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11th Philippine Mathematical Olympiad Questions, Answers, and Hints

Qualifying Stage, 18 October 2008 Part I. Each correct answer is worth two points.
1 1. Simplify: 1 3 + 1 1 + 5 7 1 . 11 941 1155

(a)

940 1155

(b)

(c)

942 1155

(d)

943 1155

2. If 30% of p is q, and 20% of q is 12, what is 50% of p + q? (a)

+ 12)

(b) 130 3 54 + 6

(c) 4? (c)

3 p 10

+ 1q 5

(d) 100

3. Which of the following is equal to (a) 3 128 (b) 3 56

54 4

(d)

112

4. Let ABCD be a square with each side of length 1 unit. If M is the intersection of its diagonals and P is the midpoint of M B, what is the square of the length of AP ? (a)
3 4

(b)

5 8

(c)

1 2

(d)

3 8

5. How many ordered pairs (x, y) of positive integers satisfy 2x + 5y = 100? (a) 8 (b) 9 (c) 10 (d) 11

6. Find the area of the circle that circumscribes a right triangle whose legs are of lengths 6 cm and 10 cm. (a) 34 cm2 (b) 68 cm2 (c) 102 cm2
2 3

(d) 136 cm2

7. How many real roots does the equation log(x2 3x)3 4 = (a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 3

have? (d) 4

8. Find the largest integer value of n such that 1 3 5 7 31 33 35 is divisible by 3n . (a) 6 (b) 7 (c) 8 (d) 9

9. Let 0 < x < 1. Which of the following has the largest value? (a) x3 (b) x2 + x (c) x2 + x3 (d) x4

10. Find the sum of all the 4-digit positive numbers with no zero digit. (a) 36644635 (b) 36644645 (c) 36445335 (d) 36446355

11. Find the number of real roots of the equation x5 x4 + x3 4x2 12x = 0. (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 5

1 12. Let ABCD be a trapezoid with BC AD and AB = BC = CD = 2 AD. Determine ACD.

(a) 75

(b) 85

(c) 90

(d) 135

13. How many 4-digit positive numbers, whose digits are from the set {1, 2, 3, 4}, are divisible by 4? (a) 16 (b) 32 (c) 48 (d) 64

14. How many real numbers x satisfy the equation xx = x2 ? (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) innite

15. Let x be the solution of the equation x + 2007 x + 2008 x+1 x+2 x+3 + + + + + = 2008. 1 2 3 2007 2008 Which of the following is true? (a) x > 1 (b) x = 1 (c) 0 < x < 1 (d) x 0

Part II. Each correct answer is worth three points. 16. The roots of the quadratic equation x2 51x + k = 0 dier by 75, where k is a real number. Determine the sum of the squares of the roots. (a) 756 (b) 3825 (c) 4113 (d) 5625

17. Marco plans to give (not necessarily even) his eight marbles to his four friends. If each of his friends receives at least one marble, in how many ways can he apportion his marbles? (a) 32 (b) 33 (c) 34 (d) 35

18. How many triangles (up to congruence) with perimeter 16 cm and whose lengths of its sides are integers? (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6

19. Which of the following is not satised by any solution of the system x2 xy 2y 2 = 4 x2 + 2xy + 3y 2 = 3 ? (a) x = 2y (b) 9y = x (c) x = 4y (d) y 2 = 1

20. If a, b, c, d are real numbers with a > b and c > d, which of the following is always true? (a) ac > bd (b) a2 + c2 > b2 + d2 (c) ac + bd > ad + bc (d) ad + bc > ac + bd

ab 21. Given that 0 < b < a and a2 + b2 = 6ab, what is the value of ? a+b (a) 2 (b) 1 + 2 (c) 1 2 (d) 1 + 2 2 22. How many values of n for which n and (a) 3 (b) 4 n+3 are both integers? n1 (c) 5 (d) 6

23. In an isosceles triangle ABC, where AB = BC, there exists a point P on the segment AC such that AP = 6, P C = 4, and BP = 2. Determine the perimeter of triangle ABC. (a) 10 + 2 7 (b) 10 + 4 7 (c) 12 + 2 7 (d) 12 + 4 7 24. Each side of the square ABCD is 12 meters long. The side AB is divided into three equal segments: AE, EF , and F B. Segments CE and DF intersect at point H. Find the area of triangle HCD. (a) 48 m2 (b) 54 m2 (c) 60 m2 (d) 72 m2

