Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

Panel for the Prediction and Prevention of Pressure Ulcers in Adults. Pressure Ulcers in Adults: Prediction and Prevention. Rockville (MD): Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR); 1992 May. (AHCPR Clinical Practice Guidelines, No. 3.)

  • This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.

This publication is provided for historical reference only and the information may be out of date.

Cover of Pressure Ulcers in Adults: Prediction and Prevention

Pressure Ulcers in Adults: Prediction and Prevention.

Show details

References

  1. Abildgaard AU, Daugaard K. [Pressure sores. A study on prevalence]. Ugeskr Laeger 1979 Nov 12;141(46):3147-51. (Dan). [PubMed: 524489]
  2. Abruzzese RS.Early assessment and prevention of pressure sores. In: Lee BY, editor. Chronic ulcers of the skin. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1985. p. 1-19.
  3. Alexander M. Teaching the nursing process: adapting the nursing process for use in a surgical unit. Nurs Times 1979 Aug 23;75(34):1443-6. [PubMed: 89670]
  4. Allman RM (Division of Gerontology/Geriatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham).Allman RM (Division of Gerontology/Geriatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham). Pressure ulcers among bedridden hospitalized elderly. Unpublished data compiled 1991.
  5. Ameis A, Chiarcossi A, Jimenez J. Management of pressure sores. Comparative study in medical and surgical patients. Postgrad Med 1980 Feb;67(2):177-84. [PubMed: 7352119]
  6. Andberg MM, Rudolph A, Anderson TP. Improving skin care through patient and family training. Top Clin Nurs 1983 Jul;5(2):45-54. [PubMed: 6553419]
  7. Andersen KE, Jensen O, Kvorning SA, Bach E. Decubitus prophylaxis: a prospective trial on the efficiency of alternating-pressure air-mattresses and water-mattresses. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1983;63(3):227-30. [PubMed: 6192636]
  8. Antypas PG. Management of pressure sores. Curr Probl Surg 1980 Apr;17(4):229-44. [PubMed: 6989559]
  9. Barbenel JC, Jordan MM, Nicol SM, Clark MO. Incidence of pressure-sores in the Greater Glasgow Health Board area. Lancet 1977 Sep 10;2(8037):548-50. [PubMed: 95742]
  10. Barnes SH. Patient/family education for the patient with a pressure necrosis. Nurs Clin North Am 1987 Jun;22(2):463-74. [PubMed: 3646672]
  11. Berecek KH. Treatment of decubitus ulcers. Nurs Clin North Am 1975 Mar;10(1):171-210. [PubMed: 1038627]
  12. Bergstrom N, Braden B.A prospective study of pressure sore risk among institutionalized elderly. Westlake Village, CA: J Am Geriatr Soc. Forthcoming. [PubMed: 1634717]
  13. Bergstrom N, Braden BJ, Laguzza A, Holman V. The Braden Scale for Predicting Pressure Sore Risk. Nurs Res 1987 Jul-Aug;36(4):205-10. [PubMed: 3299278]
  14. Bergstrom N, Demuth PJ, Braden BJ. A clinical trial of the Braden Scale for Predicting Pressure Sore Risk. Nurs Clin North Am 1987 Jun;22(2):417-28. [PubMed: 3554150]
  15. Berlowitz DR, Wilking SV. Risk factors for pressure sores. A comparison of cross-sectional and cohort-derived data. J Am Geriatr Soc 1989 Nov;37(11):1043-50. [PubMed: 2809051]
  16. Blom MF. Dramatic decrease in decubitus ulcers. Geriatr Nurs (New York) 1985 Mar-Apr;6(2):84-7. [PubMed: 3844361]
  17. Braden BJ. Clinical utility of the Braden Scale for predicting pressure sore risk. Decubitus 1989 Aug;2(3):44-6, 50-1. [PubMed: 2775473]
  18. Braden B, Bergstrom N. A conceptual schema for the study of the etiology of pressure sores. Rehabil Nurs 1987. [PubMed: 3643620]
