GTA 31-02-003

Special Forces
Dive Operations

APRIL 2010

The proponent of this GTA is the United States

Army John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School (USAJFKSWCS). Reviewers and users of this GTA should submit comments and recommended changes to Commander, USAJFKSWCS, ATTN: AOJK-DTD-SF, Fort Bragg, NC 28310-9610, or e-mail them to AOJK-DTD-SF@soc.mil
DISTRIBUTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. U.S. Army Training Support Centers HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

Table of Contents
No-Decompression Limits and Residual Nitrogen Timetable for Shallow Water 1-2 No-Decompression Limits and Residual Nitrogen Timetable for Air Dives 3-4

Emergency Assistance Checklist

Environmental Checklist

6-7

Water Temperature Protection Chart

Diving Safety and Planning Checklist

9-12

Divers Propulsion Device (DPD) Troubleshooting Guide

13

Haskel O2 Booster System

14-15

Buoys

16-18

Notes

19-21

No-Decompression Limits for Shallow Water

No-Decompression Limits and Repetitive Group Designators for Shallow Water Air No-Decompression Dives.
No-Stop Limit (min)

Depth (fsw)

Repetitive Group Designation

A
17 16 15 15 14 14 14 13 13 12 12 12 11 11 11 11 10 10 10 10 9

B
27 26 25 24 23 23 22 21 21 20 20 19 19 18 18 17 17 16 16 16 15

C
38 37 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 27 26 25 25 24 23 23 22 22 21

D
50 48 46 45 43 42 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 30 29 28 28

E
62 60 58 56 54 52 50 49 47 46 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34

F
76 73 70 67 65 63 61 59 57 55 53 52 50 49 48 46 45 44 43 42 41

G
91 87 83 80 77 74 72 69 67 65 63 61 59 58 56 55 53 52 51 49 48

H
107 102 98 94 90 87 84 81 78 76 73 71 69 67 65 63 61 60 58 57 56

I
125 119 114 109 104 100 97 93 90 87 84 81 79 76 74 72 70 68 67 65 63

J
145 138 131 125 120 115 110 106 102 99 95 92 89 87 84 82 79 77 75 73 71

K
167 158 150 143 137 131 125 120 116 112 108 104 101 98 95 92 89 87 84 82 80

L
193 182 172 163 155 148 142 136 131 126 121 117 113 109 106 102 99 97 94 91 89

M
223 209 197 186 176 168 160 153 147 141 135 130 126 122 118 114 110 107 102 97 92

N
260 242 226 212 200 190 180 172 164 157 151 145 140 135 130 125 116 109

O
307 282 261 243 228 215 204 193 184 173 163 155 147 140 134

Z
371 334 304 281 256 232 212 197

30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

371 334 304 281 256 232 212 197 184 173 163 155 147 140 134 125 116 109 102 97 92

Residual Nitrogen Timetable for Shallow Water

Locate the divers repetitive group designation from his previous dive along the diagonal line above the table. Read horizontally to the interval in which the divers surface interval lies. Next, read vertically downward to the new repetitive group designation. Continue downward in this same column to the al row that represents the depth of the repetitive dive. rv te E In The time given at the intersection is residual e ac nitrogen time, in minutes, to be applied to the :10 f F ur :52 repetitive dive. fS o :10 :53 G g :52 1:44 n ni :10 :53 1:45 n H gi :52 1:44 2:37 Be :10 :53 1:45 2:38 e I th :52 1:44 2:37 3:29 at :10 :53 1:45 2:38 3:30 up J o :52 1:44 2:37 3:29 4:21 Gr :10 :53 1:45 2:38 3:30 4:22 e K tiv :52 1:44 2:37 3:29 4:21 5:13 i et :10 :53 1:45 2:38 3:30 4:22 5:14 ep L R :52 1:44 2:37 3:29 4:21 5:13 6:06
M N O Z Dive Depth C D A B

:10 :52 :53 1:44 1:45 2:37 2:38 3:29 3:30 4:21 4:22 5:13 5:14 6:06 6:07 6:58 6:59 7:50 7:51 8:42 8:43 9:34 9:35 10:27
E

:10 :52 :53 1:44 1:45 2:37 2:38 3:29 3:30 4:21 4:22 5:13 5:14 6:06 6:07 6:58 6:59 7:50 7:51 8:42 8:43 9:34 9:35 10:27 10:28 11:19
D

:10 :55 :53 1:47 1:45 2:39 2:38 3:31 3:30 4:23 4:22 5:16 5:14 6:08 6:07 7:00 6:59 7:52 7:51 8:42 8:43 9:37 9:35 10:29 10:28 11:21 11:20 12:13
C

:10 1:16 :56 2:11 1:48 3:03 2:40 3:55 3:32 4:48 4:24 5:40 5:17 6:32 6:09 7:24 7:01 8:16 7:53 9:09 8:45 10:01 9:38 10:53 10:30 11:45 11:22 12:37 12:14 13:30
B