25. An operation on the set of positive integers is dened by a b = (a + b)ab . Evaluate 1024 (512 (256 (128 (64 (32 (16 (8 (4 (2 1))))))))). (a) 2027 (b) 2028 (c) 2047 (d) 2048

Part III. Each correct answer is worth six points. 26. If a3 + 12ab2 = 679 and 9a2 b + 12b3 = 978, nd a2 4ab + 4b2 . (a) 1 (b) 9 (c) 25 (d) 49 y= 17+ x?

27. How many ordered pairs (x, y) of positive integers satisfy the equation (a) none (b) 1 (c) 2

(d) innite

28. Let f : R R be a function such that f (a + b) = f (a) + f (b) and that f (2008) = 3012. What is f (2009)? (a) 3012.5 (b) 3013 (c) 3013.5 (d) 3014

29. The length of each side of the squares ABCD and DEF G (both labeled in counterclockwise direction) is 5 units. If AG is 8 units, how many units is BF ? (a) 11 (b) 12 (c) 13 (d) 14

30. A point M is chosen inside the square ABCD in such a way that M AC = M CD = x. Determine ABM . (a) 90 2x (b) 180 3x (c) 90 x (d) 2x

Area Stage, 22 November 2008 Part I. No solution is needed. All answers must be in simplest form. Each correct answer merits two points. 1. For what integer a does the compound inequality a < 48 + 140 < a + 1 hold? 2. For what real numbers x is the equation (x2 + 6x + 10)x
2 +2

= 1 true?

3. Each element of the arithmetic sequence 101, 111, 121, . . . , 201 is multiplied to each element of the arithmetic sequence 212, 222, 232, . . . , 302. What is the sum when all these products are added? 4. Let x be a real number such that csc x + cot x = 3. Evaluate csc x cot x. 5. The sum of the areas of two similar polygons is 65 square units. If their perimeters are 12 units and 18 units, respectively, nd the area of the larger polygon. x 6. Find all positive real values of x for which xx = (xx )x . 7. In quadrilateral ABCD, it is given that AB = BC = 4 cm, ABC = 100 , and CDA = 130 . Find the length of BD. 8. How many polynomials are there of the form x3 10x2 + cx + d, where c and d are integers, such that the three roots are distinct positive integers? 9. The bases of a trapezoid are 9 in and 15 in, respectively. Its altitude is 7 in. Find the area of the quadrilateral formed by joining the midpoints of the adjacent sides of the trapezoid. 10. If x R, what is the least possible value of the expression |x + 1| + |x 2| + |5 x|? 11. Chuckie was born before the year 2000. This year 2008, his age is exactly the sum of the digits of his year of birth. How old is Chuckie now? 12. Let x, y, z R such that 6x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2x(y + 2z). What is x + y + z? 13. In how many ways can the letters of the word OLYMPIAD be arranged if the vowels must be in alphabetical order? 14. Find the largest integer that divides all terms of the sequence {an }, where an = n5 n, n 1. 15. A right triangle has sides of integral length and its area is equal to its perimeter. What is the least possible length of one of its legs? 16. Give the prime factorization of 320 + 319 12. 17. How many integers between 2 and 10000 do not share a prime factor with 10000?

18. In isosceles triangle ABC, the base angles at B and C measure 40 . The bisector of angle B intersects AC at point D, and BD is extended to point E so that DE = AD. Find BEC. 19. At least how many 3-digit composite numbers should be chosen to ensure that at least two of the chosen numbers are not relatively prime? 20. Let AB and BC be two consecutive sides of a regular pentagon inscribed in a unit circle (that is, a circle of radius 1 unit). Find the value of (AB AC)2 . Part II. Show the solution to each problem. A complete and correct solution merits ten points. 21. Consider the numbers 1, 10, 19, . . . , 2008, which form an arithmetic sequence. A number n is the sum of eleven distinct numbers from this sequence. How many (dierent) possible values of n are there? 22. Let a, b, and c be nonnegative real numbers such that a + b + c = 1. Prove that 1 a bc + b ac + c ab . 3 23. The bisector of BAC intersects the circumcircle of ABC at a second point D. Let AD and BC intersect at point E, and F be the midpoint of segment BC. If AB 2 + AC 2 = 2AD2 , show that EF = DF .