  19. Braden BJ, Bryant R. Innovations to prevent and treat pressure ulcers. Geriatr Nurs (New York) 1990 Jul-Aug;11(4):182-6. [PubMed: 2163958]
  20. Brand PW.Pressure sores—the problem. In: Kenedi RM, Cowden JM, Scales JT, editors. Bed sore biomechanics. London: MacMillan Press Ltd.; 1976. p. 19-23.
  21. Brandeis GH, Morris JN, Nash DJ, Lipsitz LA. The epidemiology and natural history of pressure ulcers in elderly nursing home residents. JAMA 1990 Dec 12;264(22):2905-9. Comment in: JAMA 1991 Apr 3;265(13):1688. [PubMed: 2232085]
  22. Brandeis GH, Morris JN, Nash DJ, Lipsitz LA. Incidence and healing rates of pressure ulcers in the nursing home. Decubitus 1989 May;2(2):60-2. [PubMed: 2787661]
  23. California State Department of Health.Interdisciplinary approach to the prevention and care of decubitus ulcers. Sacramento: The Department; 1978.
  24. Campbell RL, Bartlett AV, Sarbaugh FC, Pickering LK. Effects of diaper types on diaper dermatitis associated with diarrhea and antibiotic use in children in day-care centers. Pediatr Dermatol 1988 May;5(2):83-7. [PubMed: 3045780]
  25. Campbell RL, Seymour JL, Stone LC, Milligan MC. Clinical studies with disposable diapers containing absorbent gelling materials: evaluation of effects on infant skin condition. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987 Dec;17(6):978-87. [PubMed: 3323274]
  26. Clarke M, Kadhom HM. The nursing prevention of pressure sores in hospital and community patients. J Adv Nurs 1988 May;13(3):365-73. [PubMed: 3417931]
  27. Colburn L. Pressure ulcer prevention for the hospice patient. Strategies for care to increase comfort. Am J Hosp Care 1987 Mar-Apr;4(2):22-6. [PubMed: 3644652]
  28. Crewe RA. Problems of rubber ring nursing cushions and a clinical survey of alternative cushions for ill patients. Care Sci Pract 1987 Jun;5(2):9-11.
  29. Daechsel D, Conine TA. Special mattresses: effectiveness in preventing decubitus ulcers in chronic neurologic patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1985 Apr;66(4):246-8. [PubMed: 3985778]
  30. Davis JA, Leyden JJ, Grove GL, Raynor WJ. Comparison of disposable diapers with fluff absorbent and fluff plus absorbent polymers: effects on skin hydration, skin pH, and diaper dermatitis. Pediatr Dermatol 1989 Jun;6(2):102-8. [PubMed: 2748470]
  31. DeLateur BJ, Berni R, Hangladarom T, Giaconi R. Wheelchair cushions designed to prevent pressure sores: an evaluation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1976 Mar;57(3):129-35. [PubMed: 1267583]
  32. Di Domenico RL, Ziegler WZ. Practical rehabilitation techniques for geriatric aides. Rockville (MD): Aspen Publishers; 1989. 147 p.
  33. Dimant J, Francis ME. Pressure sore prevention and management. J Gerontol Nurs 1988 Aug;14(8):18-25. [PubMed: 3411093]
  34. Dinsdale SM. Decubitus ulcers: role of pressure and friction in causation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1974 Apr;55(4):147-52. [PubMed: 4595834]
  35. Droessler D, Maibusch RM. Development of a nursing care plan for healing and preventing decubiti. QRB Qual Rev Bull 1979 Aug;5(8):10-4. [PubMed: 121440]
  36. Dyson R. Bed sores—the injuries hospital staff inflict on patients. Nurs Mirror 1978 Jun 15;146(24):30-2. [PubMed: 247470]
  37. Ek AC, Boman G. A descriptive study of pressure sores: the prevalence of pressure sores and the characteristics of patients. J Adv Nurs 1982 Jan;7(1):51-7. [PubMed: 6917869]
  38. Ek AC, Gustavsson G, Lewis DH. The local skin blood flow in areas at risk for pressure sores treated with massage. Scand J Rehabil Med 1985;17(2):81-6. [PubMed: 4023663]
