems. Concomitant with dysregulation of neurotransmission, all four lanthanides increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and decreased glutathione and ATP levels. This suggests increased oxidative stress, which is a known modifier of neurotransmission. Altogether, our data suggest that both heavy and light lanthanide series elements disrupt serotonergic and dopaminergic signaling and may affect the development or pharmacological management of related neurological conditions. Full article

As the development of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) progresses from offshore to deeper sea, the demands on mooring systems to ensure the safety of the structure have become increasingly stringent, leading to a concomitant rise in costs. A parameter optimization method for the mooring system of FOWTs is proposed, with the mooring line length and anchor radial spacing as the optimization variables, and the minimization of surge, yaw, and nacelle acceleration as the objectives. A series of mooring system configuration samples are generated by the fully analytical factorial design method, and the open source program OpenFAST is employed to simulate the global responses in the time domain. To enhance the efficiency of the optimization process, a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm, Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II), is utilized to find the Pareto-optimal solutions, alongside a Kriging model, which serves as a surrogate model for the FOWTs. This approach was applied to an IEC 15MW FOWT to demonstrate the optimization procedure. The results indicate that the integration of the genetic algorithm and the surrogate model achieved rapid convergence and high accuracy. Through this optimization process, the longitudinal motion response of FOWTs is reduced by a maximum of 6.46%, the yaw motion by 2.87%, and the nacelle acceleration by 11.55%. Full article

The intensity of typhoons affecting the Korean Peninsula has been rapidly increasing, resulting in significant damage. Notably, this intensification correlates with the rise in Sea Surface Temperature (SST) in the western Pacific Ocean and surrounding sea areas, where typhoons that impact the Korean Peninsula originate and develop. The SST in these regions is increasing at a faster rate than the global average. Typhoon-related meteorological disasters are not isolated events, such as strong winds, heavy rains, or storm surges, but rather multi-hazard occurrences that can affect different areas simultaneously. As a result, preparation and evaluation must address multi-hazard disasters, rather than focusing on individual weather phenomena. This study develops the Typhoon Ready System (TRS) to improve impact-based forecasting in Korea, in response to the growing threat of multi-hazard weather disasters. By providing region-specific pre-disaster information, the TRS enables local governments and individuals to better prepare for and mitigate the impacts of typhoons. The system will be continuously refined in collaboration with the U.S. Weather-Ready Nation (WRN), which possesses advanced impact forecasting capabilities. The findings of this study offer a crucial framework for enhancing Korea’s ability to forecast and respond to the escalating threats posed by typhoons. By utilizing the TRS, it will be possible to assess the risks of various multi-hazard weather disasters specific to each region during the typhoon forecast period, and the relevant data can be efficiently applied at both the individual and local government levels for typhoon prevention efforts. The system will be continuously improved through cooperation with the U.S. WRN, leveraging their advanced impact forecasting systems. It is expected that the TRS will enhance the accuracy of typhoon impact forecasts, which have been responsible for significant damage in Korea. Full article

The deep learning system for e-waste management presented in this proposal is a transformative solution designed to address the escalating challenges of garbage collection and management in urban environments. Rapid urbanization has resulted in increased waste generation, necessitating a more intelligent and efficient approach to e-waste collection and disposal. This system integrates cutting-edge technologies, primarily Artificial Intelligence (AI), to improve e-waste management processes, enhance resource utilization, and contribute to the creation of cleaner and more sustainable urban spaces. Urban areas are experiencing unprecedented growth, leading to a surge in the volume of waste generated daily; as such, traditional waste management systems struggle to cope with this influx, resulting in environmental pollution, compromised public health, and inefficient resource utilization. The proposed deep learning model with accuracy of 83% seeks to revolutionize existing practices by leveraging the capabilities of AI. The aim of this research is to develop a sequential neural network using a Keras and TensorFlow image analysis: a deep learning convolutional neural network (CNN) for e-waste management. The Python programming tool will be used to develop the deep learning model as well as a GUI that will facilitate human–computer interactions. The system will be tested and the result evaluated to assess the functionality and adequacy of the system. Full article

