Methods and Tools for BPR

An Integrated Framework for Methods and Tools for BPR Process Modeling Methods and Tools
IDEF0 Functional Flowchart

Data Modeling Methods and Tools

IDEF1x

Supporting Technologies for BPR Activities

Groupware Process Simulation Organization Modeling Tools
Minder Chen, 1995

- IDEF 85 -

A Framework of Integrating Methods & Tools for BPR

cost and performance data compared to the baseline activity cost data Analyze the activity costs of the process

information of a process

Elicit semi-formal process and data models

Construct/ performance revise semi-formal static business data process process models
model

ABC Tool (IDEFCost, Easy ABC)

Analyze the dynamics of the process

Process Modeling Tools (IDEFine, BDF)

GDSS (GroupSystems V)
semi-formal data model

Simulation Tool (SIMROCESS)

finalized process model

Construct/ revise business data models

Construct formal IS models & generate information systems

Target information system generated

Data Modeling Tools (ERwin, BDF)

Minder Chen, 1995

CASE Tool (IEF)

- IDEF 86 -

IDEF Notations
Order processing policy Work schedule

Customer order

Process Order

Processed order

Order processing system

Order processing clerks

Legends

Controls

Inputs

Function

Outputs

Mechanism

Minder Chen, 1995

- IDEF 87 -

Process Modeling for BPR

Controls Specifications Schedules Inputs: Materials & Information Suppliers Process Requirements
1. Entry Conditions 2. Exit Conditions 3. Decomposition

Outputs: Materials & Information Customers Satisfiers

Minder Chen, 1995

Mechanism Resources Infrastructures Costs

- IDEF 88 -

ICOM in IDEF
The ICOM of a function represents certain system principles:

Inputs are transformed into outputs, controls constrain or dictate under what conditions transformations occur, and mechanisms describe how the function is accomplished.
An IDEF box and its ICOM can be described as:

C I
"Inputs are transformed by the function into outputs according to controls, using mechanisms."

Minder Chen, 1995

- IDEF 89 -

Definition of ICOM
Input: Describe resources or data that are needed to
perform the function and are transformed by the function into outputs.

Control: Describe the conditions, rules, procedures,

or circumstances that govern the execution of the function. An arrow is a control unless it obviously serves only as input. Each function should have at least one control arrow. Most of controls are in the form of data. Output: The data or objects produced when the function is performed.

Mechanism: Define the supporting mechanisms that

carry out the function. A mechanism may be a person, an organizational unit, a physical device, or a computer program.
Minder Chen, 1995

- IDEF 90 -

An Example of an IDEF Diagram

In-service asset

Detected or suspected malfunction, or Item is scheduled for bench-check Remove & Replace Replaced asset 1 Man-hour standards and personnel availability Schedule into Shop 2 Asset (before repair) Inspect or Repair 3 Assets awaiting parts Asset (after repair) Status records

Spare asset

Repairable asset

Replacement or original (repaired)

Completed asset
Monitor & Route 4 Spare or NRTS

NODE:

TITLE:

NUMBER:

AF

Maintain Repairable Spares (FEO)

pg. 4-5

Source: Integrated Computer-Aided Manufacturing (ICAM): Functional Minder Chen, 1995 Modeling Manual (IDEF0), June 1981, p. 4-5.

- IDEF 91 -

IDEF0 as a Constraint Diagram

FUNCTION A

FUNCTION B

FUNCTION C

(Function B is constrained by one input and two controls, and produces a single output, which constrains Function C).

Minder Chen, 1995

- IDEF 92 -

IDEF0 Model Structure

C1 I1 I2 O1

A-0
I1 C1
1

GENERAL

I2

2 3

4
A0

O1

Abstraction

The diagram A0 is the "parent" of the diagram A4.