  39. Ferguson-Pell M, Cochran GV, Cardi M, Trachtman L.A knowledge-based program for pressure sore prevention. Ann N Y Acad Sci .
  40. Frye BA. A coat of many colors: a program to reduce the incidence of hospital-originated pressure sores. Rehabil Nurs 1986 Jan-Feb;11(1):24-5. [PubMed: 3632869]
  41. Fugill GC. Pressure sores. Physiotherapy 1980 Feb;66(2):46-7. [PubMed: 7384264]
  42. Garber SL, Campion LJ, Krouskop TA. Trochanteric pressure in spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1982 Nov;63(11):549-52. [PubMed: 7138267]
  43. Garber SL, Krouskop TA, Carter RE. A system for clinically evaluating wheelchair pressure-relief cushions. Am J Occup Ther 1978 Oct;32(9):565-70. [PubMed: 556427]
  44. Gerson LW. The incidence of pressure sores in active treatment hospitals. Int J Nurs Stud 1975;12(4):201-4. [PubMed: 1046014]
  45. Goode PS, Allman RM. The prevention and management of pressure ulcers. Med Clin North Am 1989 Nov;73(6):1511-24. [PubMed: 2682075]
  46. Grant R. Washable pads or disposable diapers? Geriatr Nurs (New York) 1982 Jul-Aug; 3(4):248-51. [PubMed: 6920351]
  47. Green MF. Pressure sores: the team approach. Nurs Times 1976 Feb 26;72(8):292-4. [PubMed: 1257073]
  48. Griffin ER 3d.Decubitus ulcers, prevention and management: a review. Mil Med 1982 May;147(5):369-71. [PubMed: 6810209]
  49. Guralnik JM, Harris TB, White LR, Cornoni-Huntley JC. Occurrence and predictors of pressure sores in the National Health and Nutrition Examination survey follow-up. J Am Geriatr Soc 1988 Sep;36(9):807-12. [PubMed: 3411064]
  50. Haller KB, Reynolds MA, Horsley JA. Developing research-based innovation protocols: process, criteria, and issues. Res Nurs Health 1979 Jun;2(2):45-51. [PubMed: 256170]
  51. Hamilton L, Quek P, Lew N, Li K, Topp R. Pressure ulcers: an interdisciplinary protocol for prevention and treatment. Perspectives 1989 Spring;13(1):9-15. [PubMed: 2497617]
  52. Hu TW, Kaltreider DL, Igou J. The cost-effectiveness of disposable versus reusable diapers. A controlled experiment in a nursing home. J Gerontol Nurs 1990 Feb;16(2):19-24. [PubMed: 2303672]
  53. International Association of Enterostomal Therapy.Dermal wounds: pressure sores. Philosophy of the IAET. J Enterostomal Ther 1988 Jan-Feb;15(1):4-17. [PubMed: 3339152]
  54. Irvine A, Black C. Pressure sore practices. Nurs Times 1990 Sep 19-25;86(38):74-8. [PubMed: 2216833]
  55. Kaminski MV Jr., Pinchcofsky-Devin G, Williams SD. Nutritional management of decubitus ulcers in the elderly. Decubitus 1989 Nov;2(4):20-30. [PubMed: 2510755]
  56. Kantor I, Ballinger WG, Savin RC. Severely dry skin: clinical evaluation of a highly effective therapeutic lotion. Cutis 1982 Sep;30(3):410-1, 415-6, 419-24. [PubMed: 7172738]
  57. Keller PA, Sinkovic SP, Miles SJ. Skin dryness: a major factor in reducing incontinence dermatitis. Ostomy Wound Manage 1990 Sep-Oct;30:60-4. [PubMed: 2080978]
  58. Khun JK, Wygonoski C. A multidisciplinary team approach to decubitus ulcer care. Nurs Homes 1984 Jan-Feb;33(1):29-33. [PubMed: 10283940]
  59. King RB, Boyink M, Keenan M, editors.Rehabilitation guide. Chicago: The Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago; 1977. The skin; p. 62-80.
  60. King RB, French ET.Procedures to maintain and restore tissue integrity. In: Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Division of Nursing. Rehabilitation nursing procedures manual. Rockville (MD): Aspen Publishers; 1990. p. 179-222.
  61. Kligman AM. Regression method for assessing the efficacy of moisturizers. Cosmet Toiletries 1978 Apr;93(4):27-35.
  62. Kosiak M.Etiology and pathology of ischemic ulcers. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1959 Feb;40(2):62-9. [PubMed: 13618101]