National Stage, 24 January 2009 Oral Phase 15-Second Round. Each correct answer credits two points. 15.1 Dene the operation by a b = 4a 3b + ab for all a, b R. For what real numbers y does 12 = 3 y? 15.2 Six numbers from a list of nine integers are 4, 9, 3, 6, 7, and 3. What is the largest possible value of the median of all nine integers in this list? 15.3 Triangle ABC has vertices with coordinates A(1, 3), B(4, 1), and C(3, 5). A point D on AC is chosen so that the area of triangle ABD is equal to the area of triangle CBD. Find the length of segment BD. 15.4 How many positive integers less than 2009 are divisible by 28 but not by 12? 15.5 Find all real numbers x that satisfy the equation (x3 x)x
3 +x2 2x

= 0.

15.6 What is the maximum number of points of intersection of the graphs of two dierent fourth-degree polynomial functions y = P (x) and y = Q(x), each with leading coecient 1? 15.7 Let f be a function satisfying f (xy) = f (2008) = 1, what is f (2009)? 15.8 Simplify the following expression 2+ 6 . 2+ 3 f (x) for all positive real numbers x and y. If y

15.9 If the letters of the word MATHEMATICS are repeatedly and consecutively written, what is the 2009th letter? 15.10 A rectangular piece of paper, 24 cm long by 18 cm wide, is folded once in such a way that two diagonally opposite corners coincide. What is the length of the crease? 15.11 A chemist has x liters of sugar solution that is x% sugar. How many liters of sugar must be added to this solution to yield a sugar solution that is 3x% sugar? 15.12 In how many ways can 60 students be distributed into 6 buses if a bus can contain zero to 60 students? 15.13 If r1 , r2 , r3 , r4 are the roots of the equation 4x4 3x3 x2 + 2x 6 = 0, what is 1 1 1 1 + + + ? r1 r2 r3 r4 15.14 If sin x + cos x = 3 1, what is sin 2x?

15.15 The Philippines ocially joined the International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) in 1989. In what country was this IMO held? 30-Second Round. Each correct answer credits three points. 30.1 The rst, fourth, and eighth terms of a nonconstant arithmetic sequence form a geometric sequence. If its twentieth term is 56, what is its tenth term? 30.2 Let and be acute angles such that tan =
1 7

and sin =

10 . 10

Find cos( + 2).

30.3 A point P is outside a circle and is 15 cm from the center. A secant through P cuts the circle at Q and R so that the external segment P Q is 9 cm and QR is 8 cm. Find the radius of the circle. 30.4 What is the coecient of x5 in the polynomial expansion of (2 x + x2 )4 ? 30.5 All the students in a geometry class took a 100-point test. Six students scored 100, each student scored at least 50, and the mean score was 68. What is the smallest possible number of students in the class?

30.6 Let a b > 1. What is the largest possible value of loga a b + logb ? b a

30.7 Let P (x) be a polynomial that, when divided by x 19, has the remainder 99, and, when divided by x 99, has the remainder 19. What is the remainder when P (x) is divided by (x 19)(x 99)? 30.8 In the plane, two concentric circles with radii 8 cm and 10 cm are given. The smaller circle divides a chord of the larger circle into three equal parts. Find the length of the chord.
12

30.9 Let f be a function such that f (2 3x) = 4 x. Find the value of

f (i).

30.10 The number 63 999 999 has exactly ve prime factors. Find their sum. 60-Second Round. Each correct answer credits six points. 60.1 Equilateral triangle DEF is inscribed in equilateral triangle ABC with DE BC. If the area of DEF is 6 cm2 , what is the area of ABC? 60.2 For any positive integer n, dene f (n) =
2009

log9 n 0

if log9 n is rational, otherwise.

What is
n=1

f (n)?

