BODY MECHANICS

Fundamental of Nursing I

BODY MECHANICS
The purposeful and coordinated use of body parts and position during activity. Describe the efficient, coordinating, and safe use of the body to move objects and carry out the activities of daily living.

THE IMPORTANCE OF BODY MECHANICS

Proper body alignment and posture prevent fatigue and deformities Good posture promotes normal physiological functions of the body. It aids in circulation and digestion It helps to maintain the balance of the body without undue strain on the body parts It contributes to ones beauty Good posture prevents the development of kyphosis, lardosis and scoliosis etc.

POOR POSTURE WILL CAUSE

PRINCIPLES OF BODY MECHANICS

Proper balancing of all parts helps to conserve energy. Stability of the body is maintained by is maintained by having a greater base of support Injury and strain on the lower back can be avoided by performing pelvic tilt before the activity

CONT

Facing the direction of work will help to avoid the chances of injury Initiating movement requires more energy than maintaining the movement of an object Moving an object from a level surface requires less energy Reducing friction between the object moved and the surface on which it is moved requires less energy Holding an object close to the body requires less energy than holding it farther away.

CONT

Muscle strain can be avoided by using the strong leg muscles when lifting, pushing and pulling Smooth continuous movements are easier and safer than sudden and sharp or uncontrolled movements Using rhythmic movements at normal speed require less energy

HOW TO SIT CORRECTLY

RULES OF BODY MECHANICS

Assess

the situation carefully before acting, careful planning is very important Maintain good posture in all activities. Stand with a wide base support. The greater the base of support the more stable the body is. Use stronger, larger and longer muscles of the body which include the shoulders, upper arms, thighs and hips While lifting, moving or carrying an object keep it close to the body to prevent unnecessary strain on the muscle

CONT
Avoid

unnecessary bending and reaching for the object. Flex the knees to come close to the object. Adjust the bed /table to the proper height. Keep work close to the body e.g., sit close to the desk when performing a task at a desk Slide, roll, push or pull the object rather than lifting it in order to reduce the energy needed to lift the weight against the pull of gravity

CONT
Use

the weight of the body to pull or push an object Face the area of direction of work Use both the hands and arms for lifting , moving or carrying While changing the direction of movement turn the whole body Avoid sudden jerky movements To lift heavy objects get help from others. Squat to lift heavy objects from the floor

CONT
Bend

hips, knees to alter position of the body. Use elbows, hip and knees as levers when lifting Use mechanical devices when appropriate. Holding the breath during a physical activity is an indication of muscle strain and inefficient use of body mechanics

PROPER LIFTING

PROPER LIFTING

CORRECT
POSITION

THEREFORE, WE MUST LEARN FROM HIM!

POSITIONING

PRONE POSITION
Used to examine spine and back. Patient lies on abdomen with head turned to one side for comfort. Arms may be above head or alongside body. Cover with sheet or bath blanket. NOTE: An unconscious patient, or one with an abdominal incision or breathing difficulty usually cannot lie in this position.

HORIZONTAL RECUMBENT POSITION

Used for most physical examinations. Patient is on his back with legs extended. Arms may be above the head, alongside the body or folded on the chest.

DORSAL RECUMBENT POSITION

Use: For vaginal examination Patient is on his back with knees flexed and soles of feet flat on the bed. Fold sheet once across the chest. Fold a second sheet crosswise over the thighs and legs so that genital area is easily exposed.

FOWLER'S POSITION
Used to promote drainage or ease breathing. Also for eating, improvement of cardiac output and watching TV Sitting position raises clients head 80 - 90 (high) with pillows support for head, arms and legs

Contraindications: Post spine or brain surgery

SEMI FOWLERS
Semi-sitting position with head elevation of 30 45 Uses: Clients with difficulty of breathing. Also for eating, improvement of cardiac output and watching TV Contraindications: Post spine or brain surgery

DORSAL LITHOTOMY POSITION

Used for examination of pelvic organs. Similar to dorsal recumbent position, except that the patient's legs are well separated and thighs are acutely flexed. Feet are usually placed in stirrups. Fold sheet or bath blanket crosswise over thighs and legs so that genital area is easily exposed. Keep patient covered as much as possible.