:10 2:20* 1:17 3:36* 2:12 4:31* 3:04 5:23* 3:56 6:15* 4:49 7:08 5:41 8:00* 6:33 8:52* 7:25 9:44* 8:17 10:36* 9:10 11:29* 10:02 12:21* 10:54 13:13* 11:46 14:05* 12:38 14:58* 13:31 15:50*
A

:10 :52
Z

:10 :52 :53 1:44

O

:10 :52 :53 1:44 1:45 2:37

N

:10 :52 :53 1:44 1:45 2:37 2:38 3:29

M

:53 1:44 1:45 2:37 2:38 3:29 3:30 4:21

L

1:45 2:37 2:38 3:29 3:30 4:21 4:22 5:13

2:38 3:29 3:30 4:21 4:22 5:13 5:14 6:06

3:30 4:21 4:22 5:13 5:14 6:06 6:07 6:58

4:22 5:13 5:14 6:06 6:07 6:58 6:59 7:50

5:14 6:06 6:07 6:58 6:59 7:50 7:51 8:42

6:07 6:58 6:59 7:50 7:51 8:42 8:43 9:34

Repetitive Group at the End of Surface Interval H F J I K G

30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

372 334 305 282 262 245 231 218 207 197 188 180 173 166 160 154 149 144 139 135 131

308 282 262 244 229 216 204 194 185 177 169 163 156 150 145 140 136 131 127 123 120

261 243 227 213 201 191 181 173 165 158 152 146 141 136 131 127 123 119 116 112 109

224 210 198 187 177 169 161 154 148 142 136 132 127 123 119 115 111 108 105 102 99

194 183 173 164 156 149 143 137 132 127 122 118 114 110 107 104 101 98 95 92 90

168 159 151 144 138 132 126 122 117 113 109 105 102 99 96 93 90 88 85 83 81

146 139 132 126 121 116 111 107 103 100 97 93 91 88 85 83 81 78 76 74 73

126 120 115 110 105 101 98 94 91 88 85 82 80 78 75 73 71 70 68 66 65

108 103 99 95 91 88 85 82 79 77 74 72 70 68 66 64 63 61 60 58 57

92 88 85 81 78 75 73 70 68 66 64 62 61 59 57 56 54 53 52 51 49

77 74 71 69 66 64 62 60 58 56 55 53 52 50 49 48 46 45 44 43 42

63 61 59 57 55 53 51 50 48 47 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35

51 49 47 46 44 43 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 32 31 30 30 29

39 38 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 29 28 27 26 26 25 25 24 24 23 23

28 27 26 25 25 24 23 23 22 21 21 20 20 19 19 18 18 18 17 17 17

18 17 17 16 16 15 15 14 14 14 13 13 13 12 12 12 12 11 11 11 11

Residual Nitrogen Times (Minutes)

*Dives following surface intervals longer than this are not repetitive dives. Use actual bottom times in the Air Decompression Tables to compute decompression for such dives.

No-Decompression Limits for Air Dives

No-Decompression Limits and Repetitive Group Designators for No-Decompression Air Dives.

Depth (fsw)
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190

No-Stop Limit
Unlimited Unlimited Unlimited 595 371 232 163 125 92 74 60 48 39 30 25 20 15 10 10 5 5 5 5 5

Repetitive Group Designation

A
57 36 26 20 17 14 12 11 9 8 7 6 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 2

B
101 60 43 33 27 23 20 17 15 14 12 10 9 7 6 6 5 4 4 3 3

C
158 88 61 47 38 32 27 24 21 19 17 14 12 11 9 8 7 6 6 5 5 4 4 3

D
245 121 82 62 50 42 36 31 28 25 22 19 16 14 12 11 10 9 8

E
426 163 106 78 62 52 44 39 34 31 28 23 20 17 15 14 12 10 10

F
* 217 133 97 76 63 53 46 41 37 33 28 24 21 18 16 15

297 165 117 91 74 63 55 48 43 39 32 28 24 21 19

449 205 140 107 87 73 63 56 50 45 37 32 28 25 20

* 256 166 125 100 84 72 63 56 51 42 36 30 330 198 145 115 95 82 71 63 57 47 39 461 236 167 131 108 92 80 71 60 48 * 285 193 148 121 102 89 74 354 223 168 135 114 92 469 260 190 151 125 595 307 215 163 371 232

5 5 5

* Highest repetitive group that can be achieved at this depth regardless of bottom time.