A4

2
3

Refinement

1 2 3

DETAILED

Minder Chen, 1995

A42

- IDEF 93 -

Node Tree
Manufacture Product

A1 Plan for Manufacture

A11 Assume a Structure and Method of Manufacturing

A12 Estimate Requirements, Cost, Time to Produce

A13 Develop Production Plans

A14 Develop Support Activities Plan

Minder Chen, 1995

- IDEF 94 -

Node Index
A0 Manufacture Product A1 Plan for Manufacture A11 Assume a Structure and Method of Manufacture A12 Estimate Requirements, Cost, Time to Produce A13 Develop Production Plans A14 Develop Support Activities Plan A2 .......

Minder Chen, 1995

- IDEF 95 -

Attributes of Processes
Basic
Name Description Author Audit trails

Performance data
Importance: Core, Critical Value Added: Business, Customer, None Cycle time: Mean, Variance, and Distribution Cost/Unit

Minder Chen, 1995

- IDEF 96 -

ICOM Balancing: The Match Must Be Complete and Consistent

Parent Diagram 1 Parent Box 2 3
This arrow is a control from the parent

Detail Diagram

1
2 3

This arrow continue on the parent

Minder Chen, 1995

This arrow is an input from the parent

- IDEF 97 -

ICOM Codes Are Written on the Detail Diagram

This is C2 below This is C1 below This is C3 below

This is I1 below

This is O1 below

This is I2 below

Box of Parent to be Detailed

This is O2 below

ICOM code must be written at the unconnected ends of all boundary arrows except for A-0 diagram and on tunneled arrows.

C1

C3

C2

1
I1

O1

2
I2 O2

3
Minder Chen, 1995

- IDEF 98 -

Tunneled Arrows
( ) Tunneling an arrow where it connects to a box indicates that the data conveyed is not necessary at the next level of decomposition.

( )

Tunneled Arrows at Connected Ends

( )

( )

( )

Tunneling an arrow at the unconnected end indicates that the data conveyed is not relevant to or supplied by the parent diagram.

( )

Tunneled Arrows at Unconnected Ends Minder Chen, 1995

( ) ( )

- IDEF 99 -

Tunneled Arrows and ICOM Codes

corporate policy
( )

Control will not be shown on detail diagram This arrow is still labeled as C3

A0

PARENT DIAGRAM

C1 C3 I1

status report to controller's office

Output not shown on parent diagram

O1

A2

DETAIL DIAGRAM

Minder Chen, 1995

- IDEF 100 -

Process Evaluation
Eliminate Simplify Combine Parallelize Automate Create value-adding processes

Minder Chen, 1995

- IDEF 101 -

Inputs Evaluation
Type: Data, Material Performance:
Quality Cost/Unit: include cost of processing purchase order, shipping cost, cost of the inputs, and inventory cost. Delivery timeliness Volume: Average and peak

Reduce the cost of inputs. Alternative sources of inputs. Ensure timeliness of inputs delivery.
Minder Chen, 1995

- IDEF 102 -

Controls Evaluation
Reduce unnecessary controls Embed controls as part of the process Let the workers who perform the process conduct the checking. Improve the procedures and guidelines of the process. Empower workers to learn and think and give them authority to make decision to make changes and improvements

Minder Chen, 1995

- IDEF 103 -

Mechanism Evaluation
Who should perform the process? Are tools used for performing the process adequate? What are emerging and matured techniques, tools, and information technologies that may help the improvement of process productivity or effectiveness? What is the cost of the resources in employing the mechanism? Are there alternatives? Are there adequate training programs for employees in using tools and methods?

Minder Chen, 1995

- IDEF 104 -

Standard Flowchart Symbols

Annotation Delay Direction of process flow Movement/ Transportation Storage

Activity

Connector Decision Point

Transmission

Begin/End Paper document

Minder Chen, 1995

- IDEF 105 -

Functional Flowchart (Process Mapping)

A C T I V I T Y

Customer Service 1 Begin

Enter Order

Credit Checking 2
Check Credit

Inventory Shipping

1 0.1 0.2 ... 1 4 1 ...

P R O C E S S

C Y C L E

OK
Order Processing

1 2 3 4 ... Update Inventory

Ship order
End
Minder Chen, 1995

- IDEF 106 -