SIM'S POSITION
Used for rectal examination. A choice position for clients with pressure sore or bony prominences of back and sacrum Patient is on left side with right knee flexed against abdomen and left knee slightly flexed. Left arm is behind body; right arm is placed comfortably. NOTE: Patient with leg injuries or arthritis usually cannot assume this position.

KNEE-CHEST POSITION
Used for rectal and vaginal examinations and as treatment to bring uterus into normal position. Patient is on knees with chest resting on bed and elbows resting on bed or arms above head. Head is turned to one side. Thighs are straight and lower legs are flat on bed. NOTE: Do not leave patient alone; he/she may become dizzy, faint, and fall.

SIDE-LYING
Client lies on the side with weight on the hip and shoulder with pillows supporting legs, arm, head and back Uses: A choice position for clients with pressure sore or bony prominences of back and sacrum Contraindications: Clients with post hip replacement and other orthopedic surgery

TRENDELENBURG
Lies supine with head 30 - 40 lower than the feet Uses: For postural drainage and promotion of venous blood return Contraindication: Increase intra cranial pressure. Hypotension may result from this position

DEVICES USED FOR POSITIONING:

Pillows Provides support, raise/elevate body parts Trochanter rolls Prevent external rotation of legs when patient is in supine position Sand bags Provide support and shape to body contours; immobilize extremities and maintain specific body alignment Side rails Bars positioned along the sides of the length of the bed. These ensure that the client remains safe and are very useful in increasing mobility.

These also aid rolling from side to side or sitting up in bed Trapeze bar This hangs from a securely fastened overhead bar attached to the bed frame. This allows the client to use the upper extremities to raise the trunk off the bed Bed boards These are plywood boards placed under the entire surface of the mattress and are useful for increasing back support and alignment

Foot board Place perpendicular to the mattress, parallel to and touching the plantar surfaces of the patients feet. It prevents foot drop by maintaining the dorsiflexion of the feet. The nurse must check if the clients feet are firmly placed against the board.

ACTIVITY & EXERCISES

Type

of physical activity defined as planned, structured and repetitive bodily movement done to improve or maintain physical fitness Range of Motion the maximum movement that is possible for a joint. Do not force it beyond where it will move comfortably

Flexibility:

the ability to move a joint through a series of articulations in a full non-restricted, pain-free range of motion (ROM). Stretching: techniques used to lengthen shortened soft tissues at the musculo tendinous units to facilitate an increase in ROM.

PURPOSES
To

maintain good body alignment To improve muscle strength and endurance To improve muscle tone To improve circulation To relieve spasm To prevent or correct contracture deformities To promote sense of well-being

TYPES OF EXERCISES

ROM Done by the client Passive ROM Done for the client Active-Resistive ROM Done by the client against a weight or force Active Assistive ROM Done by the stronger arm and leg to the weaker arm and leg
Active

JOINT MOVEMENTS

Flexion

Decreasing the angle of the

joints Example: Bending the elbow Extension Increasing the angle of the joints Example: Straightening the arm at the elbow Hyperextension Further extension or straightening of a joint Example: Bending the head backward

 Movement of the bone away from the midline of the body Adduction Movement of the bone towards the midline of the body Rotation Movement of the bone around its central axis Circumduction Movement of the distal part
Abduction

 Eversion

Turning the sole of the foot outward by moving the ankle joint Turning the sole of the foot inward by moving the ankle joint Moving the bones of the forearm so that the palm of the hand face downward when held in front of the body
Moving the bones of the forearm so that the palm

Inversion

Pronation

Supination

ALPHABET SIGN LANGUAGE

END!!!!!

THE END THANK YOU

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