Residual Nitrogen Timetable for Repetitive Air Dives

Locate the divers repetitive group designation from his previous dive along the diagonal line above the table. Read horizontally to the interval in which the divers surface interval lies. Next, read vertically downward to the new repetitive group designation. Continue downward in this same column to the row that represents the depth of the repetitive al dive. The time given at the intersection is residual nitrogen time, in minutes, to rv te be applied to the repetitive dive. n
B C :10 :52 :53 1:44 1:45 2:37 2:38 3:29 3:30 4:21 4:22 5:13 5:14 6:06 6:07 6:58 6:59 7:50 7:51 8:42 8:43 9:34 9:35 10:27 10:28 11:19 D :10 :55 :53 1:47 1:45 2:39 2:38 3:31 3:30 4:23 4:22 5:16 5:14 6:08 6:07 7:00 6:59 7:52 7:51 8:44 8:43 9:37 9:35 10:29 10:28 11:21 11:20 12:13 C A :10 1:16 :56 2:11 1:48 3:03 2:40 3:55 3:32 4:48 4:24 5:40 5:17 6:32 6:09 7:24 7:01 8:16 7:53 9:09 8:45 10:01 9:38 10:53 10:30 11:45 11:22 12:37 12:14 13:30 B :10 2:20* 1:17 3:36* 2:12 4:31* 3:04 5:23* 3:56 6:15* 4:49 7:08* 5:41 8:00* 6:33 8:52* 7:25 9:44* 8:17 10:36* 9:10 11:29* 10:02 12:21* 10:54 13:13* 11:46 14:05* 12:38 14:58* 13:31 15:50* A

c Read vertically downward to the 30 fsw repetitive dive depth. rfa Use the corresponding residual nitrogen times to compute the Su of F equivalent single dive time. Decompress using the 30 fsw g in air decompression table. n :10 e *Dives following surface intervals longer eB H than this are not repetitive dives. Use th at actual bottom times in the Air :10 p I :52 ou Decompression Tables to r :10 :53 compute decompression for e G J :52 v 1:44 iti such dives. :10 :53 1:45 et Re p
K L :10 :52 :53 1:44 1:45 2:37 2:38 3:29 M :10 :52 :53 1:44 1:45 2:37 2:38 3:29 3:30 4:21 L :52 :53 1:44 1:45 2:37 2:38 3:29 3:30 4:21 4:22 5:13 1:44 1:45 2:37 2:38 3:29 3:30 4:21 4:22 5:13 5:14 6:06 2:37 2:38 3:29 3:30 4:21 4:22 5:13 5:14 6:06 6:07 6:58

eI

E :10 :52 :53 1:44 1:45 2:37 2:38 3:29 3:30 4:21 4:22 5:13 5:14 6:06 6:07 6:58 6:59 7:50 7:51 8:42 8:43 9:34 F

gi

M N O Z Dive Depth :10 :52 Z :10 :52 :53 1:44 O :10 :52 :53 1:44 1:45 2:37 N

:10 :52 :53 1:44 1:45 2:37 2:38 3:29 3:30 4:21 4:22 5:13 5:14 6:06 6:07 6:58 6:59 7:50

:52 :53 1:44 1:45 2:37 2:38 3:29 3:30 4:21 4:22 5:13 5:14 6:06 6:07 6:58 6:59 7:50 7:51 8:42

:10 :52 :53 1:44 1:45 2:37 2:38 3:29 3:30 4:21 4:22 5:13 5:14 6:06 6:07 6:58 6:59 7:50 7:51 8:42 8:43 9:34 9:35 10:27 E

Repetitive Group at the End of Surface Interval K J G I H

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190

** ** ** 372 245 188 154 131 114 101 83 70 61 54 48 44 40 37 34 32 30 28 26

** ** ** 308 216 169 140 120 105 93 77 65 57 50 45 41 37 34 32 30 28 26 25

** ** ** 470 261 191 152 127 109 96 86 71 60 52 47 42 38 35 32 30 28 26 25 23

** ** ** 354 224 169 136 115 99 88 79 65 55 48 43 39 35 32 30 28 26 24 23 22

** ** ** 286 194 149 122 104 90 80 72 59 51 44 40 36 32 30 27 26 24 22 21 20

** ** 462 237 168 132 109 93 81 72 65 54 46 41 36 33 30 27 25 23 22 21 19 18

** ** 331 198 146 116 97 83 73 65 58 49 42 37 33 30 27 25 23 21 20 19 18 17

** ** 257 167 126 101 85 73 65 58 52 44 38 33 30 27 24 22 21 19 18 17 16 15

** 450 206 141 108 88 74 64 57 51 46 39 33 29 26 24 22 20 19 17 16 15 14 14

** 298 166 118 92 75 64 56 49 44 40 34 29 26 23 21 19 18 16 15 14 14 13 12

** 218 134 98 77 64 55 48 42 38 35 29 25 22 20 18 17 15 14 13 13 12 11 11

427 164 106 79 63 53 45 40 35 32 29 25 22 19 17 16 14 13 12 11 11 10 10 9

246 122 83 63 51 43 37 32 29 26 24 20 18 16 14 13 12 11 10 9 9 8 8 8

159 89 62 48 39 33 29 25 23 20 19 16 14 12 11 10 9 9 8 8 7 7 6 6

101 61 44 34 28 24 21 18 17 15 14 12 10 9 8 8 7 6 6 6 5 5 5 5

58 37 27 21 18 15 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 3 3 3

Residual Nitrogen Times

** Residual nitrogen time cannot be determined using this table.
Read vertically downward to the 30 fsw repetitive dive depth. Use the corresponding residual nitrogen times to

compute the equivalent single dive time. Decompress using the 30 fsw air decompression table.

