Presentation on OPERATING SYSTEM

Team Members
Saurav Ghosh (Roll- 47) Dipankar Debnath (Roll- 20) Bagmita Sharma (Roll- 11) Shouvik Bhar (Roll- 51) Tania Bera (Roll- 67) Rupali Khatun (Roll- 42) Saurav Bar (Roll- 46) Runie Saikia (Roll- 41) Sanjib Barman (Roll- 45)

What Is An Operating System?

Operating System is a software, which makes a computer to actually work.

It is the software the enables all the programs we use.

The OS organizes and controls the hardware. OS acts as an interface between the application programs and the machine hardware. Examples: Windows, Linux, Unix and Mac OS, etc.,

What Is An Operating System?

Technical Definition: An OS is a collection of system software that coordinates between the hardware, provides a platform for softwares to run on and provides the user with an interface for command inputs.

What OS does ?
An operating system performs basic tasks such as,
controlling and allocating memory, prioritizing system requests, controlling input and output devices, facilitating networking and managing file systems.

The Layers Of A System

Humans

Program Interface

User Programs O.S. Interface O.S. Hardware Interface/ Privileged Instructions Disk/Tape/Memory

OS Concepts

History of Operating Systems

Major Phases Technical Innovations
Open Shop Batch Processing Multiprogramming
The idea of OS Tape batching, First-in, first-out scheduling. Processor multiplexing, Indivisible operations, Demand paging, Input/output spooling, Priority scheduling, Remote job entry

Operating Systems
IBM 701 open shop (1954) BKS system (1961)

Atlas supervisor (1961), Exec II system (1966)

History of Operating Systems

Timesharing Concurrent Programming Personal Computing Distributed Systems
Simultaneous user interaction, On-line file systems Hierarchical systems, Extensible kernels, Parallel programming concepts, Secure parallel languages Graphic user interfaces Multics file system (1965), Unix (1974) RC 4000 system (1969), 13 Venus system (1972), 14 Boss 2 system (1975). OS 6 (1972) Pilot system (1980) WFS file server (1979) Unix United RPC (1982) 24 Amoeba system (1990)

Remote servers

Batch Processing
In Batch processing same type of jobs batch (BATCH- a set of jobs with similar needs) together and execute at a time. The OS was simple, its major task was to transfer control from one job to the next. The job was submitted to the computer operator in form of punch cards. At some later time the output appeared. The OS was always resident in memory. (Ref. Fig. next slide) Common Input devices were card readers and tape drives.

Multiprogramming
Multiprogramming is a technique to execute number of programs simultaneously by a single processor. In Multiprogramming, number of processes reside in main memory at a time. The OS picks and begins to executes one of the jobs in the main memory. If any I/O wait happened in a process, then CPU switches from that job to another job. Hence CPU in not idle at any time.

Time Sharing Systems

Time sharing, or multitasking, is a logical extension of multiprogramming. Multiple jobs are executed by switching the CPU between them. In this, the CPU time is shared by different processes, so it is called as Time sharing Systems. Time slice is defined by the OS, for sharing CPU time between processes. Examples: Multics, Unix, etc.,

Schematic Diagram of a Computer System

MEMORY INPUT CONTROL UNIT ALU OUTPUT

o o o o o

INPUT: Input devices (Keyboard, Mouse etc.) (RAW MATERIALS) OUTPUT: Output devices (VDU, Printers etc. ) (FINISHED PRODUCTS) MEMORY: Main memory (Volatile commonly known as RAM) (GODOWN / INVENTORY) CONTROL UNIT: A device that generates Signals to command other units that what to do and what not to. (TOP MANAGEMENT) ALU: Arithmetic Logic Unit The unit that performs the computations. (MACHINES)

Structural Elements of a Computer

Processor: Controls the operation of the computer
and its Data Processing functions.. A single processor is often termed as the Central Processing Unit. Main memory: Stores data and programs. This memory is typically volatile. Contents of this memory are not retained even when the computer is shut down. I/O modules: Moves data between the computer and its external environment, such as disks, data communication equipments, and terminals. System bus: Provides for communication between processors, main memory, and I/O modules.

Basic Functions Of An OS
1. Process Management Managing the programs that are running. 2. Memory Management Managing and rationing the memory between processes and data. 3. Storage Management Managing the permanent Storage of data on disks or other media 4. I/O Management Managing the input and output 5. Device / Resource Management Managing devices and resources and allowing the users to share the resources 6. Security and Protection Securing the system against possible unauthorized access to data or any other entity. Protecting the parts of the system against damage. 7. Booting the System and getting it ready to work. 8. Data communications Providing interface to connect to other computers or allowing others to connect

Types Of OS
Operating System can be classified as,-

Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) Single-User, Single Task Single-User, Multi-Tasking Multi-User

Real-Time Operating System

Used to run computers embedded in machinery, robots, scientific instruments and industrial systems.
Typically, it has little user interaction capability, and no end-user utilities, since the system will be a "sealed box" when delivered for use. An important part of an RTOS is managing the resources of the computer so that a particular operation executes in precisely the same amount of time every time it occurs. In a complex machine, having a part move more quickly just because system resources are available may be just as catastrophic as having it not move at all because the system was busy. Examples: Wind River, QNX, Real-time Linux, Real-time Windows NT

Single-User, Single Task

OSes designed to manage the computer so that one user can effectively do one thing at a time
The Palm OS used in many palmtop computers (PDAs) is an example of a single-user, single-task OS. They are popularly associated with Desk Top operating system which run on standalone systems where no user accounts are required.

Example: DOS

Single-User, Multi-Tasking
Most popular OS

Used by most all PCs and Laptops

Lets a single user interact with several programs, simultaneously Examples: Windows, Mac OS, Linux

Multi-User
Provides regulated access for a number of users by maintaining a database of known users.
A multi-user OS allows many users to take advantage of the computer's resources, simultaneously The OS must make sure that the requirements of the various users are balanced, and that the programs they are using each have sufficient and separate resources so that a problem with one user doesn't affect any of the other users Another term for multi-user is time sharing.

Examples: Linux, Unix, VMS and mainframe OSes, such as MVS

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