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11 / 1 / 2012
=umomyaw;ae@
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vli,fol&Jaumif;rsm;ukd OD;!$wf*k%fjyKygonf)
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1919 - 2012
24
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jzpfonf?
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k t
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26
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H &l m Adv
k f
ausmaf Zm jzpfvmonf? &Jabmfo;kH usyd 0f ifrsm;. Adv
k b
f JG rsm;udk q&m}u;D ocifu,
kd af wmfri_d ;f
urSnahf y;cJo
h nf[k qdo
k nf?
1942 Zefe0g&D 11 wGif Armhvw
G v
f yfa&;wyfrawmf (bDtikd af t) ppfXmecsKyEf iS hf
armfv+rKd ipf pfa=umif;jzifh jrefrmEdik if w
H iG ;f csw
D ufI +Aw
d o
d sS e,fcsJ wd@k udk wdu
k cf u
kd cf o
hJ nf?
1942 Zlvikd f 27 wGif bDtikd af tudzk suo
f rd ;f I ArmhumuG,af &;wyfrawmf(bD'aD t) jyef
vnf zGJ pnf;aomtcg Adv
k }f u;D tqifjh zifh wm0efxrf;aqmifco
hJ nf? 1944 =o*kwf 4 rS 7
xd yJc;l +rKd Armhwyfrawmf pHjywyf&if;&Sd Adv
k af usmaf Zm aetdrw
f iG f Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;ESihf
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwrD S ud,
k pf m;vS,o
f cifp;kd wd@k vSsKd 0Suaf wGqHak qG;aEG;+y;D zufqpfwu
kd zf suf
27
28
a&;tzGJ zGJ &ef oabmwlncD o

hJ nf?
1944 =o*kwf 12 wGif Armhwyfrawmfa cgi;f aqmift&m&S}d u;D rsm; tpnf;ta0;od@k
wufa&mufcJhonf? 1945 pufwifbm (4) wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom
jrefrmud,
k pf m;vS,t
f zGJ oD[Vdk u
f sG e;f (,cko&D v
d uFmEdik if )H uEM+D rKd od@k oGm;a&muf&mY tzGJ
0iftjzpf vdu
k yf gco
hJ nf?
1945 'DZifbm 15 wGif ArmhwyfrawmfY 'kw,
d Adv
k rf LS ;}u;D tjzpf wm0efxrf;
aqmifco
hJ nf? 1948 ckEpS w
f iG f ajrmufyikd ;f wdik ;f wdik ;f rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ 1949 azaz:0g&D
4 wGif awmifyikd ;f wdik ;f wdik ;f rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmuf&u
G cf o
hJ nf? 1952 wGif jrefrm
ppfrpf&iS f 'kw,
d tzGJ acgi;f aqmiftjzpf t*Fvef/ jyifopf/ qGpZf mvef/ b,fv*f s,
D rf/ aemfa0;/
qG'D ifEiS hf ,lq
kd vm;AD;,m; Edik if rH sm;od@k oGm;a&mufco
hJ nf?
1953 wGif ajrmufyikd ;f wdik ;f wdik ;f rSL;tjzpf jyefvnfwm0ef,al qmif&u
G cf o
hJ nf?
ArmhwyfrawmfwGif AdkvfrSL;csKyftqifhxd wm0ef xrf;&GufcJhonf?1954 rwf 2 wGif
jrefrmhajrod@k usL;ausm0f ifa&mufvmaom w&kwjf zLudrk ifwef (Kuomintang) wyfrsm;udk
bk&ifh aemifppfqifa&;jzifv
h nf;aumif;/ 1955 rwf 7 wGif wkwjf zLwyfrsm;udk &ef}u;D atmif
ppfqifa&;jzifhvnf;aumif; udk,fwdkifOD;pD; uGyfuJI wdkufcdkufacsr_ef;cJhonf? 1955
pufwifbmvwGif ppfbufcsp=f unfa&; rdwq
f uftzGJ 0iftjzpf w&kwjf ynfo@l orRwEdik if H
od@k oGm;a&mufvnfywfco
hJ nf?
ArmhwyfrawmfrS 1956 Zefe0g&D 6 wGif atmifrmCxd;k ppfqifEpJ$ Of AuyXmecsKyf
od@k &Jabmf}u;D jrifEh iS hf Adv
k af usmaf Zmwd@k ay;yd@k aom ppfa&;xdyw
f ef;vSsKd 0Suf owif;rsm;yg&dS
onfh pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm;udk odr;f qnf;rdco
hJ nf[q
k u
kd m 1957 azaz0g&D 13 &ufae@ygpm
trSwf 20 &mxl; (15) 57 t& 1957 rwf 6 wGif wyfrawmfrS 'kAv
kd rf LS ;}u;D tqifo
h @kd
avSsmch sI t+ird ;f pm;ay;jcif;cH&onf? atmifrmC ppfa&;qdo
k nfrmS yckuLU c&dik t
f wGi;f &Sd
AuyygwXD mecsKyu
f kd xd;k ppfqifaom ppfa&;jzpfonf?
,if;ESiyhf wfoufI Adv
k rf LS ;csKyaf [mif; ausmaf Zmu ol. ud,
k af &;twKyw
` dW
aygi;f csKypf mtkyrf S pm 194 wGif atmufygtwdik ;f a&; om;xm;onf?
"xdk (atmifrmC) ppfqifa&;twGi;f Armjynf uGejf rLepfygwXD mecsKyrf S pm&Guf
pmwrf;tawmfrsm;rsm;odr;f qD;rd&m xdt
k xJwiG f OuUocifoef;xGe;f . xdyw
f ef;vSsKd 0Suf
zdik w
f JG wpfwyJG g&o
dS nf? xdzk ikd w
f w
JG iG f yg&adS ompmtcsKd rS tcsut
f vufrsm;t& ocifoef;
d pd u
P kd
xGe;f xH uefawmf ua&;ay;onf[k xif&aom ta=umif;t&mrsm;yg&adS e&m xku
ta=umif;jyKI uefawmf u
h kd t}u;D tus,f ta&;,l&ef wyfwiG ;f wyfjyif&dS qd&k ,
S v
f pfrsm;
pDpOf=uygawmhonf?
Tae&mwGif uefawmfEiS hf xdak cwfxt
kd csed u
f Ekid if aH &;ZmwfcrkH sm;wGif ta&;ygpmG
28
29
a&muf&Sdaeolrsm;t=um; qufqHa&;udk a&;ygOD;rnf? xdktcsdefumv 1956 ckESpfonf

qd&k ,
S v
f pfrsm;u wyfwiG ;f wyfjyif =oZmv$r;f rd;k a&; t}u;D tus,f }uKd ;pm;aer_ t&Sed &f ae
csed Ef iS v
hf nf; wdu
k q
f ikd af eygonf? olw@kd onf jyifytEW&m,fjzpfonfh wkwjf zLwdu
k af &;xuf
jynfwiG ;f ppfuo
kd m tav;ay; tjyKww
f u
kd cf sio
f rl sm; jzpf=uonf? jynfov
l x
l k Ed;k =um;+y;D
awmif;qdv
k eG ;f Iom (wzufuvnf; Armjynf uGejf rLepfygwu
D az:xkwf zGichf saeIom)
wkwjf zLwdu
k af &;udk vky=f ujcif;jzpfonf? xdw
k u
kd yf rJG sm; t&Sed Ef iS hf uefawmf =oZm}u;D rm;
vmr_uv
kd nf; olw@kd pd;k &drf ae=uonf?
wyfwiG ;f rS qd&k ,
S v
f pfygwD qef@usio
f nfh wyfrLS ;rsm;vnf;&S&d m uefawmf ESihf
ylaygi;f pnf;&H;k rd+y;D olw@kd qd&k ,
S v
f pfrsm;udk tmcHacgi;f rm vm=urSmvnf; pd;k &dr=f uonf?
t"durSm qdk&S,fvpfrsm;taeESifh wdkif;jynfudk 4if;wdk@pdwf}udKufcs,fvS,fvdk=u&mwGif
wyfrawmfukd yxrqH;k olw@kd pdw}f uKd uf tkypf ;D Edik zf @kd &mrSm ql;ajimifch vkwjf zpfaom uefawmfh
udk z,f&mS ;ypfz@kd vkad vonf?
uefawmf TuJo
h @kd wyfrS xkwyf pfa&;udk yk*K~ v
d af &;t& t"du}uKd ;pm;}uKd ;udik o
f l
(3) OD; (OD;ausmf +ird ;f / Adv
k af tmif}u;D / Adv
k af e0if;) wd@k &Syd gonf?
qd&k ,
S v
f pfygwrD S OD;ausm+f ird ;f on f wavSsmufv;kH uefawmf u
h kd owdjzifah pmifh
h kd ol. qd&k ,
S v
f pfygww
D iG ;f a&mufatmif rsm;pGm
=unfch yhJ gonf? OD;ausm+f ird ;f onf uefawmfu
tm;xkwv
f ;kH yef; }uKd ;pm;cJyh gonf? qd&k ,
S v
f pfygwrD mS jynfow
l @kd . tusK;d udk aqmif&u
G f
zd@k xuf uGejf rLepfygwq
D ef@usiaf &;/ tjyKww
f u
kd af &;udo
k m t"duvkyaf eaomygwjD zpf&m
(t"du 4if;wd@k ud,
k u
f sK;d pD;yGm;udo
k m vkyaf e&m) uefawmf t
h aeESihf wdik ;f jynfEiS hf jynfo@l
rsuEf mS raxmufbJ rdrw
d 0rf;wpm;twGuf qd&k ,
S v
f pfygw0D if rvkyEf ikd af y?
OD;ausmf +ird ;f taeESiu
hf vnf; uefawmf. jyif;jyaom jynfcsppf w
d /f tusiphf m&dw/W
oDv/ &mxl;pnf;pdrrf rufarmr_ pwmawGu=kd unf+h y;D olord ;f oGi;f Edik rf nfo
h l r[kwf rHk u
ol@a&Sa&; &nfreS ;f csuu
f ykd g aESmif,
h u
S Ef ikd o
f [
l k jrifaeojzifh xdzk ikd w
f u
JG pd P ay:vmaomtcg
wyfwiG ;f qd&k ,
S v
f pfrsm;ESihf yl;aygi;f +y;D wuf=upG mG uefawmf u
h kd ta&;,l vkyaf qmifvmjcif;
jzpfygonf?
Adv
k af tmif}u;D rSm Edik if aH &;xuf yk*Kd~ vaf &;&mxl;twGuyf g uefawmf u
h kd qef@usif
ojzifh tvGejf yif;xef+y;D uefawmft
h ay: yk*Kd~ vaf &;t&vnf; tvGerf ek ;f wD;ygonf? uGseaf wmf
wyfwiG ;f &Sad eoa&G ol@taeESihf uefawmf u
h akd usmu
f m xdyaf &mufaezd@k rjzpfEikd yf g? Adv
k af e0if;
rSm uefawmfu
h kd *syefacwfuwnf;u rvdv
k m;/ rESprf sKd aomfvnf; vufawGxnfo
h iG ;f
pOf;pm;&rnfh tcsurf sm;&Syd gonf? (Adv
k af e0if;onf wyfwiG ;f qd&k ,
S v
f pfrsm;teuf 4if;.
ud,
k u
f sK;d pD;yGm;ESihf ywfoufvmvSsif tvGev
f ufawGuspmG pOf;pm;Edik o
f l jzpfonf?)
wdkif;jynfwGif ppfwyfuxrf;aqmif&rnfh wm0ef}uD;rsm; ay:aygufvmygu
29
30
ol@wGit
f m;ud;k zd@k r&Sad y? olu,
kd w
f ikd u
f bmrSprG ;f &nf&o
dS l r[kw?f ol@qk&d ,
S v
f pf wyfrLS ;rsm;
uvnf; tm;rud;k &? ta&;ta=umif;qdu
k uefawmfu
h akd c:+y;D wm0efay;&? uefawmf
uvnf; wcgrSsrjiif;qdk? ac:+yD; wm0efay;orSs wm0efausyGefatmif xrf;aqmifcJh?
wcgrv
S nf; &mxl;udp/P ud,
k af &;udpP rawmif;qdzk ;l ? xdt
k csurf sm;a=umifh uefawmfu
h kd
wyfrawmfrS xkwyf pfa&;txdawmh olutpydik ;f wGif rvdv
k m;cJyh g? od@k aomf aemufyikd ;f
uefawmfh=oZmt&Sdef wufvmaomtcg olvnf; Adkvfatmif}uD;ESifhtwl yl;aygif;+yD;
uefawmfh xkwyf pfa&;udk wuf=upG mG vkyv
f mygawmh onf?
Tolrsm;tjyif OD;EkESifh OD;AaqG (xkdtcsdefu 0ef}uD;csKyfvkyfaeol) wdk@vnf;
uefawmfu
h kd rvdv
k m;=ubJ jzpfaeygonf? xd@k a=umifh olw@kd uvnf; xdzk ikd u
f pd aP y:vmaom
h kd z,f&mS ;ypf&ef vkv
d m;yH&k ygonf " [lI a&;om;xm;avonf?
tcg uefawmfu
1960 azaz:0g&D (6) wGif usi;f yaomygvrD ef jynfo@l v$waf wmf taxGaxG
a&;aumufyGJY woD;yk*~v trwfavmif;tjzpf =unfhjrifwdkif atmufydkif; rJqENe,frS
0ifa&muf,OS +f yKd icf &hJ m &_;H edrchf o
hJ nf? taxGaxGa&G;aumufyYJG oef@&Si;f zqyv trwf
avmif; ocifpaH 0 ta&G;cH&onf?
1961 azaz:0g&D 27 wGif wkwjf zLusL;ausmrf _ qef@usiaf &; trsK;d om;aumfrwD
. OuUtjzpf wifajrmS ufc&H onf? 1963 ckEpS f awmfveS af &;aumifpED iS hf awmwGi;f vufeuf
udik t
f zGJ rsm; jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&; aqG;aEG;yGJ usi;f ypOfumvu jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&; tzGJ csKyf
'kw,
d OuUtjzpf aqmif&u
G cf o
hJ nf?
1976 Zlvdkif 18 wGif &efukef+rdKrS w&kwfEdkifiHodk@ vSsKd0SufxGufcGm+yD; 1976
=o*kwv
f 10 wGif AuyESiyhf ;l aygi;f cJo
h nf? 1976 Ed0k ifbm (3) wGif Auy A[dXk mecsKyYf
ppft=uaH y;ESihf A[dpk pfaumfr&Sif tzGJ 0iftjzpf wm0ef,cl o
hJ nf? xd@k aemuf AuyA[dk ppfO;D pD;
Xme A[dpk pfaumfr&Siw
f iG f yxr/ 'kOuUwm0efrsm;udk xrf;&Gucf o
hJ nf?
AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif; ausmfaZmonf jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; oabmxm;ESifh
vufa&G;pifred @f cGe;f rsm; (1957)/ zufqpfawmfveS af &; (19 59)/ urBmppfEiS hf +ird ;f csr;f a&;
(1960)/ trsK;d om;vGwaf jrmufa&; wdu
k yf rJG sm; (1961)/ ordik ;f rSeu
f u
l u
G rf sm;/ w&m;cHtppf
b,fov
l /J rD',
D mavmuESihf tifwmAsL;rsm;/ ud,
k w
f ikd af &; twKyw
` adW ygi;f csKyf (2007)
wd@k udk a&;om;jyKpck o
hJ nf?
Akv
d rf LS ;csKyaf [mif; ausmaf Zmonf jrefrmhvw
G v
f yfa&; }uKd ;yrf;r_Y pGr;f pGr;f wrH
aqmif&u
G cf rhJ r_ sm;a=umifh 1955 Zefe0g&D (10) wGif ,l*kd pvm;AD;,m;orRw wD;wd;k .
ppfonfawmfaumif; (yxrqif)h ESihf 1959 rwf (27) wyfrawmfae@wGif vGwv
f yfa&;
armfueG ;f 0if (yxrqif)h wHqyd w
f @kd udk cs;D jriS chf &H onf?
oef;0if;vd_i f
(rd;k rc rD',
D mrS)
30
31
uG,fvGefol AdkvfcsKyfausmfaZm odk h

jynfo@l ausmaf Zm/ bausmaf ZmtwGuf
E_wq
f ufuAsm ylaZmfygt
h ?hH
e,fcs@J qef@usi/f wdu
k yf 0JG ifo?l
zufqpf*syef/ awmfveS cf o
hJ ?l
usL;ausmw
f &kw
k f wdu
k x
f w
k cf o
hJ ?l
awmfveS w
f yfrawmf azmfaqmif&mrSm
OD;aqmifygol?
r_id ;f eJ@twl 'd@k jynfvw
$ o
f l
acwftqufquf jynfo@l zufu vufeufuikd o
f ?l
xdo
k o
l nfum;
b0wyg;od@k ajymif;oGm;cJjh yD
=u,fet
D jzpf rd;k jymjriho
f @kd
vGiw
fh ufomG ;jy?D
xd=k u,feo
D nf
urBmwnfoa&G@ jrefrmjynftwGuf
=u,fev
D rf;jy jzpfapownf;?
uAsmq&m 'd@k olimS vnf;
urBmqufquf b0qufquf
'd@k bouf&n
S f =u,feeD u
D kd
=unfnKd azmfne$ ;f armfueG ;f uAsm
a&;onfumvnf; yg&rDjznhzf uf
awmfveS zf uf[k &Jbuf &Jabmf
jzpfapaomf?
armifpGrf;&nf
atmufwbkd m 14 / 2012
(rdk;rc rD'D,mrS)
31
32
OD;wif odk h ....OD;wif vdk h uefawmhyef;