Stroke–heart syndrome (SHS), a critical yet underrecognized condition, encompasses a range of cardiac complications that arise following an ischemic stroke. This narrative review explores the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and implications of SHS, focusing on the complex interplay between the brain and the heart. Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) triggers autonomic dysfunction, leading to a surge in catecholamines and subsequent myocardial injury. Our review highlights the five cardinal manifestations of SHS: elevated cardiac troponin (cTn) levels, acute myocardial infarction, left ventricular dysfunction, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. Despite the significant impact of these complications on patient outcomes, there is a notable absence of specific guidelines for their management. Through a comprehensive literature search, we synthesized findings from recent studies to elucidate the mechanisms underlying SHS and identified gaps in the current understanding. Our findings underscore the importance of early detection and multidisciplinary management of cardiac complications post-stroke. Future research should focus on establishing evidence-based protocols to improve clinical outcomes for stroke patients with SHS. Addressing this unmet need will enhance the care of stroke survivors and reduce mortality rates associated with cardiac complications. Full article

Background: Recent years have seen a surge of interest in dual-modality imaging systems that integrate functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and electroencephalography (EEG) to probe brain function. This review aims to explore the advancements and clinical applications of this technology, emphasizing the synergistic integration of fNIRS and EEG. Methods: The review begins with a detailed examination of the fundamental principles and distinctive features of fNIRS and EEG techniques. It includes critical technical specifications, data-processing methodologies, and analysis techniques, alongside an exhaustive evaluation of 30 seminal studies that highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the fNIRS-EEG bimodal system. Results: The paper presents multiple case studies across various clinical domains—such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, infantile spasms, depth of anesthesia, intelligence quotient estimation, and epilepsy—demonstrating the fNIRS-EEG system’s potential in uncovering disease mechanisms, evaluating treatment efficacy, and providing precise diagnostic options. Noteworthy research findings and pivotal breakthroughs further reinforce the developmental trajectory of this interdisciplinary field. Conclusions: The review addresses challenges and anticipates future directions for the fNIRS-EEG dual-modal imaging system, including improvements in hardware and software, enhanced system performance, cost reduction, real-time monitoring capabilities, and broader clinical applications. It offers researchers a comprehensive understanding of the field, highlighting the potential applications of fNIRS-EEG systems in neuroscience and clinical medicine. Full article

Methane, a type of greenhouse gas, poses considerable concern for humans. This study uses field experiments and satellite measurements to explore methane emission mechanisms during the freezing of seasonal permafrost and the contributing factors. In the transitional seasons of autumn and winter, as soil begins to freeze, methane emissions surge dramatically in a brief period. During this phase, the emissions peak, enabling the soil to accumulate over 9000 mg/m³ of methane rapidly. Snow cover also plays a crucial role in mitigating methane emissions. The porous nature of a sufficiently thick snow cover aids in temporarily trapping methane through a stratified blocking process, effectively matching the inhibitory capability of unfrozen soil. In comparison to unfrozen soil (54–237 mg/m³), snow cover can suppress methane emissions up to 20 times more, reducing emissions by as much as 3399 mg/m³. Full article

In recent years, the demand for solid, thin, and flexible energy storage devices has surged in modern consumer electronics, which require autonomy and long duration. In this context, hybrid supercapacitors have become strategic, and significant efforts are being made to develop cells with higher energy densities while preserving the power density of conventional supercapacitors. Motivated by these requirements, we report the development of a new high-performance dual-redox-mediator supercapacitor. In this study, cells were constructed using fully moldable buckypapers (BPs), composed of carbon nanotubes and cellulose nanofibers, as electrodes. We evaluated the compatibility of BPs with hydrogel polymer electrolytes, based on 1 mol L⁻¹ H₂SO₄ and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), supplemented with different redox species: methylene blue, indigo carmine, and hydroquinone. Solid cells were constructed containing two active redox species to maximize the specific capacity of each electrode. Considering the main results, the dual-redox-mediator supercapacitor exhibits high energy density of 32.0 Wh kg⁻¹ (at 0.8 kW kg⁻¹) and is capable of delivering 25.9 Wh kg⁻¹ at high power demand (4.0 kW kg⁻¹). Stability studies conducted over 10,000 galvanostatic cycles revealed that the PVA polymer matrix benefits the system by inhibiting the crossover of redox species within the cell. Full article