  63. Kramer D, Honig PJ. Diaper dermatitis in the hospitalized child. J Enterostomal Ther 1988 Jul-Aug;15(4):167-70. [PubMed: 3392321]
  64. Krouskop TA, Noble PC, Garber SL, Spencer WA. The effectiveness of preventive management in reducing the occurrence of pressure sores. J Rehabil R D 1983 Jul;20(1):74-83. [PubMed: 6887068]
  65. LaMantia JG, Hirschwald JF, Goodman CL, Wooden VM, Delisser O, Staas WE Jr. A program design to reduce chronic readmissions for pressure sores. Rehabil Nurs 1987 Jan-Feb;12(1):22-5, 16. [PubMed: 3643616]
  66. Lane AT, Rehder PA, Helm K. Evaluations of diapers containing absorbent gelling material with conventional disposable diapers in newborn infants. Am J Dis Child 1990 Mar;144(3):315-8. [PubMed: 2305737]
  67. Langemo DK, Olson B, Hunter S, Burd C, Hansen D, Cathcart-Silberberg T. Incidence of pressure sores in acute care, rehabilitation, extended care, home health, and hospice in one locale. Decubitus 1989 May;2(2):42. [PubMed: 2787654]
  68. Langemo DK, Olson B, Hunter S, Hanson D, Burd C, Cathcart-Silberberg T. Incidence and prediction of pressure ulcers in five patient care settings. Decubitus 1991 Aug;4(3):25-6, 28, 30 passim. [PubMed: 1872975]
  69. Levine JM, Simpson M, McDonald RJ. Pressure sores: a plan for primary care prevention. Geriatrics 1989 Apr;44(4):75-6, 83-7, 90. [PubMed: 2647589]
  70. Lewis T, Grant R.Observations upon reactive hyperaemia in man. Heart (London) 1925;12:73-120.
  71. Leyden JJ. Corn starch, Candida albicans, and diaper rash. Pediatr Dermatol 1984 Apr;1(4):322-5. [PubMed: 6387672]
  72. Leyden JJ, Katz S, Stewart R, Kligman AM. Urinary ammonia and ammonia-producing microorganisms in infants with and without diaper dermatitis. Arch Dermatol 1977 Dec;113(12):1678-80. [PubMed: 596897]
  73. Lidowski H. NAMP: a system for preventing and managing pressure ulcers. Decubitus 1988 May;1(2):28-37. [PubMed: 3254236]
  74. Lovett PA, Bridle MJ. Your skin: an owner's manual. Charlottesville: University of Virginia; 1986.
  75. Lowthian P. Practical nursing: turning clock system to prevent pressure sores. Nurs Mirror 1979 May 24;148(21):30-1. [PubMed: 256073]
  76. Lowthian PT. A review of pressure sore prophylaxis. Nurs Mirror Midwives J 1977 Mar 17;144(11):vii-xv. [PubMed: 585039]
  77. Lowthian PT.Underpads in the prevention of decubiti. In: Kenedi RM, Cowden JM, Scales JT, editors. Bed sore biomechanics. London: MacMillan Press Ltd.; 1976. p. 141-5.
  78. McIntyre KM, Welch M. Offering consultations on rehabilitation skills to nursing homes. Top Geriatr Rehabil 1987 Jan;2(2):77-82.
  79. Maklebust J, Sieggreen M. Pressure ulcers: guidelines for prevention and nursing management. West Dundee (IL): S-N Publications; 1991. 212 p.
  80. Meehan M. Multisite pressure ulcer prevalence survey. Decubitus 1990 Nov;3(4):14-7. [PubMed: 2242232]
  81. Moody BL, Fanale JE, Thompson M, Vaillancourt D, Symonds G, Bonasoro C. Impact of staff education on pressure sore development in elderly hospitalized patients. Arch Intern Med 1988 Oct;148(10):2241-3. [PubMed: 3178381]
  82. Morison MJ. Early assessment of pressure sore risk. Prof Nurse 1989 Jun;4(9):428-31. [PubMed: 2664788]
  83. Morley MH. Decubitus ulcer management—a team approach. Can Nurse 1973 Oct;69(10):41-3. [PubMed: 4745691]
  84. National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel.Pressure ulcers: incidence, economics, risk assessment. Consensus development conference statement. Decubitus 1989 2(2):24-8. [PubMed: 2665781]