i,femrnf " armifa&$ "
vlvm;ajrmufvmawmh " udka&$ "
wdk Ah rmtpnf;t&k;H 0if wa,mufjzpfvmawmh " ocifa&$ " aygh ?
" udak &$" uae - " ocifa&$" twGi;f
t0if;yqk;H *k%t
f if[m &d;k *k%f eJ rh sKd ;csppf w
d f
e,fcsJ q
h ef u
h siaf &;pdw"f gwef J o
h wWad oG;
vGwv
f yfa&;}uKd ;yrf;rSK vrf;a}umif;ay:rSm awG Eh ikd w
f ,f?
tJ'&D J ah emuf
*syefuakd &muf - [dik ef efa&muf
xdik 0f rfzufa&muf xdik ;f ajra&muf
aoG;azguf opPma&aomufyGJ usif;yt+yD;
&Jabmfo;Hk usyd }f u;D tjzpf uAn;f qif
ordik ;f 0if armfueG ;f wqifh twifrmS
" ocifa&$" [m " Adv
k af usmaf Zm" jzpfvmw,f ?
" ocifa&$" uae " Adv
k af usmaf Zm" txdtwGi;f
t0if;yqk;H *k%af &mif[m
tepfemcHrKS eJ h &J&ifrh KS
acgi;f aqmifyo
D rSK eJ w
h u
kd Zf rJG mef
zufqpfawmfveS af &;atmifvH wvlv}l um;uomru
w&kwjf zLusL;ausmo
f l armif;xkwaf &;vrf;a}umif;rSeaf y:
atmifarmif;oH wnHn}H um;uyg jrifEikd w
f ,f?
tJ'aD emuf
ppftm%m&Sipf epfatmufu vGwaf jrmufa&;
vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;udk qifE&J$ if;
wlwpH OftvHukd v$iw
hf if
oHviG af rmajr wcGiaf y:rSm
32
33
" Adv
k af usmaf Zm" uae " OD;wif" jzpfvmw,f?
" Adv
k af usmaf Zm" uae " OD;wif" txdtwGi;f
t0if;yqk;H *k%af &mif[m
&moufyefawmfveS af &;orm;yDorSK
wnf}unfrKS eJ jh ynfcsppf w
d f
wzdwzf w
d f &$e;f vuf
aemufq;Hk xGuo
f uftxd jrifae&
wb0wmvk;H jynfol b
h ufu jzpfcw
hJ ,f?
OD;av; a&
" ocifa&$" udk av;pm;
" Adv
k af usmaf Zm" tm; pHerlemwif
" OD;wif" udk }unfnKd cw
hJ hJ usaemf[m
tckawmh
rarhravsmh pdwt
f vsOef J h
" OD;wif " odk h
OD;wifv@kd uefawmhvu
kd yf g&@J
OD;aomif;wdu
k u
f rBm wnfapaom0f ?
0if;wifxh eG ;f
10 / 10 / 12 ae hn
( 10 / 10 / 2012 ae hrSm uG,fvGefoGm;&SmwJh &JabmfokH;usdyf0if AdkvfausmfaZmodk h aemufqkH;*g&0 )
(ae@opf rD'D,mrS)
33
34
Armjynf&J h }u,feD
(odk rh [kw)f
tawmufyqk;H tvif;tdrf
opPmw&m;
wHpOf / wl
uavmif / aoeuf
+ird ;f csr;f a&; csK;d jzL
cdik rf maom oHEMd mefonf jynfol
jzLpifpmG &yfwnfonfrh l ol
ol qdak om
xdktzdk;ysKdtm;
OD;n$w*f g&0jyKyg.?
&J+idr;f
(opPm awmfvSefa&;pmay r*~Zif; trSwf 22/ Edk0ifbm/ 2010 rS)
34
nfol
ol
35
usGefawmfh tdrfeD;em;csif;
AdkvfcsKyfausmfaZm
zdk;oH (vlxk)
uefawmfwdk@ rdom;pkeJ@ AdkvfcsKyfausmfaZmwdk@rdom;pk[m aqG&if;rsKd;&if;vdkyJ
&if;ESD;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh olwdk@u &efukefrSmae/ uefawmfwdk@u rEWav;rSmaeqdkawmh
wpfa,mufeJ@wpfa,muf awG@csif&if rdkif 400 c&D;oGm;rS awG@=u&ygw,f? 'gayr,fh
uHa=umifyh J ajym&rvm;/ a&pufa=umifyh J ajym&rvm;/ OD;av; (uefawmfu ol@udk tjrJ
OD;av;vd@k yJ ac:ygw,f) eJ@ tdrcf si;f ay 40 avmuftuGmrSm aecJ&h ygw,f?
tJ'g "0" a'o yefqef; (tcktac: yefcrf;) rSmyg?
uGejf rLepfygw&D J tJ'w
D ek ;f u A[dpk cef;[m wkwjf ynfe,fpyf/ erfch gacsmif; auG@ywf
pD;qif;oGm;wJh acsmif;tauG@ u awmifapmif;/ awmifxyd rf mS wnf&ydS gw,f? e,fpyfrsO;f u
tJ'Dacsmif;&Jtv,f wnfhwnfhrSm jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dpcef;rSm uefawmfaewJh tcef;eJ@
OD;av;wd@k ZeD;armifEaHS ewJh tcef;[m ajcvSr;f (20) avmufyJ uGmygw,f? ac:csi&f if
atmfac:zd@k awmif rvdw
k hJ tuGmta0;yg?
tJ'v
D kd umvawGrmS uefawmf owdjyKrw
d hJ OD;av; ta=umif;awG a&;ygrh ,f?
35
36
OD;av;[m reuf apmapm xvmwmeJ@ rsuEf mS opf+y;D use;f rma&; avhusichf ef; vkyyf gw,f?
uefawmfwdk@ aewJhae&m&JatmufrSmu woGifoGif pD;qif;aewJh erfhcgacsmif;xJudk
avSsmqif;oGm;wJh awmifcg;yef;av;yg? aemuf+yD; acsmif;&J wpfzufrSmawmh tvm;wl
qifajcavSsm awmifcg;yef;eJ@ wkwfjynfxJu &Srf;&Gmav;wpf&Gm &Sdygw,f? [dkbuf
awmifapmif;eJ@ 'Dbufawmifapmif;[m rDwm 3-400 avmuf uGmr,f xifygw,f?
tawmfus,+f y;D &Snv
f sm; wJh vSsK=d um;acsmif;d;k _cif;[m om,mvSyw,fv@kd ajym&rSmyg?
aemuf+yD; avxk[mvnf; oef@&Sif;vSw,f vdk@ ajymEdkifygw,f? OD;av;u tJ'D_cif;
udrk suEf mS rl+y;D reufwikd ;f avhusichf ef;vkyyf gw,f?
a':a': a':oef;pdef (OD;av;&JZeD;)uawmh reufwikd ;f bk&m;&Scd ;kd ygw,f? wpf&uf
rysufygbl;? a':a':u nrSmvnf; bk&m;&Sdcdk;+yD;rS tdyf&m0ifwmyg? OD;av;[m tJ'Dvdk
avhusifhcef;vkyf+yD;&if a,bk,sjzifhawmh reufpm xrif;pm;awmhwmygyJ? tJ'Dwkef;u
uefawmfw@kd tm;vH;k wpfae@rSm xrif; 2 eyfyJ pm;ygw,f? 'ga=umifh reuf 9 em&DavmufrmS
wpfeyf/ nae 5 em&D avmufrmS wpfeyf/ 'ge@J +y;D wmygy?J
OD;av;u tJ'Dwkef;u A[dkaumfrwD0ifvnf;jzpf/ ppfaumfr&SiftzGJ@0ifvnf;
jzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh OD;av;wd@k vdk acgi;f aqmifawG&wJh &dumQ [m qefe@J qDrmS useo
f mref
&JabmfawG&wJh E_e;f eJ@ twlwl wpfEe_ ;f xJjzpf+y;D [if;zd;k rSm (ArmaiG) q,fusyaf vmuf
ydyk gw,f? bmrSrrsm;ygb;l ? acgi;f aqmifawGvnf; aps;ywfwikd ;f (ig;&uf wpfaps;yg) tom;ig;
pm;csirf S pm;Edik w
f myg? 'Dawmh aemufwef;pcef;rSm tdraf xmifawG[m [if;cif;av;pdu
k /f
=uufarG; vky=f uygw,f? vlvw
G af wGuvnf; bHpk u
kd yf sK;d arG;jrLa&; vky=f uygw,f?
OD;av;wd@k tdrrf mS awmh t"dutm;jzifh a':a':u vkyw
f myg? 'gayr,fh OD;av;vnf;
tm;&if=uKH &if aygujf ym;ayguf a&avmif;/ =uufpmau; vky&f ygw,f? =uufarG;w,fqv
kd @kd
txifr}u;D yge@J ? rsm;vSrS av;ig;ajcmufaumifyg? tJ'rD mS =uufarG;w,fqw
kd mu avSmifrarG;
Edik yf gb;l ? tpm rwwfEikd yf gb;l ? v$waf rG;&wmyg? 'gayr,fh naeapmif;&if =uufawGukd
=uufjcx
H J jyef0ifap&ygw,f? awma=umifu ae@cif;rSmawmif qGw
J wfwhJ ywf0ef;usirf sK;d yg?
'ga=umifh &efoal wGukd 0dik ;f ywf acsre_ ;f cJw
h hJ uefawmfh OD;av;wpfa,mufukd wpfcgwavrSm
ol@ ud,
k &f /H ol@ZeD;wd@k eJ@twl =uufawG 0dik ;f ywf armif;oGi;f aewm/ =uufukd zrf;zd@k 0dik ;f ajcmuf
ay;aewmvnf; awG@&wwfygw,f?
awmfveS af &;a'o a&mufwhJ OD;av;tzd@k taetxdik f tpm;taomuf tcuf
tcJ/ ky0f wK tuef@towf&rdS /_ awmifwuf&wJh tcuftcJ pwmawG[m ol@twGuf
r_p&mr[kwyf gb;l ? 'gayr,fh ol vH;k 0 rausmv
f m$ ;Edik w
f hJ tcuftcJwpfck &Syd gw,f? tJ'gu
bmompum;ygy?J tpnf;ta0;wpfcv
k yk &f if bmom 2 rsK;d 3 rsK;d jyef&wJh t&yfa'orSm
ol@tzd@k ae@pOfvykd J 'Djy\emeJ@ &ifqikd &f ygw,f? wpfcgwav ol@ ud,
k &f &H aJ bmfav;eJ@ole@J
36
37
pum;rayguv
f @kd ajc[efvuf[efawGe@J Asmrsm;aewJh OD;av;&JyHu
k akd wG@&if rjyKH ;bJ raeEdik f
ygb;l ? olrsm;awGukd tultnD awmif;&ygw,f? 0 &Jabmfav;awG&J Armpum; a&csed f
uvnf; tuef@towf&adS wmh tcuftcJu rao;ygb;l ?
tJ'D 0 &Jabmfav;awGu 17 ESpf 18 ESpft&G,fav;awG rsm;ygw,f? tJ'D
&Jabmfav;awGudk OD;av;u ol@xHk;pHtwdkif; cg;!$wf+yD; oljzpfcsifwmudk cifAsm;awG
uefawmfawGe@J ajymaewwfygw,f? bmompum; jy\ema=umifh OD;av; r=umc%
=uKH awG@&wJh aemuftcuftcJwpfcu
k xrif;pm;yG/J {nfch yH aJG wGrmS jzpfygw,f? olrsm;awGu
OD;av;udk vl}uD;rdk@ wav;wpm; OD;OD;zsm;zsm; twlt&ufaomufcdkif; (wdk@pfvkyf)&if
t&ufraomuf/ aq;vdyrf aomufwhJ OD;av;crsm 'kuaQ wG@awmhwmygy?J jyKH ;jyKH ; jyKH ;jyKH ;eJ@
tJ'v
D kd jiif;aewJh OD;av;&JyHu
k u
kd ol@d;k om;r_ukd azmfjywmrd@k ol@pum;udk em;rvnfwhJ
wjcm;vlawGuvnf; jyKH ;=u em;vnf=uygw,f?
OD;av;udk trsm;qHk; awG@&wwfwmuawmh ol c&D;rxGuf/ tpnf;ta0;
rwufbl;qdk&if ajryHkawG zwfaewm/ pm=unfhaewm/ rSwfpk ul;aewmygyJ? OD;av;udk
tvum;aewm/ tv[\ tcsed jf zKe;f aewm wpfcgrS rawG@zl;ygb;l ? OD;av;rSm 0wW&m;
wpfcv
k jkd zpfaewJh udpw
P pfcu
k awmh {nfch pH um; ajym&wmyg? +rKd u awmcdv
k mwJh vlawG/
0 a'oudk vma&muf=uwJh wjcm;a'oawGu wyfaygif;pk&JabmfawG[m OD;av;udk
odyaf wG@csi/f pum;ajymcsiyf gw,f? olw@kd [m OD;av;qDu ar;rukew
f hJ A[kow
k awGukd
em;axmifcsif=uwmudk;? 'gayr,fh OD;av;u jyefar;wmuvnf; enf;wm r[kwfbl;?
b,ft&yfuvmwJh vlyjJ zpfjzpf OD;av;tzd@k tajctae em;vnf,El ikd w
f hJ a&aomufjrpfcsn;f
jzpfaeygw,f?
aemufq;kH taeeJ@ uae@txd uefawmfjrifa,mifaewJh OD;av;v_y&f mS ;yHak v;udk
ajymjycsiyf gw,f? A[dk ;kH pcef;eJ@ wpfrikd af vmufa0;wJh ta&Sajrmuf ppfa'oXmecsKyu
f kd
tpnf;ta0;oGm;wufwhJ OD;av;&JyHak v;yg? ole@J ol@ud,
k &f H 0 &Jabmfav;/ wpfa,mufu
ypPwdkcg;csdwf/ pmapmifpmwrf;awG ab;vG,ftdwfxJrSmxnfhvdk@/ aemufwpfa,mufu
atau 47 aoewfukd ycH;k rSm vG,v
f @kd / acsmif;d;k wpfavSsmuf awmifapmif; vrf;uav;
twdik ;f ukwu
f w
k f ukwu
f w
k ef @J avSsmufomG ;=uwJh jrifuiG ;f yg? pum;raygu=f uavawmh
wpfa,mufe@J wpfa,mufvnf; pum;rajymbJomG ;=uwm awmifapmif; tauG@av;rSm
uG,foGm;awmhrS jrifuGif;xJu aysmufoGm;ygw,f? olwdk@ ESpfa,muf naeapmif;vdk@
jyefvmawmhvnf; 'DyykH gy?J
pyg;ESrH sm;[m pyg;toD; =u,
G 0f av !$waf v qdo
k vdyk J vlawG[mvnf; wefz;kd
&Sad v d;k om; ESrd chf savvd@k qd&k r,f xifygw,f?
zdk;oH (vlxk)
37
38
ocifxGef;tkyf/ ocifApdefwdk@ OD;;pD;aom wdk@Armtpnf;tkH;Y yg0ifcJhaom

Adv
k pf }umF . trnf&if;rSm ocifatmifoef; jzpfonf? *syef ppfynmoifwef; wufpOfu
*syeftrnfrmS [D&mwmrmqmtdk (Hirata Masao) jzpfonf? xdik ;f Edik if H befaumuf+rKd Y
&Jabmfo;kH usyd f 0ifrsm; Adv
k t
f rnfc,
H &l mwGif Adv
k pf }umF jzpfvmcJo
h nf?
Adv
k pf =umudk 1915 Zlvikd f (1) &uf
ordkif;wauGrS Adkvfp}um
=umomyaw;ae@wGif rEWav;+rKd Y tz
(&JabmfoHk;usdyf)
OD;jrwfom/ trd a':oef;wifw@kd rS zGm;jrifchJ
onf? arG;csi;f (4) OD;wGif ti,fq;kH jzpfonf?
arG;csif; tpfudkrsm;rSm OD;oef;ZH/? OD;oef;pdef/
OD;jroef;wd@k jzpfonf?
i,fpOfu 'dik t
f pkd ZD if a,musmf ;
av; txufwef;ausmif; (Diocesan Boys
High School) ESihf &efukefpdefaygausmif;
(txu 6 Adv
k w
f axmif) wd@k wGif ynmoif
=um;cJo
h nf? pdeaf ygausmif;rS 10 wef;atmif
+y;D aemuf tpd;k & aq;ynmoifausmif;wGif
aq;ynmrsm; oif=um;cJo
h nf?
xd@k aemuf aq;ausmif;rS ausmif;
r+y;D rSx
D u
G If wd@k Armtpnf;tH;k od@k 0ifa&muf
I Edik if aH &; aqmif&u
G cf o
hJ nf? ocifatmif
oef;0if;vd_i f
oef;onf 1938 Zefe0g&D (1) wGif acsmuf
a&eHajr tvkyo
f rm;xkukd w&m;a[majymI +Aw
d o
d sS e,fcsJ qef@usiaf &; aqmif&u
G rf r_ sm;
a=umihf tzrf;cHc&hJ onf?
1938 Edk0ifbmwGif wdk@Arm tpnf;tkH; ESpfjcrf;uGJoGm;aomtcg ocifApdef/
ocifxeG ;f tkyw
f @kd OD;pD;aom wd@k Arm tpnf;tk;H bufo@kd vdu
k yf gomG ;cJo
h nf?
1940 jynhEf pS f ZGev
f 10 &ufae@wGif *sLAvDa[mY ocifApde/f ocifxeG ;f tky/f
ocifatmifoef; (Adv
k pf =um)/ ocifcspw
f if/ ocifarmif wd@k onf *syefomG ;pdu
k q
f &m
rpPwmudb
k Ek iS fh vSsKd 0Supf mG awGqHu
k m jrefrmvGwv
f yfa&;twGuf *syefEikd if rH S tultnD&&ef
aqG;aEG;cJhonf?
ocif x G e f ; tk y f / ocif A pd e f wd k @ Armtpnf ; tk H ; u ocif a tmif o ef ; tm;
*syefEiS q
fh ufo,
G &f ef ,d;k ',m; (xdik ;f ) Edik if o
H @kd apv$wcf &hJ m xdik ;f Edik if o
H @kd tcuftcJtrsK;d rsK;d
udk ausmfv$m;pGef@pm;I oGm;a&mufcJhonf? 1940 jynhfESpf 'DZifbmwGif xdkif;EdkifiH
38
39
befaumuf+rKd od@k a&muf&cdS o

hJ nf? befaumufwiG f *syeftm%mydik rf sm;ESiq
fh ufo,
G +f y;D
ocifxeG ;f tkyx
f H jrefrmEdik if &H dS Edik if aH &;tzGJ oH;k / av;zGJ rS vli,f (40) cef@ ppfynmoif=um;
&eftwGuf vSsKd 0Supf mG apv$waf y;&ef ta=umif;=um;cJo
h nf? od@k aomf txrajrmufcahJ cs?
ocifatmifoef; xdkif;EdkifiHodk@ a&muf&Sdaea=umif; rDemrDtzGJ OuU AdkvfrSL;}uD;plZluD;
(aemifAv
kd rf ;kd }uKd ;) od&v
dS sS if ppfynmoif=um;&ef [dik ef ef;uGse;f od@k yd@k ay;cJo
h nf? [dik ef ef;uGse;f
ESifh xdik 0f rfusG e;f wd@k wGif ppfynmrsm;oif=um;cJo
h nf?
Armhvw
G v
f yfa&;wyfrawmf (bDtidk af t) ppfXmecsKyEf iS fh armfv+rKd ipf pfa=umif;
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif; csDwufpOf AdkvfausmfaZm OD;aqmifonhf vufeufcJ,rf;rD;ausmufESihf
o,f,yl @kd aqmifa&; wyfzJG ESit
fh wl csw
D ufvu
kd yf gco
hJ nf?
1942 Zlvikd f 27 wGif bDtikd af tudk zsuo
f rd ;f I Armhvw
G v
f yfa&;wyfrawmf
(bD'aD t) zGJ pnf; aomtcg 'kw,
d Adv
k rf LS ;}u;D tqihjf zihf ppfO;D pD;wm0ef xrf;aqmifco
hJ nf?
1943 =o*kwf 1 wGizf JG pnf;aom jrefrmEdik if t
H pd;k &tzGJ ay:ayguv
f m+y;D aemuf
ArmhumuG,af &; wyfrawmfppf;kH csKyf AxrOD;pD; Adv
k t
f jzpf xrf;&Gucf o
hJ nf? xd@k aemuf
jrefrmtpd;k &tzGJ wGif 'kw,
d umuG,af &;0ef}u;D ('kw,
d ppf0ef}u;D ) tjzpf wd;k jriS afh qmif
&Gucf &hJ onf?
1944 {+yD 18 wGif *syefEikd if q
H ikd &f m wGzJ ufjrefrmppfot
H rwftjzpf cef@tyfc&H +y;D
aemuf vufaxmufppfot
H rwf Adv
k af t;aiG ('*kejf rwfav;EG,)f twl*syefEikd if H wdu
k sK+d rKd od@k
apv$wcf &hJ m 1944 ar 20 wGif a&muf&cdS o
hJ nf? *syefEikd if q
H ikd &f m jrefrmppforH LS ;tjzpf
1945 ckEpS t
f xd xrf;&Gucf o
hJ nf?
1947 Zefe0g&D 9 &ufae@wGif Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;acgi;f aqmifaom jrefrmud,
k pf m;
vS,t
f zGJ t*Fvefjynf vef'ef+rKd od@k oGm;a&muf &mwGif twdik yf ifct
H jzpf vdu
k yf gomG ;cJo
h nf?
1947 wGif Adv
k pf }umF onf jynfxaJ &;0ef}u;D Xme ygvrD eftwGi;f 0eftjzpf cef@tyf cH&onf?
vGwv
f yfa&;&&S+d y;D aemuf Adv
k pf =umonf 1945 arv 5 &ufae@wGif wnfaxmifchJ
aom Armjynfqdk&S,fvpfygwDY 0ifa&mufI EdkifiHa&;aqmif&GufcJhonf? ,if;aemuf
zqyvtzGJ csKy.
f Edik if jH cm;a&;&m aumfrwDwiG f tzGJ 0iftjzpf aqmif&u
G cf o
hJ nf?
1951 ckEpS f ZGev
f 12 wGif jrefrmEdik if H vGwv
f yfa&;&&S+d y;D aemuf yxrqH;k t}urd f
ygvrD efa&G;aumufyJG usi;f ycJ&h m zqyvtrwf avmif;tjzpf o&ufawmifyikd ;f rJqENe,frS
0ifa&muf,OS +f yKd icf &hJ m v$waf wmftrwftjzpf a&G;cs,w
f ifajrmS ufc&H onf?
1958 ckEpS w
f iG f zqyvESpjf crf;uGaJ omtcg OD;AaqG/ OD;ausm+f ird ;f wd@k OD;pD;aom
wnf+rJzqyvwGif yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhonf? 1960 jynhfESpf azaz:0g&D 6 &ufae@wGif
ygvDrefjynfol@v$wfawmf a&G;aumufyGJusif;ycJh&m wnf+rJzqyv trwfavmif;tjzpf
=unhfjrifwdkifawmifydkif; rJqENe,frS 0ifa&muf,SOf+ydKifcJh&m _H;edrhfcJhonf? ,if;aemuf
39
40
Armhava=umif;yd@k aqmifa&; ava=umif;ukr%