60.3 A point P is selected at random from the interior of the pentagon with vertices A = (0, 2), B = (4, 0), C = (2 + 1, 0), D = (2 + 1, 4), and E = (0, 4). What is the probability that AP B is acute? 60.4 Let P (n) and S(n) denote the product and the sum, respectively, of the digits of the positive integer n. Determine all two-digit numbers N that satisfy the equation N = P (N ) + 2S(N ). 60.5 The vertices of a cube are each colored by either black or white. Two colorings of the cube are said to be geometrically the same if one can be obtained from the other by rotating the cube. In how many geometrically dierent ways can such coloring of the cube be done?

Written Phase You are given three hours to solve all problems. Each item is worth eight points. 1. The sequence {a0 , a1 , a2 , . . .} of real numbers satises the recursive relation n(n + 1)an+1 + (n 2)an1 = n(n 1)an for every positive integer n, where a0 = a1 = 1. Calculate the sum a0 a1 a2008 + + + . a1 a2 a2009 2. (a) Find all pairs (n, x) of positive integers that satisfy the equation 2n + 1 = x2 . (b) Find all pairs (n, x) of positive integers that satisfy the equation 2n = x2 + 1. 3. Each point of a circle is colored either red or blue. (a) Prove that there always exists an isosceles triangle inscribed in this circle such that all its vertices are colored the same. (b) Does there always exist an equilateral triangle inscribed in this circle such that all its vertices are colored the same? 4. Let k be a positive real number such that 1 1 1 + + 1 k+a k+b k+c for any positive real numbers a, b, and c with abc = 1. Find the minimum value of k. 5. Segments AC and BD intersect at point P such that P A = P D and P B = P C. Let E be the foot of the perpendicular from P to the line CD. Prove that the line P E and the perpendicular bisectors of the segments P A and P B are concurrent.

Answers and Hints

21. Write n = 11 + 9(a1 + a2 + + a11 ), where a1 , a2 , . . . , a11 are distinct elements of the set {0, 1, 2, . . . , 223}. Let X = a1 + a2 + + a11 . By showing that the integers from 55 to 2398 are possible values of X, there are 2398 55 + 1 = 2344 possible values of X (and also of n). 22. The desired inequality follows from the following inequalities: (i) 2a bc ab + ac, 2b ac ab + bc, 2c ab ac + bc (ii) 4a bc a2 + a2 + b2 + c2 , 4b ac a2 + b2 + b2 + c2 , 4c ab a2 + b2 + c2 + c2 . These inequalities follow from the AM-GM Inequality.

23. By symmetry, we assume that AB < AC. Use Ptolemys Theorem and the Angle Bisector Theorem to show that BC(AC AB) DF = EF = . 2(AB + AC) National Stage, Oral Phase 15.1. all real numbers 15.2. 7 15.3. 2 2 15.4. 48 15.5. 1 15.6. 3 15.7. 2008/2009 15.8. 2 15.9. A 15.10. 22.5 cm 15.11. 2x2 /(100 3x) 15.12. 660 15.13. 1/3 15.14. 3 2 3 15.15. Germany 30.1. 36 30.2. 2/2 30.3. 6 2 cm 30.4. 28 30.5. 17 30.6. 0 30.7. x + 118 30.8. 9 2 cm 30.9. 66 30.10. 577 60.1. 18 cm2 60.2. 21/2 60.3. 11/16 60.4. 14, 36, and 77 60.5. 24

National Stage, Written Phase 1. It can be proved, by induction on n, that an1 /an = n for every positive integer n. Thus, we obtain a2008 (2009)(2010) a0 a1 + + + = 1 + 2 + + 2009 = = 2019045. a1 a2 a2009 2 2. (a) Rewrite the given equation into 2n = (x 1)(x + 1). With the power-of-two argument, the only pair that satises the equation is (3, 3). (b) If n = 1, then x = 1. So, (1, 1) satises the equation. It is not possible that n 2. Thus, (1, 1) is the only pair that satises the equation. 3. (a) By the Pigeonhole Principle, there are three vertices of the same color that form an isosceles triangle. (b) There is a coloring of the points of the circle such that no inscribed equilateral triangle has three vertices of the same color. 4. After considering three cases (when k = 2, when k > 2, and when 0 < k < 2), one can conclude that the minimum value of k is 2. 5. Let the perpendicular bisectors of P A and P B meet at O. Let OP meet CD at F . It suces to show that OF CD.