This year marked the 25th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI), and although there is much progress to celebrate in terms of treatment of HIV infection and expanding ART globally, many challenges remain. Tuberculosis is still the leading cause of death among people with HIV infection globally. This year, the results of investments in research to improve the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis were a highlight of the meeting. Noninfectious causes remain an important source of morbidity. Progress in identifying risk factors for non-AIDS complications and improvements in screening and monitoring for such conditions continue to be reported, but to date, despite the efforts of many investigators around the globe, interventions to effectively reduce HIV-related inflammation beyond effective and safer antiretroviral therapy (ART) remain elusive. This section will review highlights of the meeting on tuberculosis and cryptococcal infection as well as complications of long-term ART.