` ED iS fh oD&pd =umF ukr%
` rD sm; wnfaxmif
vkyu
f ikd cf o
hJ nf?
1965 ckEpS w
f iG f xdik ;f Edik if o
H @kd vSsKd 0Sux
f u
G cf mG oGm;+y;D 1966 atmufwb
kd mvwGif
xdik ;f Edik if YH trsK;d om;vGwaf jrmufa&;aumifpu
D kd zGJ pnf;cJ&h mwGif yg0ifco
hJ nf? 1969 =o*kwf
6 wG i f OD ; Ek t zG J xd k i f ; Ed k i f i H o d k @ a&muf v maomtcg OD ; Ek t zG J ES i h f y l ; aygif ; cJ h o nf ?
kyf&Sifrif;orD; 0if;rif;oef;/ trnfrod/ AkdvfrSL;}uD;atmifoef; (Akdvfp}uFm)
Adv
k pf =umonf 1943 ckEpS w
f iG f oxHZk mwd OD;ausm'f if/ a':oef;ar wd@k .orD;
a'guw
f ma':cif vSvES iS fh tdraf xmifjyKI om;ol&ed f p=umF / orD;pENpD =umF / om;wm&mp=umF wd@k
xGe;f um;cJo
h nf? ,if;aemuf a'guw
f ma':cifvv
S ES iS fh tdraf xmifa&;+yKd u+JG y;D aemuf 1956
wGif yJc;l ol rpP[,fv*Gseq
f if ac: ky&f iS rf if;orD; 0if;rif;oef;ESifh 'kw,
d t}urd v
f ufxyfc+hJ y;D
om; tmump=umF xGe;f um; cJo
h nf? 0if;rif;oef;onf urBmausmf tar&duefrif;om;
*&D*&kd yD ufcEf iS w
fh u
JG m " c&rf;a&mifviG jf yif " trnf&dS &ku
d u
f ;l cJo
h jl zpfonf? yxr ZeD;jzpfol
a'gufwma':cifvSvSonf 1958 atmufwdkbmv 10 &ufae@ wGif zdvpfydkifEdkifiH
reDvm+rKd Y uG,v
f eG o
f mG ;cJo
h nf?
&Jabmfo;kH usyd 0f if Adv
k pf =umF onf 1969 pufwifbmv 6 &ufae@wGif xdik ;f Edik if YH
ESvHk;a&m*gjzihf uG,fvGefoGm;cJhavonf? uG,fvGefcsdefY 'kwd,ZeD; 0if;rif;oef;ESihf
om;orD;rsm; use&f pfco
hJ nf? ,cktcg 'kw,
d ZeD;jzpfol a':0if;rif;oef;onf =opa=w;vs
Edik if YH om;jzpfol tmump=umF ESit
fh wl aexdik v
f su&f o
dS nf?
Adv
k pf =umF onf 1959 rwfv 27 wyfrawmfae@Y Edik if aH wmftpd;k &u cs;D jriS cfh ahJ om
vGwv
f yfa&; armfueG ;f 0if ('kw,
d tqih)f wHqyd f cs;D jriS cfh &H onf?
oef;0if;vd_i f
(rdk;rc rD'D,mrS)
40
pufwifbm 11/ 2012
41
avxD;tkef;armif ( odk hr[kwf ) axmif ESifh awm
rSsm;eD
o}uFef t}udKae@wGif tif;pdefaxmifrS v$wfvdkufonf@ xdef;odrf;cH EdkifiHa&;
orm; 33-OD; xJwiG f ( avxD;tke;f armif ) wa,mufvnf; yg0ifc@J acsonf?
zuf q pf a wmf v S e f ; a&; twG u f wcsd e f u td E N d , jynf o d k @ oG m ;a&muf c g
oufpeG @f }uKd ;yrf;xrf;&Guf cJ@onf@ t&if;ES;D qH;k &Jabmf oH;k OD;rSm ( 1 ) orRw}u;D ref;0if;armif/
( 2 ) Adv
k rf LS ;cspaf umif;( uG,v
f eG f ) ESi@f avxD; tke;f armif wd@k jzpfonf?
olw@kd 3-OD; oD[w
kd iG pf pftwGi;f u tcsujf yynm vufawG@ oif=um;+y;D pD;aom
tcgY tdENd, jynf uvwWm;+rdKodk@ rD;&xm;jzif@ jyefvmonf? uvwWm;rS rdkif 80a0;uGmaom *suq
f ;kd +rKd od@k oGm;a&mufcg avxD;ESi@f qif;&efav@usi@f oif=um;&jyefonf?
ajcusdK;
ud k t k e f ; armif o nf twl q if ; ouf & ef wG J z uf x m;ol r sm;ES i f @ twl zsmyH k
e,fbufwGif qif; ouf&ef twGuf av,mOfjzif@ *sufqdk;uGif;rSwufvmcJ@onf?
udktkef;armifwdk@ pD;eif;vmonf@ av,mOfysHonf zsmy@Hke,f yifv,fydkif;odk@ qif;ouf
&efa&mufaomtcg ajrjyifrt
S csujf yrD;udk rjrifojzif@ rqif;&bJ ( avewfom; ) 0g'jzef@csD
a&; pmwrf;rsm;aom }ucJ s+y;D / tajrmufqrH sm; =um;rSjyef vmcJ@&onf?
od@k ESi@f av,mOfyso
H nf *suq
f ;kd av,mOfuiG ;f od@k jyefvnf oufqif;vmonf?
av,mOfys&H yf em;vSsif udt
k ek ;f armifonf av,mOfwcH g;aygurf S ckeq
f if;vdu
k .
f ? aemufrS
ppfom;wa,muf uqif@uJ ckeq
f if;vdu
k jf yef&m udt
k ek ;f armif. nmbufajcaxmufay:od@k
wnf@wnf@usvmo jzif@ ajcaxmufusKd ;ygavawm@onf?
zufqpf*syefrsm;tm; awmfvSefwdkufcdkuf t+yD;wGif uGefjrLepfygwDudk ajAmif
xlaxmifvu
kd o
f nf/ udt
k ek ;f armifvnf; zsmyHck &dik f uGejf rLepfygww
D iG f wm0ef,cl @J onf?
41
42
wm0ef,laqmif&Guf&if; uufpbDppftkyfcsLyfa&;udk &yfpJypf&ef uGefjrLepf ygwDu

a&SaqmifqifEcJG @J aom wdu
k yf rJG sm;Y vnf; udt
k ek ;f armifonf wm0efus&m zsmyHck &dik rf aS eI
xufjrufpmG yg0ifaqmif &Gucf @J onf?
1946- rwf v wG i f uG e f j rLepf y gwD eS p f j crf ; uG J a vawm@onf ? tvH e D
uGejf rLepfygw(D Armjynf ) ESi@f ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD [lI ESpyf gwjD zpfvmonf? udt
k ek ;f armif
onf ocifoef;xGef; acgif;aqmifonf@ Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwDbufodk@ yg0ifcJ@onf?
xdEk pS w
f jynfv;kH tH=k uv
G y_ &f mS ;vmonf@ vGwv
f yfa&;v_y&f mS ;r_}u;D twGi;f wGif udt
k ek ;f armif
onf uGejf rLepfygwED iS @f zqyv wm0efrsm; xrf;aqmif&if; jynfov
l x
l Ek iS @f twlvufwJG
v_y&f mS ;cJ@onf?
zqyv tm%m&vmaomtcg wjynfv;kH &Sd uGejf rLrsm;awmcd&k mY udt
k ek ;f armif
vnf; vufeufpJG vsuaf jratmufo@kd ygc@J &awm@onf? jynfwiG ;f ppfumvwGif udt
k ek ;f armif
onf jrpf0useG ;f ay: wm0efcjH zpfvmonf?
1948- ckEpS f rwfv 2*- &ufae@rS 1953- ck Ed0k bFmv 14 &ufae@xdatmif
5- ESpaf usmrf sS =umatmif olyek Af v
kd }f u;D b0ESi@f awmxJrmS aepOf/ ykord ef ,fol rjrifjh rifh
qdak om trsKd ;orD; ESi@f tdraf xmifusc@J onf?
zrf;rd
1953 - Ed0k bFmv 14- &ufae@wGif udt
k ek ;f armif pcrf;csaexdik o
f nf@ ykord cf &dik f
( zufq vuf&mG ) pcef;od@k tpd;k &wyfrsm; vma&muf 0dik ;f 0ef;wdu
k cf u
kd o
f nf? udt
k ek ;f armif.
b,f bufajcaxmufukd tpd;k &wyfrS ypfvu
kd af om usnq
f w
H ck xdreS +f y;D xdak e&mrSmyif
zrf;qD;jcif;cH&.? usnq
f rH eS af om '%f&mrSm jyif;xefpmG t&d;k udk xdojzif@ ajcwbuf
usKd ;&.?
q&m0ef}uD;rsm;u usdK;oGm;aom ajcwbufudk yvmpwmudkifay;rnf[k
ajymqdx
k m;aomae@Yyif axmifxo
J @kd yd@k jcif;udk cH&awm@onf? udt
k ek ;f armif. td;k jyef
rqufawm@bJ ajcwbuf aumif;pGmroefonf@ b0ESi@f &Sad e&onf?
1961- ckESpf arvY axmifrSvGwfvmaom udktkef;armiftwGuf &efukef
a$+rdKhawmf}uD;udk avmuopfyef;csDum;csyf wckyrm jrifaeayonf? xdkESpfu olonf
vGwv
f yfa&;atmifyo
JG @kd a&mufc@J onf?
atmifyaJG e@}u;D rd@k acgi;f aygi;f wvlval wGEiS @f orRw}u;D u Adv
k &f c_ o
H bifay:0,f
csw
D wfvm=u aomy&dowf}u;D . tav;jyKjcif;udk cH,v
l su/f txl;bdrEWujyKxm;aom
{nf@onfawmf}u;D vnf; armf=umG ; *k%,
f =l uvsu?f
tcsdeftenf;i,f twGif;vGwfvyfa&; armfuGef;0ifrsm; pm&if;udkxkwfjyef
ausnmum Edik if aH wmforRo}u;D ud,
k w
f ikd u
f armfueG ;f 0ifwq
H yd rf sm;udk cs;D jriS ahf y;tyf
42
43
ojzifh armfuGef;0if jzpfvm=uonf@ yk*~dKvftrsm;tjym;rSm armfrqHk;atmif &Sdae=u

onf@tcsed w
f iG f...... *sKd i;f axmuf}u;D udk axmufcg axmifcgjzif@ wa&Ga&G wv_yv
f y_ f
v_yf&Sm;um vrf;avSsmufvsuf vGwfvyfa&; vGwfobif tcrf;tem;udk ta0;rSyif
vSrf;arSsmf=unf@&_ rcsd+yHK;uav;+yHK;vsufae aomol ....
olonfum; vGwv
f yfa&; atmifyo
JG bifwiG f *k%jf yKtyfaom {nf@onfawmf
wa,mufvnf; r[kw?f vGwv
f yfa&;armfueG ;f 0if wa,mufvnf; r[kwcf @J ? od@k wap
olum; vGwv
f yfa&;wdu
k yf JG twGuf a&Swef;rS wuf=upG mG wdu
k cf @J onf@ jynfo@l om;aumif;
wa,mufjzpfaom avxD;qif; Adv
k t
f ek ;f armifyifjzpfayownf;?
'kw,d t}udrf
axmifrS vGwpf Y ajrmufOuUvmy&Sd a': jrifjh rif.
h trawmf tdrw
f iG f aexdik +f y;D /
rsm;r=umrD awmifOuUvmywGif tdrw
f tdrif mS ;&rf;um ZeD;armifEHS ajymif;a&$aexdik =f uonf?
odk@aomf 1964 ckESpf jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;yGJ ysuf+yD;aemuf &efukef+rdK Y tzrf;cH
&jyefonf?
uduk ;kd usGe;f

1969- ckEpS f Zefe0g&v
D 31- &ufae@wGif yxrtokwt
f aejzif@udu
k ;kd uef;odk@
tyd@k cH&aom yk'rf - 5 tusO;f om;rsm;teuf udt
k ek ;f armif wa,mufvnf;yg0ifc@J onf?
od@k jzif@ udt
k ek ;f armif onf udu
k ;kd useG ;f &Sd oHq;l }uKd ;um axmifxYJ }uKH awG@cHpm;cJ@aom
'kuEQ iS hf oD[u
kd seG ;f YawmfveS ;f a&; oifwef;wufc@J pOfu okcwd@k udk ,SO=f unf@rd.? oD[akd wm
xJY aysmaf ysm}f u;D aecJ@&jcif;jzpf+y;D / ,cka&muf&dS aeaom udu
k ;kd useG ;f rlum; +i;D aiGbG,yf if?
ajcaxmufwiG f '%f&m&um tzrf;cH&+y;D 8 ESp=f umrSs axmifxrJ mS aecJ@&onf?
axmifrS vGwaf jrmufvmcJ@&aom udt
k ek ;f armif wa,muf. b0&yfwnfrr_ mS tvGef
w&mrS raocsm ra& &mbJ/ wdryf rm avyrm b0rSmyif &Sad eonf? pm;a&; aomufa&;
aea&; xdik af &; twGuv
f nf; =uyf=uyfwnf;wnf;yif &Sad e&Smonf? ajrmufOuUvmyY
&Sdaom r,m;nDtudk wa,muf. tdrfwGif tcsdeftawmf =umatmif rSDcdkcJ@&onf?
&Jabmf&Jbuf tcsdK@. tultnDjzif@ &ufydkif; tawmtwGif;rSm awmiffOuUvmyY
tdrfuav;wvHk; iSg;&rf;+yD; ZeD;a': jrifhjrifhESifh twlajymif;a&$ aexdkifvSsuf&Sdonf?
rSsm;eD
(tdk;a0*sme,ftrSwf ( 91)/ 1334-ck / e,kefvqef;( 3 )&uf? 155 1972/ pmrsufESm 11 -12 rS)
(a[oDr;kd azhpb
f w
k rf S ul;,laz: jyygonf?)
43
44
Aef;armfwifatmifESifh
}uD;jyif;cJhaom zD;epfiSufrsm;
atmifa0;
( tydik f; 1 )
"usaemhrf mS twWqv
kd kd h rcifO;D ;udk cspcf rhJ w
d m wpfcyk J
&Syd gw,fAsm "
Aef;armfwifatmif(1920-1978)
usaemfwdk hrsdK;qufb0onf/ " A " ig;vk;H ESifh }u;D jyif;vmcJ&h jcif;jzpfonf? xdk
" Axuf+cKd uf " ig;vk;H xJwiG /f q&m Aef;armfwifatmif vnf;yg0ifavonf?
usaemfwkd ah usmif;om;b0rSm tdyrf ufawG trsm;}u;D &Scd o
hJ nf? usaemfwkd rh mS
usaemfwkd h av;pm; tm;us twk,cl &hJ aom tvGr;f ZmwfawGvnf; wpfavS}u;D &Scd w
hJ myg?
usaemfwdk hi,fi,f ausmif;om;b0rSm/ yxrqkH;t}udrf tusOf;axmifxJ
a&mufoGm;=uonf? 1976 rwfv/ ykodrfaumvdyf ta&;tcif;/ rdSKif;&mjynhfta&;
tcif;awGESihf?
tck&&Sx
d m;=uwJh emrnfawGeJ yh J twdwu
f jkd yefveS &f &if/ 'Dwek ;f u ykord af xmif
xJrSm/ pdk;tdrf/ pdk;aevif;/ ajrEk/ usaemfwdk@awG twlwl? usaemfwdk hcsif; t,ltq
a&;&m(vuf0Jt,ltqyg) aqG;aEG;jiif;ckef=uwJhtcg/ pdk;tdrfu usaemhft,ltqudk
aysmw
h ,f/ Ekw,f qd+k y;D / 'gukd olutm;r&csib
f ;l ?
'Dawmh pd;k tdru
f usaemht
f ay: "'Daumifu '*kew
f m&meJ o
h cifA[de;f pyfazmuf
xm;wJah umif"vdk h aumwwfonf?
usaemfwkd ch spo
f nhf ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif udAk [de;f udk usaemfwkd b
h 0awGxrJ mS /
&ifbwfxJ xnhfxm; wwf=uwmr[kwfvm;? usaemfwdk hudkA[def;udkcspfwJhtxJrSm
44
45
tEkynmqefwmvnf; ygonf? a&mrefwpfjzpfw,fayg ?h a&mrefwpfjzpfw,fqw

kd o
hJ u
l
"awmfveS af &;jzpf" wJt
h cg/ usaemfwkd v
h il ,fb0rSm tm;usrqk;H awmh? av;pm;rqk;H awmh?
1300 jynht
f a&;awmfy}Hk u;D +y;D vdk /h 1939 t*Fvyd t
f cuf/ Armhtcsu/f Edik if jH cm;u
vufeuf tultnD/ ppfa&;tultnD&Smzdk h/ wuo ,leD,H taqmufttkHxJu
xGuv
f mwJah rSsmv
f ihcf suaf wGeJ ?h udAk [de;f eJ q
h &m'*kew
f m&mwdk Eh pS af ,muf/ w&kwu
f eG jf rL
epfygwD/ OuUarmfwdk heJ hqufoG,fzdk h/ w&kwf-Arme,fpyf ,leefjynfe,fbuf udk
xGucf =hJ uw,f?
&Srf;jynf ta&S hajrmufydkif;/ vm;&SKd;vrf;r}uD;ay:rSmvdk hqdkw,f? wpfnom;
vuvnf; tvGeo
f maew,f? udAk [de;f u tif;vsm;rSmuwnf;u vom&if va&mifukd
cHpm;aeus?
'Dwkef;rSm udkA[def;qDu "udkaX;+rdKif" wJh?(q&m'*kefwm&m &J hemrnf&if;u
aX;+rKd iyf g) "'Dvkd vomaeawmh usaemhf pdwx
f rJ mS =unfE;l csr;f ajrh vmw,fAsm"
q&m'*kefwm&mu/ tif;..udkA[def;awmh &efukefrSmusef&pfwJh ol h&nf;pm;
rcif}u;D ta=umif; ajymawmhrmS yJvkd x
h ifvu
kd o
f wJ?h 'Dvx
kd if&atmifvnf;/ oleJ u
h Akd [de;f
txufArmjynfudk/ tnmqef oabFm}uD;eJ hwpf+rdK h0if wpf+rdK hxGuf pnf;&Hk;a&;c&D;
xGu=f uawmh/ &efuek u
f ae q&m'*kew
f m&m 0,fvmwJh pma&;puUL/ pmtdwef J w
h q
H yd af cgi;f
awG/ udkA[def; ol h&nf;pm;rcif}uD;qD/ pmtapmifapmifa&;/ a&muf&mqdyfurf;rSm
pmwdu
k yf ;Hk xJxnhef J /h rEWav;ra&mufcif ajymifyga&mvm;? 'ga=umihyf /J q&m '*kew
f m&m
h ifrmS ayg ?h odk ah omf/ 'gayrJh..?
vm;&SK;d vrf;nrSm/ udAk [de;f rcif}u;D DumcsJ ah wmhr,fvkd x
" 'DawmhAsm/ udkaX;+rdKif/ 'Dvdk=unfEl;csrf;ajrhaewJhtcsdefrSm cifAsm;eJ husaemf/
vDeif&@J tpd;k &eJ h awmfveS af &;pmtkyt
f a=umif; aqG;aEG;&atmif"
ao[Jh eENd,? q&m'*kefwm&m yufvufvefcJhrSmaocsmw,f? usaemfwdk@
vnf;yufvufvef oGm;wmygy?J [kww
f ,fr[kwv
f m;? uJ b,favmufcspzf akd umif;vdu
k w
f hJ
udAk [de;f ygv?J va&mifxrJ mS rS olu
k State and Revolution usr;f udak qG;aEG;csiaf ejyefowJ?h
v$wv
f o
S ayg ?h 'gu usaemfwkd ch spcf /hJ av;pm;cJw
h /hJ wuo? Auo ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif
ocifA[de;f yJ?
aemufwpfa,muf/ usaemfwdk htonf;pGJ? olu AdkvfcsKyfatmif;qef;yJayg h?
Adv
k cf sKyu
f akd wmh usaemfwkd u
h / q&m'*kew
f m&m&J h"atmifqef;(odk rh [kw)f t&dik ;f "udzk wf+y;D
ydkem;vnfoGm;w,f? ydk+yD;vnf;cspfvmw,f? AdkvfcsKyfudk,fwdkif ol htwKy`wWdxJrSm
"t&dik ;f onf vGwv
f yf.? &J&ih.
f ? ajzmihrf wf wnf=unf&;kd om;." vdk ah &;cJzh ;l wmyJ?
Adv
k cf sKyu
f u
kd sawmh udAk [de;f eJ rh wl/ awmfveS af &;jzpfw,fvkd t
h &ifjrif=uw,f?
=urf;w,fvdk h qdkwmyg? 'gayrJh 'Dvdk=urf;w,f/ awmfvSefa&;jzpfw,fvdk hjrifwJholu
45
46
"a&mrefwpfjzpf" jzpfomG ;wJt