  85. Nickel LD, Waters RL, Klein NE. Pressure ulcerations: a philosophy of management. Model Syst SCI Dig 1982 Spring;4(1):36-48.
  86. Noble PC. The prevention of pressure sores in persons with spinal cord injuries. New York: World Rehabilitation Fund, International Exchange of Information in Rehabilitation; [1981]. 63 leaves. (World Rehabilitation Fund monograph; no. 11).
  87. Norton D. Calculating the risk: reflections on the Norton Scale. Decubitus 1989 Aug;2(3):24-31. Published erratum appears in Decubitus 1989 Nov;2(4):10. [PubMed: 2775471]
  88. Norton D, McLaren R, Exton-Smith AN. An investigation of geriatric nursing problems in hospital. London: Churchill Livingstone; 1975. 238 p. Original work published in 1962.
  89. Okamoto GA, Lamers JV, Shurtleff DB. Skin breakdown in patients with myelomeningocele. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1983 Jan;64(1):20-3. [PubMed: 6849629]
  90. Oot-Giromini B, Bidwell FC, Heller NB, Parks ML, Wicks P, Williams PM. Evolution of skin care: pressure ulcer prevalence rates pre/post intervention. Decubitus 1989 May;2(2):54-5. [PubMed: 2787659]
  91. Osborne S. Pressure sores. A quality circle investigation. Nurs Times 1987 Feb 18-24;83(7):73-6. [PubMed: 3645632]
  92. Ozer MN, Lappin C, Courtney J, Hussey RW.Skin care program: efficacy of patient participation. In: Abstracts Digest of the Fifteenth Annual Scientific Meeting; 1989 April 3-5; Las Vegas, NV. Atlanta (GA): American Spinal Injury Association; 1989. p. 129.
  93. Parish LC, Witkowski JA. Clinitron therapy and the decubitus ulcer: preliminary dermatologic studies. Int J Dermatol 1980 Nov;19(9):517-8. [PubMed: 7429700]
  94. Petersen NC, Bittmann S. The epidemiology of pressure sores. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg 1971;5(1):62-6. [PubMed: 5559735]
  95. Powell JW. Increasing acuity of nursing home patients and the prevalence of pressure ulcers: a ten year comparison. Decubitus 1989 May;2(2):56-8. [PubMed: 2787660]
  96. Preventive Services Task Force (US).Preventive Services Task Force (US). Guide to clinical preventive services: an assessment of the effectiveness of 169 interventions. Baltimore (MD): Williams & Wilkins; 1989. 419 p.
  97. Reddy NP, Cochran GV. Phenomenological theory underlying pressure-time relationship in decubitus ulcer formation [abstract]. Fed Proc 1979 Mar 1;38(3Pt2):1153.
  98. Reed JW. Pressure ulcers in the elderly: prevention and treatment utilizing the team approach. Md State Med J 1981 Nov;30(11):45-50. [PubMed: 7339290]
  99. Reichel SM.Shearing force as a factor in decubitus ulcers in paraplegics. J Am Med Assoc 1958 Feb 15;166(7):762-3. [PubMed: 13502060]
  100. Richardson RR, Meyer PR Jr. Prevalence and incidence of pressure sores in acute spinal cord injuries. Paraplegia 1981;19(4):235-47. [PubMed: 7290733]
  101. Robnett MK. The incidence of skin breakdown in a surgical intensive care unit. J Nurs Qual Assur 1986 Nov;1(1):77-81. [PubMed: 3640772]
  102. Rothery FA. Preliminary evaluation of a pressure clinic in a new spinal injuries unit. Paraplegia 1989 Feb;27(1):36-40. [PubMed: 2922205]
  103. Sater BL, Takano-Stone J, Umeh L, Garcia MV. Shattering the research mystique. Geriatr Nurs (New York) 1987 Nov-Dec;8(6):334-7. [PubMed: 3692326]
  104. Sebern M. Home-team strategies for treating pressure sores. Nursing 1987 Apr;17(4):50-3. [PubMed: 3645405]
  105. Seiler WO, Allen S, Stahelin HB. Influence of the 30 degrees laterally inclined position and the `super-soft' 3-piece mattress on skin oxygen tension on areas of maximum pressure—implications for pressure sore prevention. Gerontology 1986 May-Jun;32(3):158-66. [PubMed: 3721208]
