Geneva Convention: Protocol 1-Turning Point In Warfare

Brooke Frohlich Junior Division Individual Website

Annotated Works Cited

Primary Sources
Books
Bradbury, Ray. The Illustrated Man. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1951. Print. This book, though it is fictional, shows what Ray Bradbury thought our country would come to, and on many accounts it describes humanity coming to a world-ending atomic war. This research was used for a quote in my impacts page. I learned more about the thoughts of people at the time after World War 2. Pilloud, Claude, Yves Sandoz, Christophe Swinarski, and Bruno Zimmermann. Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949. Geneva: International Committee of the Red Cross, 1987. Web. This online book shows commentary on what Claude Pilloud was thinking when the Geneva Conventions were being written. Although this document was not included in my actual project, it gave me insight to what was thought during that time, such as how the provisions were supposed to be used when they were written. I learned very easily how the provisions were to be interpreted by these summaries.

Interviews
Frohlich, Michael. "Michael Frohlich." Personal interview. 14 Jan. 2013. This interview showed first-hand accounts of what it was like in Iraq, and how the Geneva Conventions effect war today. This interview was input onto my Arguments for Protocol 1 page. I learned what the job for a United States Army Medic required when interacting with civilians.

Videos
My Lai Massacre, Vietnam 1968. YouTube. YouTube, 03 Oct. 2008. Web. 15 Dec. 2012. This video portrays another medium of information on the My Lai Massacre. This was inserted into the Warfare Before Protocol 1 page. I learned summarized information about the My Lai Massacre. Vietnam Napalm. YouTube. YouTube, 16 July 2007. Web. 14 Dec. 2012. Through this video, it is shown the effects of napalm. I placed this video into the Warfare Before Protocol 1 page to show what weapons were used before Protocol 1. I learned how napalm was used and what it does when it hits people.

Websites
"Afghan Forces Help Meet Civilians' Medical, Veterinary Needs." Defense.gov. U.S. National Department of Defense, 28 Oct. 2005. Web. 3 Jan. 2013. This web article gives an example of the good treatment of civilians in Afghanistan today. This article was quoted in the Arguments For Protocol 1 page. I learned a prime example of the great treatment of civilians, such as how they were given medicine and medicine for their livestock. Gttfkk. "The My Lai Massacre Pictures (15th March 1968)." The My Lai Massacre Pictures (15th March 1968). N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Nov. 2012. This website gave me many pictures which were taken during the My Lai Massacre. This was used in a slideshow in the warfare Before Protocol 1 page. This showed me rather than telling me how awful the My Lai massacre was. "International Humanitarian Law - Additional Protocol I 1977." International Humanitarian Law - Additional Protocol I 1977. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Jan. 2013. This website gave me a place where an unabridged version of Protocol 1 could be accessed. This website is where the link on the Protocol1 page leads to, and what I quoted my Articles on the same page off of. I learned what the actual Protocol said, versus summaries which were very common. Moore, Douglas W. "Twenty First Century Embedded Journalists: Lawful Targets?" Academic Onefile. Academic Onefile, Jan. 2009. Web. 2 Jan. 2013. This website gave me a further understanding of why or why not a journalist should be protected under the Geneva Conventions, with an overall view that they should be protected. This resource was used for information purposes, and to make sure that I had a full understanding of Protocol 1. I learned not only the pros but the cons as well, seeing as most places that I got to only have one view.

"The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II: A Collection of Primary Sources." The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II: A Collection of Primary Sources. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Dec. 2012. This website gave me a collection of primary sources and portrays many different snippets of information such as pictures and quotes. These were used throughout the project to support my thesis. I learned many different views and what it felt like to be in the middle of a chaos such as World War 2. "Video Transcript for Archival Research Catalog." National Archives. National Archives, n.d. Web.

This website contains a video transcript that shows what was said during a report on the treatments if German prisoners of war in American detainment camps and how they were treated within the confines of the Geneva Conventions. A quote from this transcript was featured at the top of my Arguments for Protocol 1 page. I learned for one that there were American prisoner of war camps in America, but also how we were fully complying with the Geneva Conventions even before Protocol 1.