h cg usjyefawmhvnf;..?
*syefacwf}u;D xJrmS ? t*Fvyd t
f ajy;/ *syeft0if/ a&$awmif=um;u tdr}f u;D wpf
vkH;xJrSm? q&m '*kefwm&mwdk hvli,fwpfodkuf pEN&m;wD;/ tcspfoDcsif;wpfyk'f qdkae
=uwJhtcsdef? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; 0ifvm+yD;/ bmrajym nmrajym jAKef;qdk "a[hval wG/
awmf=uprf;/ 'Dtcsed u
f cspw
f m}uKd uw
f mawG qd&k r,ht
f csed rf [kwb
f ;l ? &Jpw
d &f rJ mefwufr,hf
oDcsif;awGqdk&rSmAs"
Adv
k cf sKyu
f olajymcsiw
f majym+y;D jyefxu
G o
f mG ;a&m? tcef;xJuvlawG tHt
h m;
oih+f y;D use&f pfcw
hJ mayg ?h 'gayrJh b,fou
l rS Adv
k cf sKyt
f ay: pdwrf qd;k =u/ r+iKd jiif=ubl;? 'Dvekd @J
aemufawmh/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vnf;/ a':cif=unfeJ htdrfaxmifvnf;usa&m/ wpfae@
om;ayg hav/ q&m'*kefwm&m pEN&m;wD;aewJhtem;vm+yD;/ nifnifomomuav;eJ@"
udkaX;+rdKif/ uOPeoDcsif;wD;prf;ygAsm" vdk ah jymygowJ?h
tckawmh usaemfwkd Ah v
kd cf sKyf El;nHo
h rd af rG v
h kd o
h mG ;yg+y?D t&dik ;f r[kwaf wmhb;l ?
tcspef J w
h kd x
h d vdu
k v
f kd v
h nf;jzpfr,f? 'ga=umihyf /J Adv
k cf sKyu
f aemufyikd ;f rSm "tEkynmryg&if
tdraf xmifa&;[m wm&Snrf cHb;l ? awmfveS af &;rSmvnf; tEkynmyg&r,f? tEkynmryg&if
awmfveS af &; ratmifjrifEikd b
f ;l " ajymcJw
h mayg ?h
usaemfwkd Ah v
kd cf sKyu
f ckd spw
f m/ tJ'v
D v
kd rG ;f p&mawG&v
dS kd ch sp=f uwmyg?
usaemfwkd &h J ah usmif;om;b0[m/ udAk [de;f / udak tmifqef;wdk &h J h"Auo" uae/
aemufyikd ;f ocifA[de;f / ocifatmifqef;wdk &h J h"Auy" txdwikd yf rJ [kwv
f m;? ArmEdik if v
H ;Hk
qdkif&m ausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzGJ hcsKyf(Auorsm;tzGJ hcsKyf) ABFSU uae/ aemufqkH;
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD (BCP) txd qdyk gawmh?
1939 ocifA[de;f yg0ifw/hJ ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw&D J yh xrOD;qk;H taxGaxGtwGi;f
a&;rSL;u AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;yJ r[kwfvm;? odk haomf aemufydkif;rSmawmh/ AdkvfcsKyfu
uGejf rLepfygwu
D Ekwx
f u
G +f y;D / zqyv tzGJ ch sKy}f u;D rSm OuUjzpfomG ;ygw,f? udAk [de;f u
ygwrD mS yJusecf yhJ gw,f? uGejf rLepfygwu
D kd zqyv tzGJ ch sKy=f u;D xJu xkwyf pfvu
kd w
f hJ tcsed rf mS /
udAk [de;f u rEWav;aq;&H}k u;D ay:rSmyg? aemufq;Hk rSm udAk [de;f ESv;Hk a&m*geJ rh EWav;aq;&Hk
}u;D rSmyJ uG,v
f eG o
f mG ;ygw,f? 1946 'DZifbm?
"[de;f " eJ "h qef;" &J t
h jzpfu &ifeihpf &myg? ESajrmwo a=uuGv
J rG ;f qGwpf &myg?
usaemfwkd [
h m/ usaemfwkd ah cwf}u;D u jymef;ay;xm;wJt
h wdik ;f / vuf0t
J ,ltq
awGeJ hvljzpf }uD;jyif;vmcJh&w,f qdkwmudk 0efcH&r,f? 'Dt,ltqeJ@yJ usaemfwdk@
rsKd ;quf(74-75-76 rsKd ;quf) [m ae0if;-pef;,k ppftm%m&Sit
f pd;k &udk awmfveS cf hJ
=uw,f?
usaemfwkd ah cwfrmS / usaemfwkd [
h m usaemfwkd &h J v
h il ,fb0udk yDyo
D o"i,f"
46
47
cJ=h u? &J&&J ih&f ihf "eD" cJ=h u? 'DtwGuf qkvmbfuawmh &moufyef ausmif;awG txkwcf H
cJ&h w,f? axmifawGwef;awG t}urd }f urd u
f sc&hJ w,f?
(udq
k vdik ;f wifarmifO;D }uKd ;pifay:wufc&hJ w,f)
'gayrJh usaemfwkd b
h ,fawmhrOS ;D rn$wcf b
hJ ;l ?aemufvnf;rqkwcf b
hJ ;l ? ausmif;om;
pdwf"mwf/ cGyfa'gif;pdwf"mwf/ qJAif;*sLvdkifpdwf"mwf[m t&SHK;ray;/ 'l;raxmufcJhbl;?
usaemfwkd ph w
d "f mwfawG/ tawG;tac:awG[m t+rx
J ufjrufcikd rf maew,f? &Sio
f efE;kd =um;
aew,f? 'Dvdkxufjrufcdkifrmaeatmif/ &SifoefEdk;=um;aeatmif/ wdk;wufawmfvSefwJh
pmayawGu/ xde;f ausmif;arG;jrL yko
H iG ;f ay;cJw
h mygy?J
tJ'v
D kd wd;k wufawmfveS w
f phJ mayawGxrJ mS / q&mAef;armfwifatmif&J ph mtkyaf wG
vnf;/ t"dueJ h ta&;t}u;D tcef;urSm yg0ifcw
hJ myg?
(tydik ;f 2)
" vlwpfa,muf&J w
h efz;kd udk
oljzwfoef;ausmv
f m$ ;aewJah cwf}u;D u
ol yh ck;H ay:wifay;vdu
k w
f hJ ordik ;f ay;wm0efukd
olb,favmufo,fy;kd xrf;aqmifcw
hJ ,fqw
kd t
hJ csuef J h
wdik ;f wm&rSmyJ "
Aef;armfwifatmif(1920-1978)
ruG,fvGefrD om;tm;ajym=um;csufrsm; rS
q&mAef;armfwifatmifukd usaemfwkd ch spw
f m[mvnf;/ vGr;f p&maumif;vdk yh g?
" usaemhfrSm twWqdkvdk h rcifOD;udkcspfcJhrdwm wpfckyJ &Sdygw,fAsm" wJh?
olt
h wWuvnf; enf;vGev
f eG ;f vdu
k w
f maemf? q&mAef;armfwifatmif[m wu,hu
f ykd J
olawmfpifwpfO;D / vlbek ;f }u;D wpfyg;vdyk g? q&mAef;armfwifatmifeJ yh wfoufvkd v
h rG ;f p&m
wpfcu
k vnf; q&mh om;}u;D (usaemfwkd &h aJ bmf) udAk [de;f atmif wpfqihjf yefajymjyvd@k
=um;cJ&h zl;ygw,f?
1945? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u ppfa&;wm0efcH/ ocifpdk;u EdkifiHa&;wm0efcH/
ocifoef;xGe;f u Edik if jH cm;qufo,
G af &;wm0efcH qd+k y;D / " zwyv" zGJ v
h kd /h zufqpfawmfveS f
a&;}u;D qifE=J$ uawmh/ ocifA[de;f u wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsKd ;pkE,
G rf sm; pnf;&H;k a&;wm0ef (1917/
vDeifwkd &h J &h &k mS ;jynf r[matmufwb
kd m awmfveS af &;rSm/ pwmvif[m 'Dwm0efrsKd ;,lcw
hJ ,f)
eJ yh cJ ;l &d;k ru u&ifwikd ;f &if;om;awGukd pkpnf;+y;D / ajymufusm;ppfyEJG =J$ uawmh/ q&mAef;armf
47
48
wifatmifu udAk [de;f ac:vdk h &d;k ray:wufvu

kd o
f mG ; ygw,f?
q&m Zh eD;a':cifO;D eJ o
h rD;i,f uav;t&G,af v;awGu rsupf o
d il ,f/ em;oli,fehJ
tm;i,f+y;D awmifirl mS use&f pfc=hJ uwmyg? wpfae &h efoal v,mOfuvm;/ r[mrdwaf v,mOf
uvm; Ak;H }uaJ wmh/ Ak;H qefu olwkd o
h m;trd yke;f cdak ewJh AH;k cdu
k si;f xdyw
f nhw
f nhf uyf+y;D us
avawmh/ q&m o
h rD;t}u;D rav;crsm/ wpfoufv;Hk em;yif;oGm;cJ&h yga&mvm;?
zufqpfawmfveS af &;}u;D +y;D qk;H oGm;wJt
h cg/ wpfae rh mS awmh/ a':cifO;D wdo
hk m;trd
awG&SdaewJh ae&mudk/ vlwpfa,muf jrif;jzL}uD;wpfaumifudk tustepD;vdk@a&muf
vmygowJ?h &kww
f &ufawmh a':cifO;D a&m/ uav;awGa&m b,forl S rrSwrf =d ubl;wJ?h
aemufawmhrS jrif;jzL}u;D ay:uvlu rsucf ;Hk xlx}l u;D 0ih+f y;D +yKH ;jyvdu
k af wmhrS q&mAef;armfwif
atmifukd rSwrf =d uawmhw,fw?hJ rdom;pkjyefvnf aygi;f qkcH ef;[m vGr;f armp&myg? 'g x
h ufy+kdy;D
vGr;f arma=uuGpJ &m aumif;wmu/ ajymufusm;ppfyrJG mS aotwl &Sirf uGm wdu
k yf 0JG ifvmwJ/h
&Jabmf&b
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d kd /h wjcm; vlvufxJ a&mif;pm;
vdu
k &f wJt
h jzpfygy?J
vGrf;+yD;armp&myg? a=u+yD;uGJp&myg? q&mAef;armfwifatmif&J hemrnfausmf
" &dk;rwdkufyGJ" (1963) 0wK[m/ 'D yJcl;&dk;ray:u udkA[def;eJ@ u&ifwdkif;&if;om;
awG&hJ ajymufusm;ppfyJG tawG t
h }uKH awG xif[yfw,fvkd ,
h q
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usaemfwkd rh sKd ;quf[m tJ'v
D kd " A" ig;vk;H eJ /h ae0if;-pef;,k ppftm%m&Sif
pepfacwf}u;D xJrmS vljzpf}u;D jyif;vmcJ=h uwmygy?J usaemfwkd rh sKd ;qufacwfrmS b,fvrkd S
jyefvnfzJG ph nf;vdk /h jyefvnfxl axmifvkd h r&cJw
h hJ " Auo" udk/ 1988 &Spfav;vkH;
ta&;awmfykH}uD; twGif;rSm/ udkrif;udkEdkif/ udkudk}uD;/ udkrdk;oD;ZGefwdk@ ausmif;om;acgif;
aqmifawGu/ &mZ0ifwiG af vmufatmif jyefvnfzJG ph nf;xlaxmif Edik cf =hJ uwmudak wmh/
usaemfwkd rh sKd ;qufu &d;k om;pGmyJ tav;jyK&ygw,f?
ae0if;-pef;,k ppftpdk;&vufxuf/ acwftqufquf ausmif;om;awG
tpd;k &qef u
h siaf &;/ Edik if aH &;vkyv
f kd h tzrf;cH&+yD qd&k ifawmhvm;/ ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;awGqu
D
" rif;wdk hAuy =oZmcHausmif;om;awG" qd+k y;D / olrsm;awGxuf yg;wpfcsuyf kd t&du
k cf H
&ygw,f? [kww
f ,f? usaemfwkd ah wG[m
" Axuf+cKd uf" awGyJ?
" Axuf+cKd u"f awGrkd v
h kd v
h nf;/ ppftm%m&Sif tpd;k &ud/k azmifzsu+f y;D wdu
k yf 0JG if&J
=uwmayg ?h
tJ'Dvdk usaemfwdk ha&S huae/ ppftm%m&SifpepfeJ hppftm%m&Siftpdk;&udk
azmifzsu+f y;D wdu
k cf w
hJ /hJ usaemfwkd &h J o
h &l aJ umif;}u;D / vif;,ke}f u;D q&mAef;armfwifatmif
uG,fvGefoGm;wJh tcgusawmh usaemfu 1976 rwfv/ ykodrfaumvdyf ta&;tcif;/
48
49
rdKS i;f &mjynhf ta&;tcif;awGeJ yh o

k rd t
f usO;f axmifxrJ mS yg?
e&odefxJrSm/ naygif; (1000) eD;yg; jzwfoef;cJh+yD;wJh aemuf..?
1978 ckEpS /f atmufwb
kd mv(25)&ufae ?h aemufwpfae q
h &kd if/ usaemfaxmif
uvGwaf wmhr,f? " bkwf" vnf; wdu
k +f y;D +y?D vGw&f ufvnf;aocsm+y?D aemufrKS vnf;
bmrSr&S?d 'Dawmh atmufwb
kd m (25)nae wef;ydw+f y;D csed f upvdk /h axmifEpS &f n
S f usaewJh
u&ifoykl ek f tzGJ ah wGukd usaemf ESKwq
f uf pum;ajymaewJh tcsed ?f 'Dtcsed rf mS / wpfaxmifv;Hk /
taqmifwum htaqmifvSnhfvmwJh owif;pmu/ usaemfwdkhaq;&Hk taqmifay:
udak &mufvmygw,f? xk;H pHtwdik ;f wjcm;tusO;f om;awGu/ usaemfwkd h ausmif;om;awGukd
t&ifO;D pm;ay; zwfciG jfh yKxm;wmqdak wmh/ usaemf owif;pm aumuf,+l y;D vkyaf eus ema&;
pmrsuEf mS udk t&ifveS =f unhv
f u
kd w
f t
hJ cg/
" owif;pmq&m/ pma&;q&m Aef;armfwifatmif/ touf(58)ESpf" qdk+yD;/
q&mAef;armfwifatmif uG,v
f eG w
f ehJ ma&;a}umfjimudk awG v
h u
kd f &ygawmhw,f?
urBm}u;D [m td;k xde;f pufuo
hJ kd h vnfw,fqw
kd m tJ'D tcdu
k t
f wef rh sKd ;ygy?J 1978
ckEpS /f atmufwb
kd mv(23)&ufae /h &efuek af q;&H}k u;D ay:rSm/ q&m uG,v
f eG cf yhJ g+yaD umvm;?
usaemf ajzrqnfEikd af wmhygb;l ? usaemfwkd &h J t
h yd rf uf a&$awmif}u;D +yKd vo
J mG ;yg+y?D
q&mAef;armfwifatmif yxrt}urd f aq;&Hw
k ufae&wJh tcsed w
f ek ;f u/ usaemfwq
hkd &mqDu?kd
axmifxu
J ae pmcd;k xkw+f y;D a&mufatmifykd ch w
hJ ,f? q&m q
h u
D / vli,fawG ol u
h kd em;vnf
wJhtwGuf aus;Zl;wifa=umif;/ aq;&Hkay:uae ta=umif;jyefwJhpum;udk/ usaemfwdk@
axmif0ifpm vl}uKH uae wpfqih=f um;cJ&h wmyg?
tJ't
D csed u
f axmifu vGwcf ge;D qdak wmh/ usaemfwkd ph w
d x
f rJ mS / axmifuvGw&f if
vufeufuikd f awmfveS af &;vkyzf kd t
h a&S ah jrmufyikd ;f udyk o
J mG ;&rvm;/ 'grrS [kwf ,Of;aus;rSK
ppfrsuEf mS uwdu
k zf kd /h &efuek w
f uf pma&;q&mvky&f rvm;/ ud,
k b
fh momud,
k f a0cGrJ &
jzpfae=uwJt
h csed yf g?
t&Snfvsm;qkH;n&J htarSmifqkH;acsmufurf;yg;udkvGefajrmuf+yD;wJhaemuf/
aemufwpfae h/ atmufwdkbmv(26)&ufae h/ rGef;vGJ(2)em&DavmufrSm usaemhfudk
ykord t
f usO;f axmifxu
J v$waf y;vdu
k yf gw,f? axmifuvGwv
f w
G cf si;f tdrjf yef/ tarhukd
uefawmh+y;D ( tazu usaemhaf =umihf &mxl;us+y;D / ucsijf ynfe,f csaD zG-avmacgib
f uf
ppfqifa&; xGuaf e&ygw,f) tJ'n
D ae rDwo
hJ abFmeJ u
h saemf &efuek w
f ufvmcJyh gw,f?
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&efuek q
f yd u
f rf; uyfawmh/ tJ'D axmufvrS ;f a&;ESpaf ,mufu/ usaemhu
f kd awmifOuUvmy/
(13)&yfuGuf/ r*Fvmvrf;/ q&mAef;armfwifatmiftdrfudk oGm;zdk h/ olwdk hudk,fwdkif
av;bD;um; iSm;ay;vdkuf=uwmygyJ? tJ'Dvdk usaemhfudk axmufvSrf;a&; 2 a,mufu
49
50
vdu
k v
f aH pmihaf &Smuf cJw
h chJ &D;yg?
wdw
k akd jym&&if/ atmufwb
kd mv(27)&uf/ }uaH wmokoefu q&mAef;armfwif
atmif&J h psmyeudk usaemfwufa&mufEikd cf yhJ gw,f? q&m u
h kd aemufq;Hk tav;*g&0jyKchJ
&ygw,f? tJ't
D csed f usaemfwkd t
h &if tif;pdet
f usO;f axmifuvGwcf =hJ uwJ/h q&m o
h m;
udAk [de;f atmifwkd /h udak usmaf Zmatmifwkd eh J t
h wl/ axmifxu
G o
f yl ek f ausmif;om;awG/
wpfenf;ajym&&if " Axuf+cKd uf" awG/ q&m Aef;armfwifatmif psmyerSm xke@J xnfe@J
jyefvnfppk nf;Edik cf hJ =uygw,f?
q&m ph smye+y;D awmh/ usaemf ykord u
f kd jyefvmygw,f? wyfxu
J tdrrf mS ('Dwek ;f u
tazhwyfu csif; oeu-2 yg? tckawmh cr&-308 jzpfoGm;+yDvdk hqdkw,f) usaemf
c%em;w,f? odyrf =umvdu
k b
f ;l ? jrpf0uef;ay: wdik ;f jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&; twGu/f
wGzJ ufausmif;q&mawG 0ifvyk =f u&r,fqw
kd hJ vrf;n$ecf suef J u
h saemf ajrmif;jreJ h vyGwmW
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vufeufuikd f awmfveS af &;vkyzf kd ah wmvnf;rcdjk zpf? pma&;q&mvkyzf @d k &efuek f
vnf;rwufjzpf?
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k yf w
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kd jf yefavawmh/
1982-yxr t}urd f Auy ,l*st
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vpfvm+yD;/ &efukefwuUodkvfrSm r[m0dZm aemufqkH;ESpfwufaecJhwm/ tJ'DtcsdefrSmyJ/
rarSsmv
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h cGit
fh vrf;}uKH c&hJ wmygy?J
'Dwek ;f u/ vSn;f wef;/ pH&yd +f ird (f 6)vrf;/ ,k'oef&yd o
f mteD;/ (603) +c}H u;D a&S u
h /
udak rmifarmif/ r=unf0if;wdk Eh pS x
f yftrd u
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(rif;ndKpif)wdk /h xl;tdro
f ifwkd t
h wlaecJ=h uwJ&h ufawG[m/ Aef;armfwifatmifukd vGr;f qGwf
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k mG ;cJw
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vmcJw
h ,f?
atmifa0;
(rdk;rc rD'D,mrS)
50
51
ocifukd,fawmfrdSkif; (odk hr[kwf) jidrf;csrf;a&; ydokum
'*kefwm&m
dS ?
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(1)
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kd af wmfrid_ ;f udk trsKd ;om; uAsmq&m}u;D tjzpf pmayrSpwif
odaomfvnf; +ird ;f csr;f a&; ydou
k m q&m}u;D tjzpfEiS fh cspu
f rf;cifrif&jcif; jzpfayonf?
a'gi;f Dum/ arsmufu
D m/ paom pmtkyrf sm;udk ausmif;aepOfu zwfc&hJ I oGuv
f ufaom
um&ef jzihf pum;$e;f &$e;f / Z0eOm%f&i$ &f i$ f a&;om;onhf q&m}u;D . [efw@kd Y pG+J icd .
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k kd....
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(tr,frif;) r,m; tae&J&rvm;wJv
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wuUov
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kd o
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E_wcf rf;arG;jzLjzL rSmZ&m. trSwt
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f ;kH t=unhrf mS
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hJ @kd wufuGysKv
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51
52
um;ay:wGif A[ef;aumvdyfacwfudk wwGwfwGwfajymjy&m em;axmifI