Emergency Assistance Checklist

Location Name/Phone Number Response Time AIR TRANSPORTATION Location Name/Phone Number Response Time SEA TRANSPORTATION Location Name/Phone Number Response Time HOSPITAL/HYPERBARIC CHAMBER Location Name/Phone Number Response Time DIVING MEDICAL OFFICER

Location Name/Phone Number Response Time COMMUNICATIONS Location Name/Phone Number Response Time DIVING UNITS Location Name/Phone Number Response Time COMMAND Location Name/Phone Number Response Time EMERGENCY CONSULTATION Duty Phone Numbers 24 Hours a Day Navy Experimental Dive Unit (NEDU) Commercial DSN (850) 234-4351 (850) 230-3100 436-4351

Location Name/Phone Number Response Time

Navy Diving Salvage and Training Center (NDSTC) Commercial DSN (850) 234-4651 436-4651

Environmental Checklist
Date:

Surface
Atmosphere Visibility: Sunrise (set): Moonrise (set): Temperature (air): Humidity: Barometer: Precipitation: Cloud Description: Percent Cover: Wind Direction: Wind Force (knots): Other: Sea Surface Sea State: Wave Action: Height: Length: Direction: Current: Direction: Velocity: Type: Surf. Visibility: Surf. Water Temp.: Local Characteristics:

Environmental Checklist (Continued)

Subsurface
Underwater and Bottom Depth: Water Temperature: depth depth depth bottom Thermoclines: Current: Direction: Source: Velocity: Pattern: Tides: High Water: Low Water: Ebb Dir.: Flood Dir.: / / Vel. Vel. Time Time Visibility Underwater: ft. ft. ft. Visibility Bottom: ft. Bottom Type: Obstructions: at depth at at at depth depth depth

Marine Life:

Other Data:

Note: A meteorological detachment may be requested from the local meteorological support activity.

Water Temperature Protection Chart

Water Temp F C

Unprotected Diver

Wet-Suit Diver (At shallow [<20 fsw] depths)

Dry-Suit Diver

35.0 32.0 29.5 26.5 24.0 21.0 18.5 15.5 13.0 10.0 07.0 04.5
Freezing point freshwater Freezing point saltwater

Resting diver will overheat

90

Working diver may overheat depending on workload Resting diver chills in 1-2 hours

80

70

60

Thermal protection usually not the limiting factor in a wet suit 5 hours Thermal protection usually not the limiting factor in a dry suit 5 hours

50
3 hours

40
1 hours 3 hours

01.5 -01.0 -04.0 30

Below 40F hot water suit or dry suit is recommended for surface-supplied diving

This chart can be used as a guide for planning dives in cold water. The dive durations listed for each suit are not rules or limits. Instead, they represent dive times that will challenge the average diver wearing the thermal protection listed but will have a minimal chance of producing significant hypothermia. Actual dive durations may be longer or shorter than those listed because of operational considerations and/or individual tolerance.

Diving Safety and Planning Checklist

STEPS IN PLANNING OF DIVING OPERATIONS.
Detailed, advanced planning is the foundation of diving safety. A. ANALYZE THE MISSION FOR SAFETY. Ensure mission objective is defined. Determine that nondiving means of mission accomplishment have been considered and eliminated as inappropriate. Coordinate emergency assistance. Review relevant Naval Warfare Publications (NWPs) and OPNAV instructions. B. IDENTIFY AND ANALYZE POTENTIAL HAZARDS. Natural Hazards: 1. Atmospheric: Exposure of personnel to extreme conditions. Adverse exposure of equipment and supplies to elements. Delays or disruption caused by weather. 2. Surface: Sea sickness. Water entry and exit. Handling of heavy equipment in rough seas. Maintaining location in tides and currents. Ice, flotsam, kelp, and petroleum in the water. Delays or disruption caused by sea state. 3. Underwater and Bottom: Depth that exceeds diving limits or limits of available equipment. Exposure to cold temperatures. Dangerous marine life. Tides and currents. Limited visibility. Bottom obstructions. Ice (underwater pressure ridges, loss of entry hole, loss of orientation, etc.). Dangerous bottom conditions (mud, drop-offs, etc.). On-Site Hazards: Local marine traffic or other conflicting naval operations. Other conflicting commercial operations. High-powered, active sonar. Radiation contamination and other pollution (chemical, sewer outfalls, etc.). Mission Hazards: Decompression sickness. Communications problems. Drowning. Other trauma (injuries). Hostile action. Object Hazards: Entrapment and entanglement. Shifting or working of object. Explosives or other ordnance.