  106. Seymour JL, Keswick BH, Hanifin JM, Jordan WP, Milligan MC. Clinical effects of diaper types on the skin of normal infants and infants with atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987 Dec;17(6):988-97. [PubMed: 3323275]
  107. Shannon ML, Skorga P. Pressure ulcer prevalence in two general hospitals. Decubitus 1989 Nov;2(4):38-43. [PubMed: 2818825]
  108. Shea JD. Pressure sores: classification and management. Clin Orthop 1975 Oct;(112):89-100. [PubMed: 1192654]
  109. Shipes E, Stanley I. Effects of a liquid copolymer skin barrier for preventing skin problems. Ostomy Manage 1981 Spring;4:19-23.
  110. Shipes E, Stanley I. A study of a liquid copolymer skin barrier for preventing and alleviating perineal irritations in incontinent patients. J Urol Nurs 1983 Oct-Dec;2(3):32-4.
  111. Simpson G. Wound care: time to specialise. Community Outlook 1988 Jun 8:22-4. [PubMed: 3391023]
  112. Smith AM, Malone JA. Preventing pressure ulcers in institutionalized elders: assessing the effects of small, unscheduled shifts in body position. Decubitus 1990 Nov;3(4):20-4. [PubMed: 2242233]
  113. Somers C, Drake BE. A pressure sore task force. Nurs Manage 1989 Jan;20(1):80V, 80X. [PubMed: 2909955]
  114. Starling M. Pressure sore prevention—project improves practice. Nurs Times 1990 Feb 7-13;86(6):40-1. [PubMed: 2304866]
  115. Stein H. Incidence of diaper rash when using cloth and disposable diapers. J Pediatr 1982 Nov; 101(5):721-3. [PubMed: 7131145]
  116. Stover SL, Fine PR, editors.Spinal cord injury: the facts & figures. Birmingham: University of Alabama at Birmingham; 1986. 71 p.
  117. Tenpas DM. Multidisciplinary team approach to skin care. Ostomy Wound Manage 1990 Jan-Feb;26:50-8. [PubMed: 2306327]
  118. Van Ness C. The implementation of a quality assurance study and program to reduce the incidence of hospital-acquired pressure ulcers. J Enterostomal Ther 1989 Mar-Apr;16(2):61-4. [PubMed: 2703587]
  119. VanEtten NK, Sexton P. Smith R. Development and implementation of a skin care program. Ostomy Wound Manage 1990 Mar-Apr;27:40-54. [PubMed: 2322381]
  120. Versluysen M. How elderly patients with femoral fracture develop pressure sores in hospital. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986 May 17;292(6531):1311-3. [PMC free article: PMC1340317] [PubMed: 3085827]
  121. Versluysen M. Pressure sores in elderly patients. The epidemiology related to hip operations. J Bone Joint Surg (Br Ed) 1985 Jan;67(1):10-3. [PubMed: 3968129]
  122. Walsh KC. Using planned change to implement a pressure sore program. J Neurosci Nurs 1989 Aug;21(4):245-9. [PubMed: 2527928]
  123. Wehr R, Krochmal L, Whitmore C, Yarbrough C. Efficacy of alpha keri after showering for treatment of xerosis. Cutis 1986;384-5. [PubMed: 3519103]
  124. Whitney JD, Fellows BJ, Larson E. Do mattresses make a difference? J Gerontol Nurs 1984 Sep;10(9):20-5. [PubMed: 6565735]
  125. Williams TF, Foerster JE, Proctor JK, Hahn A, Izzo AJ, Elliott GA. A new double-layered launderable bed sheet for patients with urinary incontinence. J Am Geriatr Soc 1981 Nov; 29(11):520-4. [PubMed: 7299011]
  126. Young L. Pressure ulcer prevalence and associated patient characteristics in one long-term care facility. Decubitus 1989 May;2(2):52. [PubMed: 2787658]
  127. Zimmerer RE, Lawson KD, Calvert CJ. The effects of wearing diapers on skin. Pediatr Dermatol 1986 Feb;3(2):95-101. [PubMed: 3952034]
Bookshelf ID: NBK63909

Views

  • PubReader
  • Print View
  • Cite this Page

Recent Activity

Your browsing activity is empty.

Activity recording is turned off.

Turn recording back on

See more...