aumif;vS.? xdt
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k rfh if;uk,
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k m a&mufawmhrvdk pdwrf mefu wufaewke;f aygh"
uefawmfu 1920 oydwt
f a&;awmfyrkH S ayguzf mG ;vl;vGe@f vmaom trsK;d om;
aumvdy}f u;D udk pdwu
f ;l ESifh rSe;f =unhaf ecJ&h .? trf-at armif}u;D wk@d ta=umif;a&mufum
trsK;d om;aumvdy}f u;D ysu&f yHu
k kd ajymjyaejyef.?
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armifatmifqef;[mvJ vl awmfuav;uG@J "[k ueaf wmfw@kd bufo@kd vSnu
fh m ajymaeonf?
armfawmfum;onf ajreDuek ;f t0dik ;f }u;D udk ywfvu
kd af v+y?D
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q&m}uD;. rsufvHk;wkd@rSm touft&G,fa=umihf rD;ckd;a&mif&Sdaomfvnf; t=unhfYum;
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taiG@toufryg/ Armqefqef trsK;d om;}u;D wOD;udk jyygqkd vSsif q&m}u;D udk jy&ayrnf?
pum;ajym&mY vufnKSd ;udak xmifum acgi;f udik v
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52
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54
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[Hom0wD OD;0if;wif
atmufwbkd m 13/ 2012
( Myanmar Independence Journal
64
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65
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f ,fq&kd ifawmh Adv
k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if;[m zuf'&,fral =umifh
jynfaxmifp}k u;D +yKd urJG mS udk wu,fypJ ;kd &dr+f y;D tm%modr;f wmr[kwb
f J odr;f csiv
f @kd odr;f +y;D rS
zuf'&,frel @J jynfaxmifpk +yKd urJG ,fh tE&m,fqw
kd mudk wrifoufouf qifajcqifvuf
qifem;&Guv
f yk v
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f mjzpfw,fv@kd ,lq&rSm jzpfw,fAs?
70
71
0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;OD;Ek&J oabmxm;
xm;ygawmhAsm? tcktcsed rf mS Adv
k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if;a&m/ tJ'aD =unmcsuf a&;,l
vmwJh ppfAv
kd }f u;D a&m/ tJ'D tm%modr;f yG+J y;D aemuf zG@J pnf;wJh awmfveS af &;aumifpt
D zG@J 0if
tukefvkH;eD;yg;avmuf r&Sd=uawmh+yDrdk@ 'DudpPudk tus,ftus,f r+idrf;zG,f vkyfrae
csiaf wmhygb;l Asm? wpfqufwnf;rSm 0ef}u;D csKyaf [mif; OD;Eku " jynfaxmifpk}uD; +ydKuGJ
r,ft
h E&m,f trSew
f u,f&adS e+yv
D @kd usKyu
f kd ESprf ed pfavmufyJ }uKd ajymyg/ tm%modr;f p&m
rvdkygbl;/ usKyfudk,fwdkif wyfrawmfudk tm%mtyfrSmyg "vdk@ ajymcJhwmudk 1966 ck
kd w
f ikd f em;eJ@qwfqwf
pufwifbmvu owif;axmuf wpfa,mufjzpfwhJ uefawmfu,
=um;cJ&h +y;D owif;a&;cJzh ;l ygw,f? 0ef}u;D csKyaf [mif; OD;Ekvnf; tcktcsed rf mS r&Sad wmh+yrD @kd
'Dupd u
P kd "&mZ0ifxrJ mS xm;&pfchJ " vd@k qd&k awmhraygAh sm?
jynfaxmifpk+ydKuGJa&;qdkwJh tjrif
zuf'&,frla=umifh tm%modrf;wmvm;? tm%modrf;+yD;rS zuf'&,frludk
ta=umif;jycsuf qifajctjzpf qGJokH;ovm;qdkwJh tcsufudk &mZ0ifxJrSmxm;&pfcJhvdk@
&aumif;&rSmjzpfayr,fh &mZ0ifxJrSm rae&pfcJhbJ tJ'Daemuf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmtxd
vkdufvmcJhwJhudpPuawmh jrefrmjynfol tpdwftydkif;wcsKd txl;ojzifh rsKd;qufopf
wyfrawmf acgif;aqmiftrsm;pk pdwfxJ zuf'&,frlqdkwmudk jynfaxmifpk+ydKuGJa&;
vrf;ptjzpf pGJae=uwJhudpPjzpfw,fAs? wu,fyJ pdk;&drfvdk@avvm;? 'grSr[kwf ol
tm%modr;f wJh udpu
P kd w&m;rSsww,f (justify) vd@k trsm;u jrifatmifavvm;awmh
rodb;l ? Adv
k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if;eJ@ ol OD;aqmifwhJ tpd;k &yko
H mefEpS cf k (awmfveS af &; aumifpeD @J
jrefrmhq&kd ,
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hJ m
a=umifv
h nf; tJovdpk aJG ecJ=h uwm jzpfw,fAs?
a&$jynfawmf arSsmfwikd f;reD;

Adv
k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if;u zuf'&,fru
l kd k;d k;d om;om; pd;k &drpf w
d ef @J yJ jzpfjzpf/ rd;k rom;
tok;H cscw
hJ myJjzpfjzpf oluawmh tJ'yD pk m> udk ya[Vdtjzpfxm;cJ+h y;D avmuxJu xGuo
f mG ;
cJ+h yrD @kd ol@twGuaf wmh jy\emr&Sad wmhb;l Asm? jy\em&Sad ewmu zuf'&,fru
l kd jynfaxmifpk
+zdKcGJa&;rltjzpf wyfrawmfacgif;aqmiftqufqufu oabmxm;aecJh=uwma=umifh
uefawmfw@kd Edik if rH mS jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D r+ird ;f Edik jf zpfaecJw
h hJ udpjP zpfw,fAs?
wyfrawmfacgi;f aqmifawGu zuf'&,frq
l w
kd phJ um;ajymvdu
k w
f meJ@ ajymwJo
h u
l kd
rsuaf xmifeh }D u;D awGe@J =unf/h zuf'&,fru
l u
kd ikd pf +JG y;D rdrv
d rl sK;d pktcGit
hf a&; (Nationalitys
Right) twGuf wdu
k yf 0JG ifaeolawGukd vlrsK;d pk aomif;use;f olawGtjzpf _jrifvm=u&if;eJ@yJ
uefawmfw@kd Edik if rH mS +ird ;f csr;f a&;uif;rJ+h y;D a&$jynfawmf arSsmw
f ikd ;f reD; jzpfvmcJw
h m tckwikd f
jzpfw,fAs? +ird ;f csr;f a&;rSr&awmhvnf; uefawmfw@kd Ekid if w
H umrSm rajymeJ@ a'owGi;f rSm
71
72
awmif "m;raemufyw
d af cG; jzpfwm bmqef;ovJAsm?
jyefvnf qef;ppf okH;oyfcGifh&dS

tcktcsed rf mS Ekid if aH &;jyKjyifajymif;vJr&_ J tusK;d quftjzpf pme,fZif;vGwv
f yf
cGiv
hf nf; tawmfuav;&vmae+yrD @kd zuf'&,frel @J ywfouf+y;D wdik ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmifawG
ud,
k w
f ikd f ajymaeqdak e a&;aeom;ae=u+yrD @kd zuf'&,frel @J ywfouf+y;D wu,ft
h "dym` ,f
tppftrSeu
f kd jynfoal wG tawmfuav; oabmayguf em;vnfae=u+yv
D @kd uefawmf
,lqw,fAsm? wyfrawmfom;awGvnf; z,f'&,frleJ@ywfouf+yD; rdrdwdk@t&ifwkef;u
&Sx
d m;cJw
h hJ em;vnfoabmaygurf [
_ m rSerf rSeq
f w
kd mudk jyefvnf qef;ppf ok;H oyfciG &hf &Sd
ae=u+yD jzpfw,fAsm? uefawmfw@kd jynfo@l acwf*sme,frmS OD;at;omatmif tcef;quf
a&;cJhwJh yifvkHeJ@ z,f'&,f aqmif;yg;awGudk zwf_cJh=uolrsm;taeeJ@ uefawmfwdk@
jynfaxmifp}k u;D &Jtwdwu
f kd rSerf eS u
f efuef od&+dS y;D tem*wftwGuf ajrmfajrmfjrifjrife@J
awG;qEdik =f uvdrrhf ,fv@kd uefawmf ,k=H unfw,fAs?
jynfe,ftm%m cGaJ 0ay;a&; t"du

wu,fawmh 1961 tapmydkif;umvrSm wdkif;&if;om; acgif;aqmif tcsKd
(txl;ojzifh &Srf;apmfbGm;awG) jynfaxmifpktpdk;&udk ta&;qdkzdk@ pDpOfcJh=uwmu
cGx
J u
G cf iG ahf wmif;zd@k r[kwb
f ;l As? yifvn
Hk v
D mcHrmS csrw
S cf w
hJ hJ tajccHrrl sm;rS wpfpwpfp
aoGznfvm+y;D wpfae@wjcm; wd;k wuf qk;H _;H vmaewJh wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d tcGit
hf a&;awGukd
rSerf eS u
f efuef&&Szd @kd jzpfw,fAs? wpfenf;ajym&&if 1947 tajccHOya'rSm azmfjyxm;wJh
wdik ;f &if;om; tcGit
hf a&;awGukd vufawG@rSm trSew
f u,f&&Sad &; awmif;qdzk @kd om pDpOfcw
hJ m
jzpfw,fAs? EkdifiHa&;&J obm0twdkif; tusyfudkifwm zdtm;ay;wm aps;qpfwm
aps;udik w
f mawGawmh ygcsiv
f nf; ygrmS aygAh sm?
'gayrJh wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmif trsm;pku jynfaxmifpku cGJxGufvdkpdwf
r&S=d uwmawmh uefawmf avhvmrdoavmuf aocsmw,fAsm? olw@kd t"duvdck si=f uwmu
jynfaxmifpk tm%meJ@ jynfe,fawG&J tm%mudk yifvkHnDvmcH (wpfenf;) 1947
tajccHOya'yg azmfjycsuaf wGtwdik ;f wdwu
d sus cGaJ 0ay;zd@k yJ jzpfw,fqw
kd m taxmuf
txm;awG trsm;}u;D &Syd gw,fAsm?
uefawmfwdk@EdkifiHudk jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHvdk@ w&m;0if ac:xm;ayr,fh
wdkif;&if;om;awGuawmh " jynfaxmifpk trnfcH wpfjynfaxmifwnf; " tjzpf
wpfavSsmufv;Hk _jrifc=hJ uw,fAs? uefawmfw@kd wu,f ppfreS w
f hJ +ird ;f csr;f a&; vdck si=f u
w,fqdk&ifawmh wdkif;&if;om;awG&ifxJu tJ'Dtjrif yaysmufvGifhpOfoGm;atmif
vlrsm;pkjzpfwJh uefawmfwdk@ ArmawGu vkyfaqmif=u&rSm jzpfw,fAs? 'DawmhrSom
a&$jynfawmf arSsmw
f ikd ;f ra0;awmhr,fh tajctaeudk qdu
k af &mufrmS jzpfw,fAsm?
72
73
wdik f;&if;om;acgif;aqmif trsm;pku jynfaxmifpuk cGxJ uG vf pkd wd f

r&S=d uwmawmh usGeaf wmf avhvmrdoavmuf aocsmw,fAsm? olw@kd t"duvdck sif=uwmu jynfaxmifpk
tm%meJ@ jynfe,fawG&J tm%mudk yifvnHk vD mcH (wpfenf;) 1947 tajccHOya'yg azmfjycsufawGtwdik f;
wdwdusus cGJa0ay;zdk@yJ jzpfw,fqdkwm
taxmuftxm;awG trsm;}uD; &Sdygw,fAsm?
........
Advk cf sKyfatmifqef;&J pum;
uefawmfuawmh wdkif;&if;om;a'oawGrSm aoewfoHawG rpJao;bl;qdkwJh
owif;awG=um;&wdik ;f vGwv
f yfa&; Adou
k m wdik ;f &if;om; aoG;pnf;nD!w
G af &; Adou
k m/
trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif}uD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&Jpum; wpfcGef;udkyJ t+rJ =um;a,mif
rdw,fAsm? 1947 tajccHOya'xJrSm jynfe,fcGJxGufcGifh yk'frxnfhzdk@udpPudk jrefrm
acgi;f aqmifwcsKd u uef@uGu=f uawmh Adv
k cf sKyu
f "tdAk sm ...'Dq,fEpS t
f wGi;f jynfe,fawG
cGrJ xGucf siaf tmif usKyw
f @kd ArmawGu }uKd ;pm;&rSmayg/h 'Dvrkd S r}uKd ;pm;Edik &f if usKyw
f @kd
nHv
h @kd aygh " vd@k ajymcJw
h ,fv@kd =um;zl;w,fAsm?
[kwyf gw,fAsm? ESpaf ygi;f t&m taxmif wpfajrwnf;ae wpfa&wnf;aomuf
vmcJ=h uwJh wdik ;f &if;om;awGe@J pkaygi;f wnfaxmifxm;wJh jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if aH wmf}u;D
r+ydKuGJ&avatmif vlrsm;pkvlrsKd;pkjzpfwJh uefawmfwdk@ ArmvlrsKd;awGu w&m;rSsw
vGwv
f yfjcif;eJ@raoG wef;wlnrD sS 0g'jzLpifwehJ nf;vrf; tok;H jyK+y;D pwif }uKd ;yrf;oif=h u+yv
D @kd
uefawmf ,lqw,fAsm?
(rSwcf suf ? ? 1961-62 rSm twdtvif; awmif;qdck w
hJ hJ &Sr;f rlv@kd emrnf}u;D wJh
zuf'&,frl odk@r[kwf jynfaxmifpkppfppfrlta=umif;eJ@ jzpf&yfrSefrsm;udk xJxJ0if0if
avhvmvdo
k rl sm; " jrefrmhordik ;f jzpf&yftrSerf sm; a&;om;jyKpak &;tzG@J "u pdppfxw
k af 0wJh
"1958-1962 jrefrmhEikd if aH &; " wwd,wGJ tcef; 13/ ,if;pmtkyf pwkww
t
JG cef; 14/
tcef; 15/ tcef; 16/ xd@k tjyif tcef; 17 pmrsuEf mS 235 atmufajcrSwpf yk g 1962
azazmf0g&D 24 jynfvrf; toHvi$ hf Hk vlrsK;d aygi;f pkH ES;D aESmzvS,yf w
JG iG f OD;xGe;f jrifh (awmif}u;D )
ajym=um;aom rde@f cGe;f aumufEw
k cf suw
f @kd udk aphaphpyfpyf zwf_ avhvm qifjcif pOf;pm;
oifyh ga=umif;)
armif0Ho
29/ 10/ 2012

(jynfolacwf*sme,frS)
73
74
Oya'onf vlwpk aumif;usKd;twGuf r[kwf

vlxkaumif;usKd;twGufom jzpfae&rnf
vGi fatmifpdk;
"awmif;rSm tuGyf" qdw
k t
hJ wdik ;f &ufxm;wJh tpawGukd y&rf;ywm rjzpfap
&atmif tem;owfawGukd uGyaf y;xm;&ygw,f? vlrmS vnf; obm0tavsmuf pdw&f ikd ;f
0ifvmwwfwmudk rjyKrad pzd@k pnf;urf;/ usi0hf wfawGe@J xde;f uGyx
f m;&ygw,f? rdom;pkxrJ mS
rdom;pk pnf;urf; xm;&S=d uovdk ausmif;awG/ tvky&f akH wG/ &H;k awG/ aq;&Hak wGrmS vnf;
pnf;urf; xm;&S&d ygw,f? tpnf;ta0;awG/ toif;tzG@J awGrmS vnf; pnf;urf; xm;&Syd g
w,f?
vlrsKd;pktvdkuf/ vlrsKd;tvdkuf "avhxHk;pHawGudk qufvufxdef;odrf;Edkifzdk@
pnf;urf;xm;&Sdygw,f? vlr_a&;rSm aqmif&ef-a&Smif&ef pnf;urf;usifh0wfawG &Sdovdk
bmoma&;rSmvnf; pnf;urf; usi0hf wfv@kd ac:wJh 0denf;awGe@J aqmif&efa&Smif&efawGukd
jymef; usi=hf uaH p&ygw,f? tm;upm; +yKd iyf aJG wGrmS vnf; pnf;urf;eJ@ygy?J
EdkifiHtaeeJ@ (Nationally) vltrsm;u rjzpfrae yg0ifywfoufvmwJh tcg
rSmawmh yd+k y;D pnf;pepf ususeeeJ@ xda&mufapzd@k Oya'awGukd a&;qGJ jymef;+y;D usio
hf ;kH =u
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jymef;xm;wJh Oya'eJ@ rnD&jcif;rSm