Diving Safety and Planning Checklist (Continued)

C. SELECT EQUIPMENT, PERSONNEL, AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURES. Diving Personnel: 1. Assign a complete and properly qualified diving team. 2. Assign the right man to the right task. 3. Verify that each member of the diving team is properly trained and qualified for the equipment and depths involved. 4. Determine that each man is physically fit to dive, paying attention to General condition and any evidence of fatigue. Record of last medical exam. Ears and sinuses. Severe cold or flu. Use of stimulants or intoxicants. 5. Observe divers for emotional readiness to dive: Motivation and professional attitude. Stability (no noticeably unusual or erratic behavior). Diving Equipment: 1. Verify that diving gear chosen and diving techniques are adequate and authorized for mission and particular task. 2. Verify that equipment and diving technique are proper for depth involved. 3. Verify that life support equipment has been tested and approved for U.S. Navy use. 4 Determine that all necessary support equipment and tools are readily available and are best for accomplishing job efficiently and safely. 5. Determine that all related support equipment, such as winches, boats, cranes, and floats, are operable, safe, and under control of trained personnel. 6. Check that all diving equipment has been properly maintained (with appropriate records); ensure equipment is in full operating condition. Emergency Equipment: 1. Obtain suitable communications equipment with sufficient capability to reach outside help; check all communications for proper operation. 2. Verify that a recompression chamber is ready for use or notify the nearest command with one that its use may be required within a given time frame. 3. Verify that a completely stocked first aid kit is at hand. 4. If oxygen will be used as standby first aid, verify that the tank is full and properly pressurized and that masks, valves, and other accessories are fully operable. 5. If a resuscitator will be used, check apparatus for function. 6. Check that fire-fighting equipment is readily available and in full operating condition. 7. Verify that emergency transportation is either standing by or on immediate call. Emergency Procedures: 1. Know how to obtain medical assistance immediately. 2. For each potential emergency situation, assign specific tasks to the diving team and support personnel. 3. Complete and post Emergency Assistance Checklist; ensure that all personnel are familiar with it. 4. Verify that an up-to-date copy of U.S. Navy Decompression Tables is available. 5. Ensure that all divers, boat crews, and other support personnel understand all diver hand signals.

10

Diving Safety and Planning Checklist (Continued)

6. Predetermine distress signals and call-signs. 7. Ensure that all divers have removed anything from their mouths that they might choke on during a dive (gum, dentures, tobacco). 8. Thoroughly drill all personnel in emergency procedures, with particular attention to cross-training; drills should include: Emergency recompression. First aid. Restoration of breathing. Blowup. Rapid undressing. Rapid dressing. Near-drowning. Entrapment. Fire. Embolism. Electric shock. Lost diver.

D. ESTABLISH SAFE DIVING OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES. Complete Planning, Organization, and Coordination Activities: 1. Ensure that other means of accomplishing mission have been considered before deciding to use divers. 2. Ensure that contingency planning has been conducted. 3. Carefully state goals and tasks of each mission, and develop a flexible plan of operations (dive plan). 4. Completely brief the diving team and support personnel. 5. Designate a master diver or properly qualified diving supervisor to be in charge of the mission. 6. Designate a recorder/timekeeper and verify that he understands his duties and responsibilities. 7. Determine the exact depth at the job site through the use of a lead line, pneumofathometer, or commercial depth sounder. 8. Verify existence of an adequate supply of compressed air available for all planned diving operations plus an adequate reserve for emergencies. 9. Ensure that no operations or actions on part of diving team, support personnel, technicians, boat crew, or winch operators take place without the knowledge of and by the direct command of the diving supervisor. 10. Minimize bottom time through planning, briefing, training, organization, and other preparations. Water depth and the condition of the diver (especially fatigue), rather than the amount of work to be done, shall govern divers bottom time. 11. Keep current decompression tables on hand, and use them in all planning and scheduling of diving operations. 12. Instruct all divers and support personnel not to cut any lines until approved by the diving supervisor. 13. Ensure that the ship, boat, or diving craft is securely moored and in position to permit the safest and most efficient operations (exceptions are emergency and critical ship repairs). 14. Verify that, when using surface-supplied techniques, the ship, boat, or diving craft has at least a two-point moor. 15. Ensure that, when conducting SCUBA operations in hazardous conditions, a boat can be quickly cast off and moved to a diver in distress. Perform Diving Safety Procedures, and Establish Safety Measures: 1. Ensure that each diver checks his own equipment in addition to checks made by tenders, technicians, or other support personnel. 2. Designate a standby diver for all diving operations; the standby diver shall be dressed to the necessary level and ready to enter the water if needed.