Secondary
Books
Coupland, Robin M. The SIrUS Project: Towards a Determination of Which Weapons Cause "superfluous Injury or Unnecessary Suffering" Geneva: International Committee of the Red Cross, 1997. Web. This book shows the pros and cons of deciding which weapons cause unnecessary suffering. This was used to help support the Arguments for Protocol 1 page of my website. I learned different viewpoints of what really classifies a weapon to cause excessive trauma and to make decisions on my own instead of being fed someone elses opinion. Egendorf, Laura K. Human Rights: Opposing Viewpoints. Ed. Scott Barbour and Helen Cothran. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven, 2003. Print. This book clearly outlines rare counter examples of common debates regarding human rights; I used the section regarding whether or not the treatment of Taliban and alQaida prisoners in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba is a breach of the Geneva Conventions. I used the information gleaned to expand the counter-example section of my website. I learned not only about the treatment of prisoners in Guantanamo Bay, but also about how a true counter-example is formatted. Iriye, Akira, Petra Goedde, and William I. Hitchcock, eds. The Human Rights Revolution An International History. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2012. Print. This book gives a clear history of human rights and how Protocol 1 was so effective in aiding the treatment of people, civilians and non-civilians. This was used as information rather than on the actual project. I learned the full, unabridged history of human rights. Neier, Aryeh. The International Human Rights Movement: A History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 2012. Print. This book also gives an account of human rights history, but focuses more on the Geneva Conventions and how they turned around the treatment of civilians. This book was used for research purposes only, but helped greatly when typing a fully rounded positive arguments section. I learned greatly about how dreadfully civilians were treated, and how heroic the Geneva Conventions were for protecting them.

Web
Beehner, Lionel. "Council on Foreign Relations." Council on Foreign Relations. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Jan. 2013. This article provides great information on the proceedings of an actual international council, such as the Geneva Convention. This was used for research, and I learned about many different details of Council Proceedings. "Crimes of War." Crimes of War: Protected Persons. N.P., n.d. Web. 8 Jan. 2013. This online article shows information and defines what qualifies as a protected person or not. This was greatly appreciated for research and was kept in mind when writing about prisoners of war. I learned about what exact factors lend to a protected person and to a not protected person. "Geneva Conventions (1864-1977)." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 09 Jan. 2013. This online encyclopedia gave general information on the Geneva Conventions. This was used in the Geneva Conventions page to help fill in the history. I learned all of the basics of the Geneva Conventions. "Nuclear Weapon Effects." Nuclear Weapon Effects. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Jan. 2013. This online article provided information on nuclear bombs, and has a graph of the area of destruction. I used this graph and this information in my World War 2 page. This website educated on the exact science of a nuclear bomb that causes injury. "World War II (1939-45)." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 09 Jan. 2013. This website provides information on World War II. This was used in my Warfare before Protocol 1 page. I learned all of the basic facts about World War II.

Process Paper
When I first learned the theme, Turning Points In History: People Ideas and Events, I knew that deciding on my topic was going to be challenging. Honestly, I didnt have a clue what I was going to choose until I overheard my friends talking about warfare. Then, a memory hit my mind. I remembered that, when I was about seven, newscasts everywhere were broadcasting that new laws on warfare became effective. I had remembered the Geneva Conventions. I went home and researched, found a different part of what I remembered, and chose it immediately. Protocol 1 represents a positive turning point in warfare in that it permanently changed peoples' ideas about war by restricting and making prosecutable the use of excessive weapons, abusive treatment of civilians in war, and the destruction of life supplies. As a result of reaching my decision about my topic, I began my lengthy inquisition. First, this included pages upon pages of websites, seeing as the internet was most immediate source of information. After I had sifted through what seemed like every word even remotely related to my topic, I turned to a more physical form of information; the library. Its lucky I did, because there I gained access to databases and documents and every miniscule piece of information. By the time I was finished, however, I knew that, in order for my project to be a success, I needed first-hand information. Subsequently, I emailed my cousin and asked for an interview, seeing as he has been an army nurse in Iraq, and thankfully he agreed. Also, he emailed me photographs of him in his uniform. This concluded my research, but now I had the challenge of stitching it together. As soon as History Day had been initiated, my mind told me that a website was the best medium. It was great for exploiting my computer skills, it could support every form of media, and it could be reached from anywhere. With that being such an easy decision, I was able to quickly begin to

put my project together. Before long, I had converted my videos and cut them to comply with the rules. Then I began typing, in chronological order, the events leading up to this turning point. Before I knew it, I had created entire pages about my turning point, and I had made a website that I was proud of. My topic fits the theme seamlessly, because it involves every possible aspect of it. It is an event that turned around peoples ideas about warfare from a bloody excuse to fight to a protection of human rights. No longer are excessive weaponry used and civilians abused, no longer are people left dead because their food had been destroyed by an enemy that they hadnt even fought. As a result of Protocol 1, peoples ideas were turned around, and people feel safe.