Oya'udk pwifa&;qGw
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hJ cgrmS twdwu
f mvrSm jzpfcw
hJ mawGtay: oifcef;pm
,l+yD; vuf&Sdtajctae/ aemifvmvwWH@aom tajctaeawGeJ@ udkufnDapzkd@tjyif/
tusK;d oufa&mufyakH wGuykd g tus,jf yef@qH;k arSsmaf wG; pOf;pm;csichf sed +f y;D a&;qG&J ygw,f?
vlwpk tusK;d pD;yGm;twGuf rjzpfap&bJ vltrsm;pk tusK;d pD;yGm;udk jzpfapEdik rf ,fh qEN&&dS
ygw,f? 'DOya'udk w&m;0if qH;k jzwf twnfjyKwmuvnf; vlox
d if&mS ; todtrSwjf yK+y;D
74
75
jzpfae&ygw,f? aumif;oxuf aumif;apzd@k udo

k m &nf&,
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rnD" qdw
k mawG ae&mwdik ;f tcsed w
f ikd ;f rSm jzpfvmaerSmygy?J 'DtcgrmS jymef;xm;wJh Oya'eJ@
rnD&wJh ta=umif;&if;udk jyefvnfppd pf oH;k oyfoihyf gw,f?
Oya' toH=um;vSsif a=umufae=ujcif;

jrefrmawG&J tpGJwckuawmh &Hk;*wfawGeJ@ uif;uif;&Sif;&Sif; rywfoufbJ
aecsi=f uwm jzpfygw,f? Oya'vd@k toH=um;&Hw
k ife@J a=umufvef@wwfoal wG &S=d uygw,f?
Oya' qdw
k m a=umufp&m r[kwyf gb;l ? Oya'ukd azmufzsuw
f m rdomG ;&if zrf;qD; tjypfay;
cH&rSmudk a=umufvef@rdwmeJ@ Oya' qdw
k mudk awG;a=umufaewwfjcif;om jzpfygw,f?
Oya' bufawmfom;awGjzpfwJh &JeJ@ w&m;ol}uD;awG&J rrSefuefwJh jyKrlajymqkdyHkawG
a=umifv
h nf; t&yfom; jynfoal wGrmS a=umufvef@/ odrif ,fpw
d af wG 0ifvmwwf=uygw,f?
wu,fawmh Oya'uom jynfow
l OD;csi;f udk umuG,af pmifah &Smuf ay;ae&wm
jzpfygw,f? 'gudk jynfolawGtwGuf vlxk ynmay;a&;awG us,fus,fjyef@jyef@vkyf+yD;
todaumif;aumif; ay;Edik &f ygr,f? 'gro
S m vlcyfrsm;rsm;rSm t&d;k pGaJ ewJh a=umufpw
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vlx[
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Edik if aH &;pepf raumif;wJt
h cgrmS wm0ef&w
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f kd rodcsif
a,mif aqmifxm;avh &Syd gw,f? vlxu
k kd Oya'ta=umif; trSet
f wdik ;f vlxyk nmay;
a&;awG vkyfay;&r,fhtpm; 0g'jzef@taeeJ@ rD;avmif&mavyifh vkyfwwf=uygw,f?
ydq
k ;kd oGm;wmuawmh tr_ jzpfvu
kd w
f meJ@ vlxb
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wrifwum zefw;D ,lwhJ Edik if aH &;pepfq;kd jzpfygw,f?
Oya'udk vduk ef m=ujcif;

tppt&m&m wd;k wufz@HG +zKd ;wJh 'Dru
kd a&pDEikd if aH wGrmS w&m;Oya' trSew
f u,f
pdk;rdk;aewma=umifh jynfolawGtwGuf pm;pm;oGm;oGm; bmvkyfvkyf ta=umufw&m;
r&S=d uygb;l ? Oya'u umuG,af y;xm;wma=umifh vHjk cKH pw
d cf s&ygw,f? 'gukd yd+k y;D odvmwJh
tcgrmS w&m;Oya' pd;k rd;k r_ (Rule of Law) udk ydrk kd wefz;kd xm;wwf=uygw,f? jynfoal wG[m
rSeu
f efaumif;rGew
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h wdik ;f Oya'awGukd
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75
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axmif,v
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d wfygw,f? trsm;pk jzpfae
wwfovdk tenf;pkvnf; jzpfaewwfygw,f? bma=umifh 'Dvjkd zpfae&wmawGtay:rSm
vlra_ &; avhvm ok;H oyfcsuf pmwrf;awGu Oya'udk ykrd v
kd u
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jyKay;Edkifygw,f?
vdu
k ef m&wJh Oya'awG[m vlwOD;csi;f utp vl@ywf0ef;usiw
f ckv;kH vdu
k ef m
aeEdkifwmrsKd; jzpf&ygw,f? wEdkifiHvHk;...wurBmvHk;u wnDwnGwf vufcHxm;wJh
Oya'rsK;d awG jzpfae&ygw,f?
cav;wa,muf[m vl}u;D wa,mufvrkd sK;d pnf;urf;awG vdu
k ef mEdik pf rG ;f r&So
d vdk
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l m;awG a&&Snf apmifx
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k ef mzd@k rvG,v
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vGi fatmifpdk;
17 / 10 /2012
(Lwin aung soe's facebook
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77
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us,fus,fjzpfoH r=um;cJh&? rHk&Gmcdkif qm;vif;}uD;+rdKe,f&Sd vufyef;awmif;awmif/
pHy,fawmif/ a=u;pifawmifrsm;rSmrl a=u;eDxw
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r&Sd=uojzihf a'ocHjynfolrsm; tusdK;aus;Zl;ryg? vufAvmjzpf=u&+yD; a=u;eDpDrHudef;
&yfwef@&ef enf;vrf;aygif;pHkjzihf qENjyae=uonf? rdrdwdk@a'orSm owWKodkuf&Sdonf?
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+zKd zsuI
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+ydKusae+yDjzpfovdk v,f,modrf;r_rsm;vnf; jzpfay:aeonf[k od&onf? txl;ojzihf
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uefruawmh yky`m;awmifa'orSm rnfonfh&wemowWKypPnf;rS rxGufapcsifrdyg?
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kd af wG&jdS cif;u vSyaomrde;f rysKd uav;uJo
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&Sifoef&ma'ou awmifwef;}uD;awGudk cspfcifjrwfEkd;wwfzdk@om &nf&G,fcJhavonf?
jynfwiG ;f / jynfy avmbom;wk@d um; awmifwef;}u;D rsm;twGi;f rS &wemodu
k u
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jzpfEidk v
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fh uG jrefrmjynfu taemuf;kd r/
tv,f;kd r/ ta&Sd;k r tp&Sad om awmifwef;rsm;ukd rnforl S rjrifrawGatmif ESv;kH om;
xJrmS odr;f 0SuI
f om xm;vku
d cf siyf gonf?
r,faiGO
(7days
92
*sme,frSul;,laz: jyygw,f?)
93
qdyk gonf ... odk haomf ...

a'gufwm"rRyd,
(ITBMU)
jrefrmEdkifiHawmfonf 'Drdkua&pDpepfqDodk@ toGiful;ajymif;vm+yDqdkawmh...?

'Dru
kd a&pDpepf&hJ rl0g'jzpfwhJ "vGwv
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hf wl arG;zGm;vmcJjh cif;yg? jynfoal wGtm;
vGwfvyfpGm ykHESdyfxkwfa0cGifh?udk Oya'jyKI cGifhjyKay;jcif;twGuf 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&tm;
aus;Zl;wifrdjcif;yg? odk@aomf vGwfvyfpGm ykHESdyfxkwfa0cGifh&+yDqdkayrJh 'Drdkua&pDpepf
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udk xdcdkufoGm;Ekdifjcif;yg? jynfoltrsm;pk[m trsKd;om;,Ofaus;r_udkxdef;odrf;+yD;
'Dru
kd a&pDEikd if aH wmfukd pepfwus wnfaqmufvw
kd m jzpfwt
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ykEH ySd x
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wmawGudk a&;vdk@&w,fqdkwdkif;/ tifwmeufpmrsufESmrsm;rSm udk,fwifcsifwmawGudk
wifv@kd &w,fqw
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f &m;udrk odEikd =f uyJ qif;&JwiG ;f
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jymef;ay;vkduf+yDrdk@ xdkOya'udk }uKdqdkrdjcif;yg? odk@aomf trsKd;om;a&; ,Ofaus;r_udk
93
94
rodem;rvnfao;wJh (od@k r[kw)f trsK;d om;,Ofaus;r_&w

hJ efz;kd udk rjrwfE;kd wwfao;wJh
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f hJ rl0g'wpfcu
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jymef;ay;zdk@ Oya'jyKtzGJ@tm; wdkufwGef;vdkjcif;yg?
Edik if aH &;rSm vGwv
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kd m vufcEH ikd jf cif;yg? od@k aomf jynfo@l eDwv
d @kd ac:wJh tufopfcf
(Ethics) udk pepfwus avhvmxm;r_r&Sw
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b,foif;u ydrk sm;vmEdik w
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kd m jynfo/l jynfom;rsm; }uKd wifpOf;pm;Edik =f uzd@k yg?
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jyKvkyfjcif; rsKd;udk Ethics vdk@ac:wm? wdkif;jynfwpfckrSm udk,fydkif,Ofaus;r_/ udk,fydkif
"avhxkH;pH/ udk,fydkif0wfpm;qif,Ofr_/ udk,fydkif pmayr&Sd&if xdkvlrsKd;/ xdkwkdif;jynf[m
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jrefrmjynfzmG ; trsm;pk[m Ak'b
< mom0ifrsm;yg? jrwfpmG bk&m;w&m;awmfrsm;rSm
,Ofaus;r_uakd &m/ avmuvlom;rsm;udyk g rysurf pD;atmif xde;f odr;f apmifah &SmufEikd w
f hJ
w&m;ESpfyg; (avmuygv w&m; / avmuudk apmifha&SmufwJhw&m;ESpfyg;) udk az: jy
xm;jcif;yg? tJ'D w&m;ESpyf g;u [d&D (raumif; r_ujkd yKjcif;/ rvkw
H vkH 0wfpm;qif,ifrr_ sm;udk
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wd@k udk az:n$e;f xm;jcif;yg? 'Dw&m;ESpyf g;u avmu}u;D udak um vlom;rsm;udyk g apmifah &Smuf
xm;jcif;jzpfv@kd apmifx
h ed ;f vdu
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hJ &m;ESpyf g;yg? t&Sut
f a=umufuif;wJh 0wfpm;
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wd;k yGm;vmaejcif;yg? Oyrm- ywfbvpf*{f &d,m (Public Area) rsm;Y rdef;uav;rsm;
rvkrH +cKH 0wfqifxm;jcif;[m jy\emudk E_;d qGay;jcif;/ 'kp&ku
d rf r_ sm;udk wpfenf;r[kwf
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p,fc&H wJh armifwpfa,muf&hJ a'go/ rk'ed ;f r_/ vlowfrr_ sm;txd jzpfymG ;oGm;cJjh cif;a=umifh
94
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aemufqufwjJG zpfay:vmwJh vlra_ &;jy\em/ rvkw

H vkH 0wfqifxm;wJh orD;ESihf [ked m;'Dem;
twlomG ;vd@k rS roifah wmfwhJ zcif&t
hJ jzpf/ ray:way: 0wfqifxm;wJh tr od@k r[kwf nDrESihf
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'Drdkua&pDpepft& vGwfvyfayghyg;pGm0wfqifxm;jcif;[m vl@tcGifhta&;
wpf&yfyJ r[kwv
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hf a&; a=unmpmwrf;}u;D (Human Rights) rSm TurBmwGif
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vlcsi;f qufq&H mY =uifempGm azmfa&GpmG ,Ofaus;pGmjyKro
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tazESio
hf rD;/ tudEk iS hf ESr/ armifEiS hf trwk@d t=um; rvkw
H vk0H wfqifxm;r_[m ,Ofaus;
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jynfrmS jzpfysuo
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kd &f jcif;yg? jzpfyu
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(uifr&m) jzifh xdyk u
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95
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pdwfwdkif;us&kduf+yD;wJhtcg tJ'DxJu wpfa,mufu 'D"mwfykHawGudk tifwmeufay:rSm

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ajymvkw
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wnf;rSmyif xdpk epfjzifyh if vl@tcGit
hf a&;rsm;udk wygwnf; umuG,af y;Edik =f uzd@k yg?
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kd a&pDpepfukd usio
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h mu pHyk 0k g b,fnmcs
xm;wJh jrefrmyDowJh jrefrmtrsK;d orD;wd@k &J tvSusuo
f a&udk jrefrmtrsK;d orD;wd@k *k%,
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wwf=uzd@k yg? owif;pm/ *sme,f/ r*~Zif;rsm;/ bavmh*rf sm;Yvnf; ray:way:/ rvk@H wvkH
96
97
0wfqifxm;wJ"h mwfyrHk sm;udk ykEH ydS x

f w
k af 0jcif;/ jzef@csad ejcif;/ az:jyaejcif;rsKd ;awGukd rjyKapyJ/
jrefrmh,Ofaus;r_/ trsK;d om; ,Ofaus;r_rsm;udk umuG,af pmifah &SmufEidk &f ef Oya'jyKjymef;I
wm;qD;ydwyf ifay;Edik &f ef wdu
k w
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jrefrm,Ofaus;r_ESifh jrefrm*k%fa&mifudk xGef;ajymifEkdifapzdk@ pkHyk0g b,fnmcs
xm;wJ h jref r mh trsKd ; orD ; rsm;&J h ,Of a us;wJ h [ ef t rl t ,m/ ausmh & S i f ; wJ h t us /
cef@xnfwJhxrdefudk 0wfpm;qif,ifEdkif=uzdk@yg? xdkuJhodk@jyKvkyfEkdif=ur,fqdk&if jrefrm
trsKd;orD;awG&Jh 0wfpm;qif,ifr_udk urBmhvlom;rsm;u r=umrwifrSmyif todtrSwf
jyKvm=urSmyg? ,Ofaus;r_ukd npfax;apEdik w
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k nf;
wm;qD;ay;Edik =f uzd@k yg? ajymvdw
k muawmh ,Ofaus;r_tarGtESprf sm;ryaysmufrD avmuygv
w&m;rsm; qufvuf xGef;um;aeatmif 0dkif;0ef;apmifha&Smuf ay;=uzdk@yg? csrf;ompGm
tdypf ufEikd =f uygap?
a'gufwm"rRyd,
(ITBMU)
(rdk;rc rD'D,mrS)
.....................................
xGuf+yD
axmifEi
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hf c
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vlxa
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- zdk;oH (vlxk) trSmpum;ESifhtwl
- tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; (*syef) rS pDpOfxkwfa0 jzef hcsdonf?
97
98
jyifqifjcif; tEkkynm
t&Si f ^m%dumbd0Ho
&kyk u
f o
dk m jyif pdwf rjyif
&kyk o
f iG o
f m vS pdwf rvS
pdw
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dk nf; jyif &kyk v
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jyifqifwidk ;f & jyKwkidk ;f vS
okck edAm ef wkidk v
f rd rhf ,f
Three stages of life
(1) Children and teenagers
Have energy
Have time
But no money
(2) Adults
Have energy
Have money
But no time
(3) Elderly people
Have money
Have time
But no energy
98
99
uav;t&G,ef @J q,fausmo
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aiGa=u;awG &Sad yr,fv
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tcsed jf y\ema=umifh &Sw
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jzpfaewJh acwfumv&Jh vlrKS b0 o&kyk o
f mefudk nGejf y vkw
d mvm;? tcsed af wG aiGawG
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f @dk rsm; 'Dpmav;ukdk a&;jyvku
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f adk wmh 'Dpmav;ukdk a&;vku
d w
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avmuvlrKS wm0efawGe@J vk;H axG;aewJh ykpH rH [kwv
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uk,
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f pmxJuvdk Have energy - tiftm;tjynft
h 0 &Sw
d hJ tm;aumif;
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d ,f?
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rSew
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&SmazGaeolwOD; r[kw
k v
f @dk aiGa=u;csr;f omwJo
h w
l OD;awmh r[kw
k b
f ;l ? ok@dk ayr,fh tm;ay;
99
100
axmufyHholrsm;&Jh apwempGrf;tm;a=umifh ukd,fvkyfcsifwJht&m/ 0goemygwJht&m

enf;enf;yg;yg;ukkd vkkyfEdkifavmufatmifawmh ajyvnfolwOD;vdk@ qkdEkdifygw,f? 'Dawmh
'Dtcsuv
f nf; ckepfq,fih g;&mE_e;f avmuf rSew
f ,fv@dk ajymEkidk rf ,f xifw,f?
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dk mrsKd ; r&Sw
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h nf;
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uku
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hf mavmuf
atmif tcsed f vHv
k aHk vmufavmuf &Sw
d ,fv@dk ajymEkidk yf gw,f?
Have energy - cGet
f m;&Sw
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csnf; rqkkdomawmif emrusef;jzpfaeol wOD;awmh r[kkwfygbl;? 'Dawmh &SdaewJh
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tusKd ;&v'fawG aumif;apzk@dk ta=umif;w&m;awGudk aumif;atmifvyk af y;zk@d vkad yvdrrhf ,f?
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ta=umif;cH+y;D jzpfay:avh&w
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100
101
aumif;atmif/ pdw"f mwfawG aumif;atmif vkyk af qmifz@dk &moDOwktnD oifw

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awGudk a&G;cs,u
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101
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ar 28 &uf/ 2012
(bm;rm;wla'; rS)
102
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kd rf S t*Fvyd b
f mom q&m}u;D
OD;cifarmifvwftm; Adv
k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if;ud,
k w
f ikd f a&G;cs,cf ef@xm;onf?
Adv
k cf sKy}f u;D u OD;cifarmifvwftm; zdwaf c:awG@qHu
k m "vGwv
f yfpmG a&;yg "[k
&ufa&mpGm ajymqdI
k wm0efay;onf?
wkwjf ynfwiG f armfpw
D ek ;f u "yef;wdik ;f yGiyhf gap" vrf;pOfukd csrw
S u
f m Edik if o
H m;
wdik ;f vGwv
f yfpmG a&;om;ap[k apwvH;k ESihf trde@f ay;cJo
h nfh enf;wl jrefrm jynfwiG v
f nf;
"vkyfom; jynfolwdk@ tjyKoabmESifh a0zefa&;om;csuf rsm;udk ay;ydk@ygu jynfolydkif
owif;pmrsm;u yHEk ydS f azmfjyrnf"[k jyef=um;a&;0ef}u;D Xmeu 1965ck =o*kwv
f 24&uf
ae@wGif a=unmonf?
1962ck rwfvu wufvm+y;D aemuf*sLvdik f 7 &uf ausmif;om;rsm;udk owfjzwfI
or*~wu
kd u
f kd zsucf u
JG m "wyfrawmf rxde@J "g;ud"k g;csi;f / vSu
H v
kd cHS si;f wH@k jyefrnf "[k
Adv
k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if; ud,
k w
f ikd f vlxu
k kd ppfa=unmxm;ojzifh wkww
f w
k rf v_yf 0Hah om vlxu
k
vGwfvyfpGm a&;om;cGifh zdwfpmudk =um;vdkufaomfvnf; pdwfrcsEdkif jzpfae=uonf?
103
104
axmifrsm;wGi;f wGif owif;pmq&m/ pma&;q&m trsm;udk odak vSmifxm;qJ &Sad o;onf?

atmifAv wpfa,mufvnf; od=um;om; r[kwaf vojzifh tif;pdeaf xmif awm&ausmif;Y
0gqakd e&qJ jzpfonf?
xd@k a=umifh jrefrmvkyo
f m; jynfo@l owif;pmrSm t,f'w
D mrif;wd@k txHo@kd r&Jw&J
ay; yd@k aom pmwd@k rS rxdwxd pmrltenf;i,fukd azmfjyEdik cf o
hJ nf?
t*Fvyd b
f mom vkyo
f m;jynfol t,f'w
D mcsKyf OD;cifarmifvwfu &,fonf?
vmor# pmwd@k rS tpd;k &jyKrcl suf rSeu
f efr_ r&S[
d k a&;om;apumrl tajctjrpf cdik v
f akH om
pmrsm;udk yHEk ydS f azmfjyonf? 'Dru
kd a&pD acwfu vGwv
f yfpmG a&mif;0,fazmufum;cGihf &So
d jzifh
Edik if o
H m;wd@k }u;D yGg;vrf; &Sad pumrl jrefrmh qd&k ,
S v
f pf acwfwiG f Edik if o
H m;wk@d }u;D yg;G vrf;
r&S?d xd@k twl Edik if aH wmf tpd;k &vnf; }u;D yg;G rnf r[kw[
f k a&;onfh pmtrsm; a&mufvmonf?
a&;olw@kd u pmwwfaywwf ynmwwfrsm; jzpfojzifh olw@kd . ,lqcsuf rsm;udk pm&if;
Z,m;rsm;ESihf ydik Ef ikd pf mG a&;wwf=uonf? q&m OD;cifarmifvwf uvnf; owWad umif;onf?
pmtrsm;udk owif;pmu azmfjyay;onf? q&m}u;D ESihf q&muawmf a':cifrsKd ;cspf wd@k uvnf;
&J&aJ wG;+y;D &J&aJ &; =uao;onf?
t*Fvyd f owif;pmu &J&ifph mG azmfjyonfukd jrif&ojzifh axmifwiG ;f &Sd atmifAv
wd@k vlpo
k nfyif "q&m}u;D b,fawmh a&mufvmrnfvJ "[k awG;awmum vSzH sm;wGif
em;aeonfh ykpOf;twGuf a=umufacs;ygaerd=uonf?
OD;cifarmifvwftm; owif;pm wyfO;D Y ppfuw
J if rdaom Adv
k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if;onf
vnf; toJ,m; aernfrmS rkcsjzpfonf? ud,
k w
f ifwhJ ppfuJ ud,
k jf yefcs&efrmS vnf; rvG,o
f jzifh
vufyu
kd I
f =unfah e&onf?
ESpt
f enf;i,f =umaom tcg Adv
k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if;u qufvufI onf;rcHEikd f
awmh+y?D wae@wGif Adv
k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if;u q&m}u;D OD;cifarmifvwftm; vufzuf&nf
aomuf&ef zdwaf c: onf? vufzuf&nfyw
JG iG f tvmyovmy pum;rsm; tmazmifpmG
ajymum Adv
k af e0if; avcsKd aoG;onf? OD;cifarmifvwfuvnf; &dypf m;rdonf? ppfAv
kd }f u;D
rsm;ESihf rqvygww
D iG f ae&m&Sx
d m; ol"uGejf rLepfysuf"rsm;u t*Fvyd f vkyo
f m;rS pmrsm;
aqmif;yg; rsm;a=umifh pnf;H;k a&; ysuaf e& onf[k a&;onfomru t*Fvyd v
f yk o
f m;udk
ta&;,loif+h y[
D k ajAmifajymae=u onfuv
kd nf; em;rqHah tmif =um;&+y;D jzpfonf?
"q&mtzd@k Edik if aH wmf twGuf vky&f wm yifyef;vSyg+yD"[k pum;tpysKd ;um
"EdkifiHjcm; at;at;aq;aq; oGm;+yD; em;em;aeae aeygvm;/ oHtrwftjzpf }udKufwJh
wdik ;f jynf yd@k ay;ygr,f"
"bmAs"[k OD;cifarmifvwfu jyefar;onf? oHtrwf &mxl;[laom pum;vH;k udk
ajymonfEiS hf pum;rqH;k rD &Scd ;kd 'l;axmuf=uaom ppfAv
kd rf sm;udk om awG@zl;ol Adv
k af e0if;u
104
105
"oHtrwf &mxl;cef@zd@k pDpOfaeygw,f "[k &Si;f jyonf?