11

Diving Safety and Planning Checklist (Continued)

3. Assign buddy divers, when required, for all SCUBA operations. 4. Take precautions to prevent divers from being fouled on bottom. If work is conducted inside a wreck or other structure, assign a team of divers to accomplish task. One diver enters the wreck and the other tends his lines from the point of entry. 5. When using explosives, take measures to ensure that no charge shall be fired while divers are in water. 6. Use safety procedures as outlined in relevant naval publications for all underwater cutting and welding operations. 7. Brief all divers and deck personnel on the planned decompression schedules for each particular dive. Check provisions for decompressing the diver. 8. Verify that the ship, boat, or diving craft is displaying proper signals, flags, day shapes, or lights to indicate diving operations are in progress. (Consult publications governing international or inland rules, international/inland local signals, and U.S. Navy communications instructions.) 9. Ensure that protection against harmful marine life has been provided. 10. Check that the quality of the divers air supply is periodically and thoroughly tested to ensure purity. 11. Thoroughly brief the boat crew. 12. Verify that proper safety and operational equipment is aboard small diving boats or craft. Notify Proper Parties That Dive Operations are Ready to Commence: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Diving officer. Commanding officer. Area commander. Officer of the deck/day. Command duty officer or commanding officer of ships alongside. Bridge to ensure that ships personnel do not Turn the propeller or thrusters. Get underway. Activate active sonar or other electronics. Drop heavy items overboard. Shift the moor.

7. Ship duty officer to ensure that ships personnel do not Activate sea discharges or suctions. Operate bow, stern, planes, or rudder. Operate vents or torpedo shutters. Turn propellers. 8. Other interested parties and commands: Harbormaster/port services officer. Command duty officers. Officers in tactical command. Cognizant U.S. Navy organizations. U.S. Coast Guard (if broadcast warning to civilians is required). 9. Notify facilities having recompression chambers and sources of emergency transportation that diving operations are underway and their assistance may be needed.

12

Divers Propulsion Device (DPD) Troubleshooting Guide

Check battery status indicator. If any LEDs are lit, the battery has enough power to operate the thruster. Check all connections to the battery box. Check that the throttle key is installed under the throttle lever. Make sure terminals are clean and corrosion free. If corrosion is found, clean, rinse, dry, and apply silicon spray. Remove the throttle key and spin the prop by hand to confirm that the prop turns freely. Thruster fails to run or lacks power. Reset the battery by removing the throttle key from under the throttle handle. Wait 10 seconds and reinstall. Thruster loses power after a short running time. Check battery charge; if low, restore to full charge. Thruster runs but no thrust. Check for proper prop installation, and replace prop or tighten as appropriate. Minor damage: sand or file to restore a smooth edge. Major damage: replace propeller and drive pin. Remove thruster from DPD. Support prop shaft across a bench vise and tap drive pin through. Bent pin: cut pin flush at prop shaft and tap drive pin through. Inspect steering cable and linkages for damage. Replace if damaged. Inspect steering cable for damage. If no damage is found, apply lubricant to both ends. Thruster will not turn or hard to turn. Confirm tiller arm is tight on thruster shaft. Tighten if loose. Inspect stern plane cable and linkages for damage. Replace if damaged. Stern plane will not move or is hard to move. Inspect stern plane cable for damage. If no damage is found, apply lubricant to both ends, and test again. Turn off charger. Unplug charger cable from battery and charger. Reconnect and retry. Connect charger to different battery and retry. Charger red fault light is illuminated. Connect battery to different charger and retry. Momentarily move the throttle position to wake up the BSI. Confirm key plug is inserted in the batterys charging port. Confirm BSI cable is correctly connected to the battery. BSI LEDs are not illuminated. Check that the throttle key is installed under the throttle lever. BSI may need recalibrating. Run battery completely down to shut off condition to reset BSI calibration. BSI not illuminating all green LEDs when fully charged. If problem persists, replace BSI. DPD is not neutrally buoyant. Confirm cargo is neutrally buoyant at all water depths. DPD was neutrally buoyant on the surface but sinks when dived deeper. Cargo was incorrectly ballasted and/or a compressible volume was used to ballast the vehicle. Trim the DPD again with an incompressible volume. DPD needs significant vertical control input to travel straight and level. Driver/passenger not keeping tight to the vehicle and generating excessive drag. Tuck tighter into the vehicle. Cargo was incorrectly ballasted and/or a compressible was causing control correction and induced drag. Trim the DPD again with an incompressible volume. DPD does not travel at top speed or range is reduced. Driver/passenger not keeping tight to the vehicle and generating excessive drag. Tuck tighter into the vehicle.

