PreprintArticleVersion 1Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed
Ketoprofen as an Add-on Treatment to Sertraline for Drug-Naïve Major Depressed Patients: Normalization of Plasma Levels of Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase in Association with Pro-Inflammatory and Immune Regulatory Cytokines
Version 1
: Received: 10 December 2018 / Approved: 11 December 2018 / Online: 11 December 2018 (13:52:50 CET)
How to cite:
Al-Hakeim, H.; Twayej, A. J.; Al-Dujaili, A. H.; Maes, M. Ketoprofen as an Add-on Treatment to Sertraline for Drug-Naïve Major Depressed Patients: Normalization of Plasma Levels of Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase in Association with Pro-Inflammatory and Immune Regulatory Cytokines. Preprints2018, 2018120131. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201812.0131.v1
Al-Hakeim, H.; Twayej, A. J.; Al-Dujaili, A. H.; Maes, M. Ketoprofen as an Add-on Treatment to Sertraline for Drug-Naïve Major Depressed Patients: Normalization of Plasma Levels of Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase in Association with Pro-Inflammatory and Immune Regulatory Cytokines. Preprints 2018, 2018120131. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201812.0131.v1
Al-Hakeim, H.; Twayej, A. J.; Al-Dujaili, A. H.; Maes, M. Ketoprofen as an Add-on Treatment to Sertraline for Drug-Naïve Major Depressed Patients: Normalization of Plasma Levels of Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase in Association with Pro-Inflammatory and Immune Regulatory Cytokines. Preprints2018, 2018120131. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201812.0131.v1
APA Style
Al-Hakeim, H., Twayej, A. J., Al-Dujaili, A. H., & Maes, M. (2018). Ketoprofen as an Add-on Treatment to Sertraline for Drug-Naïve Major Depressed Patients: Normalization of Plasma Levels of Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase in Association with Pro-Inflammatory and Immune Regulatory Cytokines. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201812.0131.v1
Chicago/Turabian Style
Al-Hakeim, H., Arafat Hussein Al-Dujaili and Michael Maes. 2018 "Ketoprofen as an Add-on Treatment to Sertraline for Drug-Naïve Major Depressed Patients: Normalization of Plasma Levels of Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase in Association with Pro-Inflammatory and Immune Regulatory Cytokines" Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201812.0131.v1
Abstract
Major Depression Disorder (MDD) is accompanied by an immune response characterized by increased levels of pro-inflammatory and immune-regulatory cytokines and cytokine-induced stimulation of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). There is also some evidence that anti-inflammatory drugs may have a clinical efficacy in MDD.The aim of this study is to examine the clinical effects of an eight-week combinatorial treatment of ketoprofen (a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug) combined or not with sertraline, on serum levels of IDO, interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-4 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 in association with changes in the Beck-Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). The study included 140 MDD patients and 40 normal controls. The pre-treatment serum levels of IDO, IFN-γ, TGF-β1 and IL-4 were significantly higher in MDD patients compared with the control group. Treatment with sertraline with or without ketoprofen significantly reduced the increased baseline production of all 4 biomarkers to levels which were similar as those of normal controls. Ketoprofen add-on had a significantly greater effect on IDO and BDI-II as compared with placebo. The reductions in IDO, IL-4 and TGF-β1 during treatment were significantly associated with those in the BDI-II.In conclusion, the clinical efficacy of both sertraline + ketoprofen may be ascribed at least in part to attenuated IDO levels and immune-inflammatory responses in MDD. Moreover, add-on treatment with ketoprofen may augment the efficacy of sertraline by attenuating IDO. However, these treatments may also significantly reduce the more beneficial properties of T helper-2 and T regulatory (Treg) immune subsets. Future research should develop immune treatments that target the immune-inflammatory response in MDD, while enhancing the compensatory immune-regulatory system (CIRS).
Keywords
Major depressive disorder (MDD), ketoprofen, TGF-β1, INF-γ, IDO, immune, inflammation
Subject
Medicine and Pharmacology, Psychiatry and Mental Health
Copyright:
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