"Ed;k Ed;k Ed;k Ed;k u|eaf wmf oHtrwf rvkycf sib
f ;l / pmay0goemom ygw,f? [J[J
Adv
k cf sKyw
f @kd tpd;k &u u|eaf wmfu
h kd r}uKd uzf ;l qdw
k m &dyrf yd gw,f? u|eaf wmf &mxl;u xGuaf y;
ygr,f"[k csKd omacsipH mG ajymum pm;yGrJ S xaomtcg Adv
k cf sKy}f u;D u avmuGwyf if rjyKyJ
xdik af e&pfchJ &Smonf?
xdt
k csed w
f iG f tif;pdeaf xmifxu
G f atmifAvrSm jynfoyl ikd f owif;pm av;apmif.
yifwikd af qmif;yg;&Sif tjzpf vdik pf if& owif;pm q&mjzpfaeav+y?D
"vma[h vufzuf&nf aomuf&atmif"[k tdrfawmfrS jyefvmol q&m
OD;cifarmifvwfu zke;f qufI ac:ojzifh aomufaeus H;k or0g,r vufzuf&nfqikd o
f @kd
vdu
k o
f mG ;onf? qdik w
f iG ;f od@k a=u;rH'k w
k ,
d t,f'w
D m ud0k if;wifvnf; a&mufvmonf?
"tm;vHk;csdKcg;a[h"[k qdkif&Siftm;rSm&if; "rif;wdk@AdkvfcsKyf}uD;&J@ tdrfawmfu
vufzuf&nfu aygh&$wf&$wfyguGm"[k pum;p&if; jzpfcJhor#udk aemufa=umif;jyefI
ajym&Smonf?
q&m}u;D wGif &mxl;twGuf wyfruf 0rf;enf;r_ r&So
d nfukd odompGmjrif&onf?
xd&k m xl;udk q&m}u;D twGuf wyfrufaeolw@kd rSm ud0k if;wifEiS hf atmifAvwd@k om jzpfonf?
xd&k mxl;onf q&m}u;D wpfO;D wnf;om xdu
k w
f efonf jzpfojzifh q&m}u;D twGuf vGerf if;pGm
rcHcsjd zpf rd=uonf?
"pdwx
f cd u
kd pf &m r&Syd gb;l wd@k u olw@kd aumif;usKd ; twGuf ajymwmudk olw@kd u
vufrcHcsiaf wmh olw@kd emw,f/ aemuf+y;D wdik ;f jynfemwmaygu
h mG "[k aumufcsucf s&if;
tdraf wmfrS vufzuf&nfxuf ydIk csKd / ydIk cg;aom vufzuf&nfukd t&omcHum aomuf&if;
Zdr,
f al eawmhonf?
atmifAvwGif uavmif&o
dS nf? a&;ydik cf iG hf vdik pf ifvnf;&So
d nf? atmifAvtm;
Adv
k cf sKy}f u;D trde@f t& &mxl;cef@pOfu jyef=um;a&;0ef}u;D u "vGwv
f yfpmG a&;yg "[k apwvH;k
ay;cJh onf? q&mOD;cifarmifvwf udpu
P kd aqmif;yg;a&;rS jzpfrnf[k atmufyg aqmif;yg;udk
aumufa&;+y;D vkyo
f m;jynfol owif;pmrS yHEk ydS v
f u
kd o
f nf? rdrd txufrS twGi;f 0ef ppfAv
kd u
f
r&Jw&J "q&ma&;wm vGeo
f aem"[k aumufcsucf s&mS onf? Adv
k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if;ESihf =uKH }uKd uf
ojzifh awG@aom tcg rjyKH ;pzl; jyKH ;onfukd jrif&.?
w&Ha&mtcg...awmpyfwpfc&k dS Z&yfwpfaqmifwiG f zke;f awmif;pm; wpfO;D onf
xdik af epOf t0wftpm; awmufypGm 0wfqifxm;onfh vlwpfa,mufonf jrufx;kH }u;D udk
xrf;I0if vmonfukd jrif&owJ?h
xdo
k o
l nf jrufx;kH udk xrf;yd;k ESihf xrf;aomfvnf; tjcm;oligw@kd xrf;d;k xrf;pOf
twdik ;f jrufx;kH udk ESpx
f ;kH ESpcf k cGI
J wpfbufwpfx;kH xrf;jcif;rjyKbJ jrufx;kH wpfcw
k nf;udk
105
106
xrf;yd;k wbuf pGe;f wGif csw

d I
f xrf;ojzifh vGepf mG yifyef;}u;D vS onfukd awG@&owJ?h vGerf if;
pGm yifyef;aeaom xdo
k u
l kd zke;f awmif;pm;u pdw0f ifpm;pGm =unfah erd owJ?h
armyef;aeaom xdo
k o
l nf twef=um em;I tyef;ajz+y;D jyefvnf c&D;quf&ef
jyifqifowJ?h xdo
k o
l nf jrufx;kH }u;D udk ESpcf ck I
JG xrf;yd;k wifjcif; rjyKbv
J mpOfu enf;twdik ;f
}u;D rm;aom jrufx;kH }u;D udk xrf;yd;k wpfbufwiG f wifowJ?h
xdo
k t
l zd@k vGepf mG yifyef;&SmavOD;rnf jzpfaoma=umifh zke;f awmif;pm;u E_wq
f w
d f
I raeEdik o
f jzifh t=uaH y;rdowJ?h
"tarmif... jrufx;kH udk wpfx;kH wnf; xH;k I xrf;yd;k wpfbufY csw
d I
f xrf;onf
xuf...jrufx;kH udk ESpx
f ;kH ESppf k tnDtr# cGu
J m xrf;yd;k . wpfbufwpfcsuw
f iG f csw
d q
f u
JG m
xrf;ygv#if rsm;pGm oufom ayrnf"[k t=uaH y;owJ?h
xdo
k u
l twef=um pOf;pm;&SmowJ?h aoao csmcsm pOf;pm;+y;D rS tajzay;owJ?h
"tcsi;f zke;f awmif;pm;/ oifay;aom t=uo
H nf aumif;aom t=uH jzpfay.?
jrufxHk;udk ESpfpkcGJum ESpfxHk;xHk;I xrf;ydk; wpfbufwpfcsufwGif csdwfygv#if rsm;pGm
oufomayrnfrmS rSeaf yonf"[k 0efco
H wJ?h
,if;od@k trSeu
f kd 0efcaH pumrl xdo
k u
l jrufx;kH }u;D udk ESppf ck jJG cif; rjyKbJ olvmpOfu
twdik ;f wpfx;kH udk wpfbufapmif;eif; xrf;I yifyef;pGm Z&yfay:rS qif;owJ?h
ol. c&D;udk rqufrD xdo
k u
l zke;f awmif;pm;udk ajymao;owJ?h
"tcsi;f zke;f awmif;pm;/ oifay;tyfaom t=uo
H nf aumif;./ rSe.
f ? od@k aomf
oifonf olawmif;pm;omwnf;? igonfru
l m; olaX;om; jzpfacsbo
d nf? olaX;om;
wpfOD;u olawmif;pm; ay;onfh t=uHudk vufcHv#if &mZ0ifdkif;ayrnf? xdk@a=umifh
rnfIrnfr# yifyef;apumrl igonfrv
l xrf;pOfu enf;twdik ;f qufvuf xrf;ayOD;tHh"wJ?h
(pmjznf?h ? q&mwufw;kd tm;vnf; Adv
k cf sKyaf e0if;u oHtrwf &mxl;ESihf
olaumif; jyK&ef pDpOfco
hJ nf? pma&;q&m b0udo
k m cifaom q&mwufw;kd uvnf;jiif;cJ.
h ?
q&mref;wif udo
k m oHtrwf cef@Edik cf o
hJ nf? q&mref;wifonf vlxu
k vufcaH om
emrnf}u;D pma&;q&myif jzpfaomfvnf; t&m&Sd wpfO;D tjzpf pma&;cJo
h nf 0efxrf;pma&;
q&mjzpfojzifh jiif;qefrr_ jyKbJ txufv}l u;D ap&mod@k oGm;&Smonfom?)
atmifAv
(EG,feDr*~Zif;/ twGJ 21/ trSwf 4/ pufwifbmv 2012 rS)
106
107
'Duae hArmawG Armpm a}uapzdk h
O\mq&mtdk
aqGrsdK;ESi fhom;csif;
usaemfwdk@ omrefvlawG taeeJ@uawmh aqGrsdL; udka&m om;csif;udka&m/
aqGrsKd ;om;csi;f udak &m ajymqdk oH;k pGcJ =hJ uzl;wmawmhreS af yrJh wpfcck si;f pD&@J teuft"dyg` ,f
udak wmhjzifh av;av;eufeuf aphaphpyfpyf aoaocsmcsm rodcw
hJ m udak wmhjzifh trSet
f wdik ;f
bJ 0efc&H rSmyg? 'g@a=umifh q&mtd&k @J &Si;f vif;wifjyr_ukd az: jyay;vdu
k &f wmyJ jzpfygw,f?
jrefrmpum;udk jrefrmrsm;omru vlrsdK;jcm;rsm;uvnf; ta&;xm;=uyg. ?
om"u wpfcrk mS yJc;l wdik ;f rif;}u;D t*Fvyd v
f rl sLd ; qGpo
f bifo
h nf yJc;l c&dik f ta&;ydik jf zpfchJ
pOfu awmvdu
k f pma&;wpfO;D ESiehf ,fo@kd xGucf .
hJ ? c&D;t=um;wGif a&S;OD;pGm acsmif;wpfck
awG@.?
ta&;ydik rf if;u awmvdu
k pf ma&;udk armifrif; 'gbmac:ovJ [kar;&m awmvdu
k f
pma&;u "acsmif; ac:ygonfbk&m;" [kajz.? wpfzef'w
k ,
d t}urd f &d;k wpfcu
k kd awG@&m
a&S;enf;twl ar;jyef.? ajzoluvnf; "acsmif; ac:ygonfbk&m;" [k ajzjyef.?
wwd,t}urD f ajrmif;uav; wpfck awG@jyef&m a&S;enf;twl ar;jyef.? ajzoluvnf;
"acsmif; ac:ygonfbk&m; " ajzjyefyg.?
107
108
xdktcg ta&;ydkifrif;u armifrif;onf jrefrm jzpfygv#ufESifh jrefrmpum;udk

rwwf/ yxrawG@wm "acsmif; " / 'kw,
d awG@wm " &dk; "/ wwd,awG@wm "ajrmif; "
raorcsi;f rSw[
f k rde@f ygonf[k ta&;ydik &f ;kH pma&;}u;D ywWjrm;om'if xHrS =um;emrSwo
f m;
rdygonf?
tvm;wlyif jrefrmh"avhudkvnf; vlrsdK;jcm;rsm; ta&;xm;}uyg.? yJcl;+rdK@
vdyjf ymuef wHwikd ;f twGi;f ywfvrf;vky&f eftwGuf a&&S&d m ueftwGi;f bufo@kd wkwrf sm;
cwf+y;D ajrzd@k aeav.? 4if;udpu
P kd [dELN Ak'b
< mom0if wdik ;f rif;}u;D o&0rfqif; jrifawG@
od&o
dS mG ;aomtcg xdv
k yk if ef;udk csujf cif;&yf&ef trde@f xkwaf v.? "ol. =o0g'pum;rSm
a&wGi;f a&uefrsm;udk rzd@k aumif;/ cdu
k w
f wfonf "[lowwf?
od@k jzpf&m O\mq&mtdk onfvnf; tkww
f pfcsyf oJwpfyiG t
hf jzpf wwfprG ;f or#
jzifh jrefrmpmayjriS w
hf ifa&;udk 0dik ;f 0ef;}uKd ;yef;I &SmazGaz:xkwf a&;om;wifjyv#uf &S&d m
,cktywfwiG f jrefrmvlrsKd ;wd@k . aqGrsKd ;om;csi;f tac:ta0:rsm;ESiyhf wfoufI odrw
S zf ,
G f
rsm;udk wifjyvdu
k &f ygonf?
tazh tpfuu
kd kd "b}u;D " [lIvnf;aumif;/ tazhnu
D kd "baxG;" [lI vnf;
aumif; tazhtpfrudk "t&D;}uD;" [lI vnf;aumif;/ tazhErS ud"k t&D;av;" [lI vnf;
aumif;/ tarhtpfrudk "rd}uD;" "}uD;}uD;" [lIvnf;aumif;/ tarhnDrudk "rdaxG;"
"axG;av;"[lI vnf;aumif;/ tarh tpfudkudk "OD;}uD;" "OD;&D; "[lI vnf;aumif;/
tarharmifukd "OD;rif;" "&D;i,f"/f "av;av;" [lI vnf;aumif; ac:qd=k u&ygrnf?(axG;)
udk (a'G;) [k toHxu
G yf g?
Tae&mwGif aqGrsKd ;om;csi;f ESihf ywfoufI arSmyf q
D &mode;f }u;D . "aESmif;jzpf
pmwrf;" rSm atmufygtwdkif; awG@&ygonf? pma&;awmf ? owdjyKp&mav;wpfck
tpD&ifcyH gO;D rnf? avmuEdu
_ f - aqGrsKd ; ^mwd om;csif;ac:a0: oHk;pGJ=uonfrSm ^mwdac:
jcif;onf b,fu pyfonfv@kd uGjJ ym;pGm od=ur,fr[kwf jzpfyga=umif;?
om&w'yD eDDum- ok'Ed b
M m%0g&- tzGiEhf u
_D /f "ZmeEW/d OmoEWd / pmwd- ^mwdZmeEW-d ^mw,EW-d odtyfuek .
f ? ww
d oRm/ xd@k a=umifh ^mwd/ ^mwdjzpf.?"
" avm[dawe-orE<m/ wdomavm[dwm? avm[dawe/ aoG;ESifhorE<m/
pyfonfwnf;? ww
d oRm- xd@k a=umifh omavm[dwm/ omavm[dwm rnf.?"
"ydwyk uQOmwd/ rmwk- yuQw
d m / omavm[dwm/ tz. tzd@k ESihf pyfaomolonf
^mwd taqGtrsKd ;rnf.? rmwkyuQw
d m trd. tzd@k pyfaomolonf avm[dwm/ om;csi;f
rnf.? "[k yg&ydS gonf?
trdEiS phf yfor# - om;csi;f jzpfa=umif; / tzESiphf yfor# ^mwd aqGrsdK;jzpfa=umif;
o&wW'yD eDu
D m - q&mto#if oljrwfu a[mxm;onft
h wdik ;f ^mwd aqGrsKd ; om;csi;f [k
108
109
ac:a0:=uonfukd aoaocsmcsm uGjJ ym;atmif rSwo