13

Haskel O2 Booster System 26968 Operation Procedures

WARNING: The Haskel O2 Booster System is utilized for the compression of high-percentage oxygen; do not use this equipment unless properly trained on usage and familiar with oxygen safety and hazards. Smoking is not permitted in any area where oxygen is stored, handled, or used. Keep all organic materials and other flammable substances away from possible contact with oxygen. 1. Inspect all equipment. Ensure all bottles and hoses are within their current hydrostatic test date. Ensure all critical gauges are within calibration. Ensure all open oxygen boundaries are masked over, plugged, and/or double bagged. Ensure oxygen is aviators grade. NOTE: Do not proceed if any safety hazards exist! 2. Ensure area meets the requirements of oxygen safety. 3. Close all valves. 4. Attach handwheel of oxygen supply line to k-bottle, and ensure bleeder valve beneath gauge is closed. Attach quick-connect fitting on other end of oxygen supply line to the Haskel pump. 5. Attach threaded fitting of oxygen fill line to the Amron charging panel (black box); ensure the bleeder valve and all color-coded handwheels on the black box are closed. Attach the quick-connect fitting on the oxygen fill line to the Haskel pump. 6. Attach the first stage of air driveline to the twin-80 SCUBA tanks. Ensure pressure gauge is attached to the high-pressure port (stamped H.P.). The filter bowl on the Haskel pump is only rated for 150 pounds per square inch gauge (psig); ensure air driveline is in a low-pressure port. Attach the quick-connect fitting of air driveline to the Haskel pump. 7. Ensure k-bottle and twin-80 SCUBA tanks are secured. Inspect all quick-connect fittings. Ensure high-pressure lines are whipped and ends secured with snap-links. 8. Attach up to six LAR V oxygen bottles to the Amron black box color-coded fill lines. Keep oxygen bottle valve caps and fill-line plugs together and clean. 9. Slowly open LAR V bottles (rapid pressurization of oxygen can cause a flashover damaging personnel or equipment), and place in dip tank. Inspect for leaks (bubbles). 10. Slowly open each color-coded handwheel on the Amron black box to equalize the LAR V bottle pressure. 11. Slowly open the k-bottle valve, and allow system to equalize. 12. Ensure bleeder valve (wing nut) at bottom of filter bowl on Haskel pump is closed. Open the valve on the first stage of twin-80 SCUBA tanks (turn on air). 13. Open the blue handwheel to the right of the filter bowl on the Haskel pump allowing the jamming process to begin. (Compression release noise will be heard.) 14. Jam LAR V bottles to 200 Bar (2,900 psig). Close blue handwheel, stopping the air drive. 15. Close all LAR V bottle valves. 16. Close all color-coded handwheels on Armon black box. 17. Close oxygen k-bottle valve. 18. LAR V bottles cannot be removed from fill lines until lines are bled down. Open the bleeder valve on the Amron box slowly; this will bleed the oxygen supply line and Haskel pump down. Slowly open each color-coded handwheel individually, and bleed the fill line down.

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Haskel O2 Booster System 26968 Operation Procedures (Continued)

19. Individually remove LAR V bottles from fill lines. Replace line plugs, gauge LAR V bottles, and replace bottle valve caps. 20. Repeat steps until all LAR V bottles are jammed. Bleed filter bowl every 10 minutes. 21. Upon completion of jamming, ensure all valves are closed. Bleed all lines down. Disconnect quick-connect fitting of oxygen supply line, and double-bag both ends of quick-connect fitting. Disconnect handwheel from k-bottle and double-bag it. Replace port plug on k-bottle valve. 22. Disconnect the quick-connect fitting on the oxygen fill line. Double-bag both ends of the quick-connect fitting. Disconnect the oxygen fill line from Amron black box and double-bag it. Replace threaded cap on Amron black box connection point. 23. Disconnect air driveline from Haskel pump. Disconnect the first stage manifold from twin-80 SCUBA tanks. 24. Secure all lines in Haskel pump support box, ensuring gauges are padded. EMERGENCY PROCEDURES: 1. Close oxygen k-bottle valve. 2. Close all other valves. 3. Bleed down entire system. 4. Make correction/repair, seek assistance, or assess damage. NOTE: Never leave running system unattended. REFERENCES: United States Navy Dive Manual, Version 6, 15 April 2008 Field Manual 3-05.212, Special Forces Waterborne Operations, 30 September 2009

15

Buoys
Older Charts Newer Charts

S S
Diamond Below Circle/Dot Does Not Mean Buoy is Upside Down Mooring Buoys Spar Buoy Can Buoy

C C
Nun Buoy

N N

Information: These may give place names, directions, and distances. Controlled Area: An orange circle with black lettering, used to control or prohibit boating activities: 5 miles per hour.
White Body

No Fishing, and No Boats. Danger: These may tell you about specific dangers, such as rocks, dams, and underwater cables.

Light

7
C C

Channel Marker: Green color on the left side of the channel as individual "returns from the sea."

C C

Channel Marker: Red color on the right side of the channel as individual "returns from the sea." Nuns are marked with even numbers.

Generally speaking, green markers are kept to the RIGHT when leaving a harbor and red markers are kept to the RIGHT when returning to harbor, thus coining the phrase, Red, Right, Returning.

W C or N

BW C

GW C

W or C

Y C or N

Anchorage

Fishnet Area

Dredging

Special Purpose

Quarantine Anchorage

Types of Buoys
The basic symbol for a buoy is a diamond and small circle. Older charts will show a dot instead of the circle. The diamond may be above, below, or alongside the circle or dot. The small circle or dot denotes the approximate position of the buoy mooring. Some charts will use the diamond to draw attention to the position of the circle or dot and to describe the aid. The various types of buoys are as follows: Nun Buoys. These are conical in shape, painted solid red, and mark the right side of the channel when individual is entering from seaward. Can Buoys. These are cylindrical in shape and are painted solid green or black. They indicate the left side of the channel when one is entering from seaward (green) and mark the left side of rivers and intracoastal waterways (black).

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Buoys (Continued)
Sound Buoys
The four basic types are as follows: Bell is sounded by the motion of sea. Gong is similar to a bell buoy but with sets of gongs that sound dissimilar tones. Whistle is a tube mechanism that sounds by the rising and falling motion of the buoy at sea, making a loud, moaning sound. Horn has an electrically sounded horn at regular intervals. Additional features on buoys include sound signals, radar reflectors, numbers or letters, or any combination of these features. Bells and horns are spelled out; radar reflectors are abbreviated Ra Ref; whistles are abbreviated WHIS; and numbers or letters painted on buoys are shown in quotation marks, for example 8.

Buoy Symbols
Nautical charts will show the buoy type by the initials of its shape; for example, nun buoys (N) and can buoys (C). A mooring (anchor) buoy is the only one that is not indicated by the diamond and circle or dot. This symbol is a trapezoid (a figure having two parallel and two nonparallel sides) and a circle. If the aid is painted red, the diamond will usually be indicated in red on the chart; if the aid is painted black, the diamond will be black. There are five other color patterns used on buoys. These buoys have no lateral significance; that is, they do not mark port or starboard. Although the buoys may not be numbered, they may be lettered. The primary function of buoys is to warn the navigator of some danger, obstruction, or change in the bottom. A navigator may also use buoys to help mark his location on a chart, which aids in establishing his position. However, he should not rely solely on buoys or other floating objects for fixes because they are not immovable objects.

Buoy Lights
If a buoy is lighted, a magenta (nautical purple) disc will be overprinted on the circle. The characteristic of the light and its color will be indicated on the chart. Buoy lights can be either red, green, or white. The letters R or G are used for red and green lights. The absence of a letter indicates a white light. The light phase characteristics and the meanings of abbreviations used to describe them are shown below. Each color is used as follows: Red Lights. They appear on red aids (nun buoys) or red and black horizontally banded aids with the topmost band red. Green Lights. These appear on black aids (can buoys) or red and black horizontally banded aids with the topmost band black. White Lights. These appear on any color buoy. The purpose of the aid being indicated by its color, number, or light-phase characteristic.

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Buoys (Continued)
Abbreviations F F. Fl F. Gp. Fl Class of Light Fixed Fixed and Flashing Fixed and Group Flashing Description A continuous nonblinking light A continuous light, varied at regular intervals by flashes of greater brilliance. A continuous light, varied by groups of two or more flashes. A light that flashes at regular intervals of not less than 2 seconds and whose period of darkness exceeds the period of light. A light that sends out groups of two or more flashes at regular intervals. A flashing light in which the flashes are combined in alternating groups of different numbers. A flashing light which blinks signal letters in Morse Code. The letter A in Morse Code: (one short and one long flash). A light that flashes 60 times or more a minute, used only on buoys and beacons. A light in which 5 seconds of quick flashes is followed by 5 seconds of darkness. A light with equal periods of light and darkness. A light that is eclipsed at regular intervals, but whose period of light is always greater than the duration of darkness. A light with regular spaced groups of two or more occulations. A light with combinations in alternate groups of different numbers. Illustration

Fl.

Flashing

Gp. Fl.

Group Flashing

Gp. Fl. (1+2)

Composite Group Flashing

Mo. (A)

Morse Code

Qk. Fl.

Quick Flashing Interrupted Quick Flashing Equal Interval

I. Qk. Fl. E.Int.

Occ.

Occulations

Gp. Occ.

Group Occulations Composite Group Occulations

Gp. Occ. (2+3)

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Notes

19

Notes

20

Notes

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