f m;ajymqdk =u&ef oifv
h yS ga=umif;?
,cktcg "om;csif;"[k qdkv#if rdcifwpfOD;wnf;rSarG;aom/ acgif;eif;qif;
jzpfaom wpftx
l q
kH if; jzpfaom/ t&if;jzpfaom om;a,muFsm;om;rde;f r / nDtpfuakd rmif
ESrtm;vH;k udk pkaygi;f ac:a0:xm;aom pum;jzpfonf[k odae=uygonf? pifppfrl tzESihf
pyfI awmf&v#if aqGrsKd ; ^mwd/ trdEiS phf yfI awmf&v#if om;csi;f jzpfygonf?
"xH;k vnf;vH;k vH;k / yHv
k nf;wlw/l pHrrl #r#/ t&d;k usEiS hf wnfxoufao rdapoabm
vdu
k zf ufav#mI nDarmapr_ ajcmufcsu&f _ "[laom ola[mif;wd@k . pum;t& twWaem
rwd uif;&Si;f pGmjzifh a&;ul;az:jyaom "aqGrsKd ;ESio
hf m;csi;f " aqmif;yg;udk TwGif ed*;kH ur`wf
tqH;k owfyg&apawmh?
usrf;udk;?
? ,k'oeftbd"mef/ arSmfyDq&modef;}uD;. aESmif;jzpfpmwrf;?
O\mq&mtdk
(jrefrmwdkif;(rf) twGJ (2) trSwf (28) wGif az: jy+yD;?)
.........
tarSmif=um;u Armjynf
0if;wifxh eG ;f
jrefrmEdki fiHom;wdki f; vuf0,fxm;&Sdoifhaom
Edki fiHa&;ordki f;pmtkyf
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif;rS pDpOfxkwfa0onf
109
110
acwfpum;
axmifwGif; ordkif; rsm;
Min Han
axmifwGif;ordkif;qdkwm....
uefawmfwdk@ tusOf;axmif awGxJrSm ESpf&Snfvrsm; aevmcJhjyD;rESpfurS
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ordik ;f trSeu
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kd m az:xkw=f urnf?
Min Han
October 29
2012
(Min Han's facebook rS
ul;,laz: jyygonf?)
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122
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123
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126
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154
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Ba Maw
BREAK THROUGH IN BURMA
Memoirs Of a Revolution
1939 - 1946
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k !fh ar;cGe;f jzpfonf? od@k wdik f t*Fvyd t
f pd;k &. tajzum;
Tr#xuf ryd?k eef;&if;0ef csmcsD qdv
k #i/f jrefrmwd@k tem*wfEiS hf ywfoufI aqG;aEG;zd@k yif
jiif;qefco
hJ nf? od@k jzifh jrefrmwd@k . ar#mv
f ifch surf sm;udk t*Fvyd t
f pd;k &u jrefrmwd@k
ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm =um;ae&o!fh pum;vH;k rsm;ESihf tqH;k owfvu
kd af wmhonf? u|Eyfk w
f @kd
twGuf tajctaeum; &Si;f ae+yD jzpfonf? u|Eyfk w
f @kd tm;xkwrf r_ sm;rS u|Eyfk w
f @kd jyef&r!fh
tusdK;tjrwfrsm;rSm ta&;ay: tajctaeatmufY / t*Fvdyfwdk@. qHk;jzwfcsuf
wpfcw
k nf;ay: Y rlwnfaea=umif; jzpfae+yD jzpfonf? wpfzufrS Tod@k w&m;0if
'dkif,mavmh xGufay:aepOfrSmyif/ tjcm;wpfzufrS +Adwdo#wdk@ xD;&dyfatmufwGif
rScD akd eaom "m;raemufyw
d w
f @kd uvnf;/ jrefrmwd@k taeESihf vGwv
f yfa&;ESihf tH0ifciG f
us r&Sad oma=umifh +Aw
d o
d # udv
k ekd 0D g'udk a&S@u vlrsm; ajymqdck =J uovd/k tr$r;f wifae
awmhonf? ppfr;D v#rH sm; awmufavmifaeo!fh urBm}u;D u xdo
k w
l @kd udk tjyKoabm
aqmifo!ft
h &m[lI bmwpfcrk # oif=um;ay;cJjh cif; r&Sad y? jrefrmwd@k . awmif;qdrk r_ sm;
udkom jyuf&,fjyKI wdkufckdufae awmhonf? u|Ekfyfwdk@twGuf +Adwdo#wdk@xHrS
w&m;r#wo!fh/ pum;wpfvHk;r# xGufay:vmjcif; r&Sday? ydkvefESifh tjcm;Oa&my
Edik if rH sm;i,frsm;/ [pfwvm vufatmufa&mufomG ;csed Yf / vGwaf jrmufa&; rSm rdrw
d @kd
ppf. &nfreS ;f csuf jzpfonfEiS t
hf nD/ tm;wufoa&m ulnrD nfjzpfa=umif; csmwmY
159
160
txift&Sm; a=unmcJo
h nf? udv
k ekd D Edik if rH sm;buf 4if;wd@k . tem*wfEiS hf ywfoufI
ar;jref;vmo!fh tcgwiG u
f m;/ vef'efwikd rf ;f owif;pm}u;D . tqdt
k & ppfEiS hf ywfouf
o!fh jrefrmwd@k . }uKd ;pm;tm; xkwrf r_ sm;rSm +Aw
d o
d # tpd;k &udk aps;qpfaeonf? +Aw
d o
d #
tpd;k &. tusKd ;&Srd !fh uwdu0wfrsm;rS tjrwfxw
k zf @kd }uKd ;pm;aeonf[I
l pGypf aJG e
awmhonf?
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fh m tcsed fjzKe;f aeo!fh vtenf;i,f
twGi;f wGif jrefrmwd@k u *syefw@kd ESifh yl;aygi;f um t*Fvyd w
f @kd udk armif;xkwv
f u
kd +f y;D /
t*Fvyd w
f @kd tdE,
Nd od@k xGuaf jy; =u&onf? Tod@k udv
k ekd D e,fcs@J rsm; oabmayguf
em;vnfo!f/h wpfcw
k nf;aom enf;vrf;jzifh jrefrmwd@k u rdrw
d @kd . ud,
k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKycf iG Ehf iS fh
}uchH ikd rf u
_ kd xdu
k mvtwGi;f oufaojyvdu
k af wmhonf?
jrefrm tjyKtrlEiS hf ywfoufI &Si;f vif;&mwGif eef;&if;0ef csmcsu
D +Aw
d o
d #
rsm;taeESifh jrefrm twGi;f oabmudk em;rvnfcahJ =umif; ajymcJo
h nf? tqdyk g tcsuf
onf u|Eyfk af zmfjycJo
h !hf aemufct
H cif;tusi;f rsm;ESifh qef@usiv
f su/f tqH;k Y udv
k ekd D
e,fcs@J 0g'udk zsuq
f ;D ypfvu
kd o
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k ekd D pdwaf eobm0xuf ydrk akd om tjcm;wpfcu
k kd
azmfjyvdu
k jf cif;vnf; jzpfonf? wdik ;f jynfukd odr;f ydu
k jf cif;jzifh jynfow
l @kd . ESv;kH om;rsm;udk
tEdik ,
f l Edik yf govm; qdo
k !fh ar;cGe;f rSm/ tvGew
f &m &d;k tDaeaom ar;cGe;f jzpfygvrd rfh nf?
od@k wnf;r[kwf jrefrmjynfwiG f u|Eyfk w
f @kd vufiif; }uKH awG@ae&o!fh yHpk t
H m;jzifh qdv
k #i/f
ydv
k ef Edik if o
H m;wd@k . awmif;qdck suw
f @kd udk ypfypfcgcg jiif;y,f+y;D / ydv
k efukd odr;f ,lvu
kd jf cif;jzif/h
ydkvefwdk@. ESvHk;om;udk [pfwvm tEdkifr&cJhonfrSm/ csmcsDtwGuf tHh=op&m
[kwyf govm;?
wdik ;f rf; owif;pm}u;D . a0zefcsuu
f kd jyefaumuf&v#if / emZDw@kd u|ejf yKxm;o!fh
ydv
k efEikd if EH iS hf tjcm; vljzLEdik if w
H @kd . vGwv
f yfa&;udk jyefvnf&,ljcif;rSm/ tqdyk gEikd if w
H @kd udk
tEkid &f xm;olw@kd . uwdu0wfrsm;rS tjrwfxw
k v
f u
kd jf cif; jzpfonf[k 4if;owif;pm
}u;D u pOf;pm;cJyh govm;? pifppf tqdyk g jy\emrsm;rSm/ vlrsKd ;a&;Y tajccHaeovdk /
vljzLESifh tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;t=um; cGJjcm;r_ jzpfonf? csmcsD. oDtkd&Dt&qdkv#if
vGwv
f yfro
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f m jzpfonf? tjcm;vlrsKd ;rsm; txl;ojzifh udv
k ekd D
Edik if o
H m;rsm;twGuf r[kw?f tqdyk gtqifo
h @kd a&mufvmo!ft
h cg / vlrsKd ;a&; o[Zmw
jzpfjcif;ESihf +idrf;csrf;a&; pum;rsm;rSm ayga=umifa=umif jzpfvmawmhonf? csmcsD.
a=unmcsuf xGuv
f mcsed Yf jrefrmEdik if YH Tod@k jzpfco
hJ nf?
urBmudk a=unmvdu
k o
f !fh +Aw
d o
d #w@kd . ppf&nfreS ;f csurf sm;ESihf udv
k ekd D Edik if w
H @kd udk
a=unm vdu
k o
f !fh +Aw
d o
d # tifyg,m ay:vpDw@kd rSm/ ppf}u;D onf;xefvmonfEiS t
fh r#
tjiif;yGm;p&m jzpfvmovdk jrefrmjynf. tajctaerSex
f uf / tjcm; wpfcck u
k kd azmfjy
160
161
aejcif; jzpfonf? xkt

d csi;f t&monfyif tem*wf tjzpftysuw
f @kd tay: }u;D }u;D rm;rm;
v$r;f rd;k cJo
h vdk jrefrmwd@k . wdu
k yf t
JG wGuf aemufq;kH wl &_;H csuq
f D yd@k ay;vdu
k o
f !fh
vrf;a=umif;wpfcu
k v
kd nf; zGiahf y;vdu
k af wmhonf?
u|Eyfk w
f @kd taeESifh cHpm;r_t& jzpfap/ oabmxm;t& jzpfap/ tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;u
ay;vdu
k f o!fh aemufqufwJG &v'frsm;udk oabmayguf em;vnfz@kd / tvGew
f &m
ta&;}u;D vSygonf? ,if; wd@k udk tjy!ft
h 0 azmfjyzd@k &m t*Fvyd w
f @kd oabmxm;ESifh
ywfoufo!fh jrefrmwd@k . wH@k jyefcsu(f od@k ) jrefrmwd@k bufrS ay;o!fh ta=umif;jy
csufwdk@udkvnf; u|Ekfyf azmfjy&ayvdrfhrnf? ,if;wdk@. t&yf&yf taetxm;ESifh
oufa&mufrw
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k csed u
f xkwaf zmfajym=um;cJo
h !fh a=unmcsurf sm; twGi;f
awG@Edik yf gonf? uHaumif; axmufrpGmyif/ 1940 ckEpS f azazmf0g&v
D twGi;f ppfEiS yhf wf
oufo!fh qH;k jzwfcsuu
f kd Oya'jyK v$waf wmfY/ tajcwif aqG;aEG; jiif;cHck =hJ uo!fh
rde@f cGe;f rsm;rSm / ,ae@txd w&m;0if rSww
f rf;rsm; tjzpf &Sad eao;onf? ,if;wd@k rSvI
JG
jrefrmwd@k . ta=umif;jycsurf sm;ESifh pyfvsO;f o!fh taxmuftxm;rsm; r&So
d avmufyif?
xdt
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k t
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f yfa&;tkypf .
k acgi;f aqmif
taeESihfvnf; u|EkfyfbufrS tajcwif ajymqdkcJhonf? rdef@cGef;wcsdK@udk azmfrjyrD
Tae&mY vGwv
f ufa&; tkypf k qdo
k nfukd tusO;f r# &Si;f vif;vdo
k nf? (aemufyikd ;f
tcef;rsm;Y Tta=umif;t&mudk tus,&f iS ;f ygrnf?)
ArmxGu&f yf*%
kd ;f qdo
k nfum; qif;&Jom;ygw/D wd@k Arm tpnf;t&H;k (od@k )
ocifygwED iS fh ausmif;om;rsm; or*~ yl;aygi;f I/ ppfumv nD!w
G af om wyfO;D tjzpf/
zG@J pnf;xm;o!fh tkypf k jzpf+y;D / jrefrmh vGwv
f yfa&;twGuf ppf}u;D u zefw;D ay;vdu
k o
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tcGifhta&;udk twlwuG toHk;cs taumiftxnfazmfzdk@ qHk;jzwfcJh=uaom/ bHk
&nf&,
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vkyif ef;pOfrsm;rSm/ ppf}u;D . aemufq;kH rsm;txd rnfo@kd rnfykH v_y&f mS ;aqmif&u
G v
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ppfEiS fh pyfvsO;f aom t*Fvyd w
f @kd . &nf&,
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rnfo@kd oabmxm; a=umif;/ aumif;pGm &Si;f jyEdik cf yhJ gonf? xdpk Ofu t&yf&yf tajc
taerSm/ onf;xef =urf;wrf;vSovdk jynfow
l @kd . cHpm;csuEf iS hf t,ltqwd@k rSmvnf;/
jyif;xefaeo!fh tavsmuf/ u|Eyfk .
f avoHEiS fh pum;vH;k wd@k rS wpfqifh em;vnfEikd yf gonf?
u|Eyfk .
f rde@f cGe;f rSm ppfumvtwGi;f u jrefrmhvw
G v
f yfa&; ESihf ywfoufo!fh / jy!fph o
kH !fh
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h wGuf / 4if;rS tcsKd @ tcsuw
f @kd udk u|Eyfk w
f @kd um; azmfjyygrnf?
u|eaf wmfw@kd [m tvGew
f &m pl;pdwf &_yaf xG;p&m aumif;vSwhJ urBm}h u;D rSm
161
162
aexdik v
f suf &Syd gw,f? tjzLeJ@ trnf; tjzpf rdu
k rf pJ mG cGjJ cm;aewJh urBm}u;D vnf; jzpfyg
w,f? tjzLawG&@J uwdu0wfawGe@J trnf;awG&@J vufawG@ aqmif&u
G cf suaf wGvnf;
jzpfw,f? vufawG@rygwhJ pum;vH;k awG[m r=umcif avxJ vGio
hf mG ;ygvrd rhf ,f? tvkyef @J
pum;vH;k / uwdu0wfe@J vufawG@aqmif&u
G f csuaf wG&@J ydyuQukd ae&mwdik ;f rSm
u|eaf cwf uvdk awG@ae&ygw,f? tJo
h nfvkd tqDtai: rw!fw
h hJ urBm}u;D twGuo
f m
ppf&nf&,
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u|eaf wmfw@kd urBm}u;D udk =u!fv
h u
kd &f if/ &efvakd ewJh Edik if aH wG[m usi0fh wf
odumQ qdw
k hJ pum;vH;k }u;D awGe@J / olw@kd ppf&nf&,
G cf suaf wGukd a=unmaeygw,f? *syefu
w&kwu
f kd usL;ausmf wdu
k cf u
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wnfaqmufz@kd vljzLawG&@J Edik x
f ufpnf;eif; usK;ausmrf u
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umuG,zf @kd pkpnf;zd@k jzpfovd/k tm&S tdik 'f t
D v
kd *kd sD ay:rSm tajccH xm;wJh jrifjh rwfwhJ
&nf&,
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k ,f? taemufrmS vnf; *smrefu urBm}u;D udk vGr;f rd;k aewJ@
wpfcw
k nf;aom e,fcs@J tifyg,m pepfukd wdu
k cf u
kd af csre_ ;f zd@k jzpfw,fv@kd a=unmae
w,f? Edik if iH ,fav;awG&@J tcGit
hf a&;udk tumtuG,af y;r,fv@kd vnf; ajymaew,f?
'Dvydk J tar&dum; tdE,
Nd eJ@ tjcm;=um;ae Edik if w
H @kd &J@ zdtm;ay;ae&wJh t*Fvyd u
f vnf;
u|eaf wmfw@kd odxm;wJt
h wdik ;f ol&@J ppf&nf&,
G cf suu
f kd a=unmcJw
h ,f?
'Dawmh u|eaf wmfw@kd &J@ jy\emu bmudk ,H&k rvJqw
kd myJ? aocsmwmuawmh
tm;vH;k rrSeEf ikd b
f ;l ? tcsKd @a=unmcsuaf wG[m rsuEf mS zH;k pGyx
f m;wJh &nf&,
G cf suaf wGom
jzpfw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd vwfwavm vky&f r,fh tvkyu
f / vufawG@ v_y&f mS ;r_e@J prf;oyf+y;D
trSef trSm; cGjJ cm;zd@k yJ? vwfwavm qH;k jzwfcsuef @J jyifqifcsut
f wGu/f t*Fvyd af wG&@J
&d;k om;r_ukd u|eaf wmfw@kd ar;cGe;f xkwaf ewm r[kwyf gb;l ? &efvakd ewJh Edik if aH wGu
ol@xufig tvkt,uf pif;vH;k acsm ppf&nf&,
G cf suaf wG a=unm ae=uwJt
h wGu/f
+Aw
d o
d # tpd;k &u ay;aewJ/h uwdu0wfawGukd jrefrmjynf twGuf vufawG@ taumif
txnfazmf+y;D / trSew
f u,f &d;k om; ppfreS af =umif; jyoapcsiyf gw,f? 'gro
S m u|eaf wmf
wd@k bufuvnf; ,H=k unfEikd yf gvrd rhf ,f?
ordik ;f a=umif;udk jyef=u!hrf ,fqv
kd #i/f +Aw
d o
d #awGu olw@kd yg0ifc&hJ wJh ppfyw
JG ikd ;f
udk usi0fh wf odumQ / c&l;qdwpf pfyJG wpfcv
k kd *k%,
f l ajymqdck =hJ uygw,f? w&kwjf ynfrmS
jzpfcw
hJ hJ bde;f ppfyrJG mS awmif +Aw
d o
d #awGu Edik if w
H um usi0fh wf E_e;f pHwcsKd @/ tjcm;olawG&@J
tcGit
hf a&;pwJh wdwu
d sus r[kwaf yr,hf jrihrf m;wJh tr_upd P wcsKd @twGuf / umuG,f
aew,fqw
kd mudk oufaojyzd@k }u;D us,w
f hJ usi0fh wfou
d mQ pum;vH;k ta&;tE_e;f eJ@ /
tkwfatmfaomif;wif jzpfvSwJh azmfjrLvmawGudk toHk;jyKcJhwm txift&Sm;ygyJ?
twdwu
f yJ jzpfjzpf / vufwavmyJ jzpfjzpf/ ukeu
f ek af jym&&if bk&m;ocife@J t*Fvef
162
163
ordik f;a=umif;udk jyef=u!hfr,fqdkv#if/ +Adwdo#awGu olwdk@ yg0ifcJh&wJh ppfyGJwdkif;

udk usih0f wf odumQ / c&l;qdwpf pfyJG wpfcvk kd *k%,f l ajymqdck =hJ uygw,f? w&kwjf ynfrmS jzpfcwhJ hJ
bdef;ppfyGJrmS awmif +Adwdo#awGu Edki fiHwum usihf0wf E_ef;pHwcsdK@/ tjcm;olawG&J@ tcGifhta&;pwJh
wdwdusus r[kwfayr,hf jrihfrm;wJh tr_udpP wcsdK@twGuf / umuG,f
aew,fqdkwmudk oufaojyzdk@ }uD;us,fwJh usihf0wfoduQm pum;vHk; ta&;tE_ef;eJ@ / tkwfatmfaomif;wif
jzpfvwS Jh azmfjrLvmawGudk toHk;jyKcJhwm txift&Sm;ygyJ? twdwfuyJ jzpfjzpf / vufwavmyJ
jzpfjzpf/ ukefukefajym&&if bk&m;ocifeJ@ t*Fvef bk&m;ausmif;u c&pf,ef bkef;}uD;awGeJ@ jzpfcJhwJh/
ppfyGJrmS awmif +Adwdo#awG bufuyJ/ t+rJ=unfhwwfygw,f? 'gayrJh ppfyGJawG+yD;vdk@
tEdik f&wJhtcgrSmawmh/ apmapmuajymcJwh hJ uwdu0wfw@kd/ usih0f wfoud mQ udpwP @kd qdwk mawG/ =uufaysmuf/
iSuaf ysmuf aysmufomG ;+yD;/ yuwd tajctaetwdik ;f qH;k jzwfcwhJ m csnf;ygyJ?
.......
bk&m;ausmif; u c&pf,ef bke;f }u;D awGe@J jzpfcw
hJ /hJ ppfyrJG mS awmif +Aw
d o
d #awG bufuyJ/
t+r=J u!fw
h wfygw,f? 'gayrJh ppfyaJG wG+y;D vd@k tEdik &f wJt
h cgrmS awmh/ apmapmuajymcJw
h hJ
uwdu0wfw@kd / usi0fh wfou
d mQ udpw
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k mawG/ =uufaysmuf/ iSuaf ysmuf aysmufomG ;
+y;D / yuwd tajctaetwdik ;f qH;k jzwfcw
hJ m csn;f ygy?J 'Dawmh b,frmS vJ Edik if w
H um
usi0fh wf/ pnf;urf; / t*Fvyd af wG 'Dvkd vkycf w
hJ m wpf}urd w
f nf; r[kwyf gb;l ? 'g[m
ordik ;f u oif=um;ay;cJw
h hJ oifcef;pmygy?J
+y;D cJw
h hJ twdwo
f rdik ;f a=umif;awGukd u|eaf wmf jyefraumufcsiyf gb;l ? 'gayrJh
yxr urBmppf }u;D udk wcsuf jyef=u!f=h u&atmif? tJo
h !fw
h ek ;f u +Aw
d o
d #awG&@J
ppf&nf&,
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f bmygv?J tck ajymaeovdk usi0fh wf pnf;urf; ajym+y;D / trsKd ;om;
Edik if iH ,fav;awGukd umuG,zf @kd qdw
k /hJ ta=umif;jy csuef @J *smr%Dukd ppfa=unmcJw
h mygy?J
aemufxyf t*Fvyd af wG ay;cJw
h /hJ uwdu0wfawG &Syd gao;w,f? 'Dru
kd a&pD twGu/f
urBm}u;D udk umuG,zf @kd Edik if w
H ikd ;f ud,
k yf ikd f jyXmef; tkycf sKyyf ikd cf iG hf pwmawG twGu/f
ud,
k u
f sKd ; pD;yGm;rzufy/J ppfwu
kd af ewm jzpfw,fv@kd qdyk gw,f? tufupG f(Asquith)
vGKd uaf ,mha*smh (Lloyd George) bGeef mavm(Bonar Law) eJ@ tjcm; +Aw
d o
d #acgi;f aqmif
awGu +Aw
d o
d #awG ppfwu
kd af ewm/ e,fajrydu
k ef uf cs@J xGizf @kd r[kwb
f ;l vd@k / urBmudk
tJo!fw
h ;kH u a=unmcJw
h ,f? 'gayrJh ppf}u;D +y;D vd@k tEdik &f cJw
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+Aw
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k s,v
f m
cJw
h ,f? 'Dawmh +Aw
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