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    Nerve Physiology

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    nirilib
    this gives a brief overview of structure of neurons with classification of nerves. It also explains the myelinogenesis and properties of the neurons. this helps in basic understanding of nerve physiology

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    Nerve Physiology

    Uploaded by

    nirilib
    4K views31 pages
    this gives a brief overview of structure of neurons with classification of nerves. It also explains the myelinogenesis and properties of the neurons. this helps in basic understanding of nerve physiology

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    this gives a brief overview of structure of neurons with classification of nerves. It also explains the myelinogenesis and properties of the neurons. this helps in basic understanding of nerve physiology

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    4K views31 pages

    Nerve Physiology

    Uploaded by

    nirilib
    this gives a brief overview of structure of neurons with classification of nerves. It also explains the myelinogenesis and properties of the neurons. this helps in basic understanding of nerve physiology

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 31
    At a glance
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    The key takeaways are that the document discusses the nervous system, structure and classification of neurons, and properties of nerves.

    The main parts of a neuron are the axon, dendrites, and cell body.

    Neurons can be classified anatomically, physiologically, by myelination, and numerically based on fiber type and origin.

    Dr.

    Niranjan Murthy H L
    Asst Prof of Physiology
    SSMC, Tumkur
    NERVOUS SYSTEM
    1) Central nervous system- Brain & Spinal
    cord
    2) Peripheral nervous system

    E) Neuron- functional unit


    F) Neuroglia
    STRUCTURE OF NEURON
    • Nerve cell with all it’s processes is
    neuron
    Parts:-
    I. Axon-
    i) generally long
    ii) arises from axon hillock
    iii) axis cylinder has axoplasm, neurofibrils &
    mitochondria
    iv) axons end in terminal buttons
    v) carry impulses away from cell body
    II. Dendrite:-
    i) multiple & short
    ii) contain nissl granules
    iii) carry impulses towards soma
    III. Cell body:- Neurocyton or Soma
    i) Nucleus- pale, large, spherical, central
    ii) Neuroplasm- has neurofibrils, nissl
    granules, mitochondria, golgi apparatus,
    neurosecretory material
    CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS

    I. (a) Golgi bottle type I


    (b) Golgi bottle type II
    II. Anatomic classification-
    a) Unipolar
    b) Pseudounipolar
    c) Bipolar
    d) Multipolar
    e) Apolar
    III. Physio-anatomic classification-
    a) afferent
    i) somatic
    ii) visceral
    b) efferent
    i) somatic
    ii) visceral
    IV. Depending on myelination
    a) myelinated
    b) unmyelinated
    V. Erlanger-Gasser’s Classification:-
    Type Function diameter conduction
    (μm) velocity
    (m/s)
    Aα proprioception, somatic 12-20 70-120
    motor
    Aβ touch, pressure 5-12 30-70
    Aγ motor to muscle spindle 3-6 15-30
    Aδ pain, temperature, 2-5 12-30
    touch
    B preganglionic autonomic <3 3-15
    C i) Dorsal root- pain, touch, 0.4-1.2 0.5-2
    ii) postganglionic 0.3-1.3 0.7-2.3
    VI. Numerical classification
    Number origin fiber type
    Ia Muscle spindle, Aα
    annulospiral ending
    Ib Golgi tendon organ Aα
    II Muscle spindle, flower-spray A β
    ending, touch, pressure
    III Pain, temperature, touch Aδ
    IV Pain dorsal

    root ‘C’
    fibers
    MYELINATION
    Nerve cells in grey matter are
    naked. As they enter white
    matter they acquire myelin
    sheath. As the nerve
    leaves CNS it acquires
    neurolemma (sheath of
    schwann)
    Myelin sheath-
    a protein-lipid complex
    Envelops the axon except at
    its ending & at nodes of
    ranvier
    Myelinogenesis-
    Inside CNS myelin is produced by oligodendroglia &
    outside CNS by schwann cells
    Schwann cell wraps around axon up to 100times. This is
    compacted by apposition of protein zero. Nodes of
    ranvier are periodic 1μm constrictions which are 1mm
    apart where there is no myelination
    PROPERTIES OF NERVE
    • EXCITABILITY- it’s the ability of a
    cell to produce action potential in
    response to a stimulus.

    action potential- it’s a self-propagating


    change in potential across a cell
    membrane.
    LOCAL RESPONSE
    ELECTROTONIC POTENTIAL ACTION POTENTIAL

    Produced due to application of Produced due application of


    subthreshold stimulus threshold stimulus

    It is a local response Propagative type of response

    It is a graded response All or nothing response

    It has no latent period It has a latent period

    It has no refractory period It has a refractory period

    Not affected by hypoxia, Not produced during hypoxia,


    anaesthesia anaesthesia
    Stimulus- it’s a change in environment which brings
    about a change in potential across a membrane in
    an excitable tissue

    Types of stimuli-
    iv) Electrical
    v) Chemical
    vi) Thermal
    vii) Mechanical
    viii) Electromagnetic
    it can also be classified into subliminal,
    minimal (threshold), sub-maximal and maximal,
    depending on the strength of stimulus.
    STRENGTH-DURATION CURVE
    STRENGTH

    2 X RHEOBASE

    RHEOBASE

    UTILISATION TIME
    CHRONAXI
    E
    TIME
    RHEOBASE- minimum current required to
    produce action potential.

    UTILIZATION TIME- time taken for


    response when rheobase current is
    applied.

    CHRONAXIE- time taken for response when


    twice rheobase current is applied. It is a
    measure of excitability of tissues.
    Factors affecting excitability
    • Temperature
    • Mechanical pressure
    • Blood supply
    • Chemicals- CO2 & narcotics
    • pH- increased excitability in alkaline and
    reduced excitability in acidic media.
    • Ions- Na+, Mg++ and K+ are neuro-
    excitatory and Ca++ is neurosedative
    II. CONDUCTIVITY
    Action potential is self-propagative
    Conduction may orthodromic or
    antedromic
    In axon, conduction is towards terminal
    buttons physiologically.
    In myelinated nerves, conduction is
    saltatory type.
    STIMULUS

    + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    -+ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

    + + + + + + + + - - - - - + + + + + + + + + +

    - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - -

    - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - -

    + + + + + + + + - - - - - - + + + + + + + + +
    Factors affecting conductivity

    i) Temperature
    ii) Mechanical pressure
    iii) Blood supply
    iv) Chemicals
    v) pH
    vi) Ions
    vii) Size of the nerve
    viii) Myelination
    IONIC BASIS OF EXCITATION &
    CONDUCTION
    Resting membrane potential-
    mainly due to leaky K+ channels( -70mv)
    Action potential-
    it has depolarization, repolarization,
    after-depolarization and after-
    hyperpolarization phases. It is mainly due
    to Na+ and K+ conductance.
    Catelectrotonic current

    Surface becomes less positive

    Reduced potential difference


    b/w inside & outside

    Opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels

    Rapid influx of Na+

    Potential increases towards Na+ equilibrium


    potential
    Na+ channels enter inactivated state in few
    milliseconds

    Slow opening of voltage-gated K+ channel

    Efflux of K+ ions

    repolarization
    III. ALL OR NONE RESPONSE
    The action potential doesn’t occur in a
    nerve if the stimulus is sub-threshold. If
    the stimulus is threshold and above, the
    action potential produced will be of same
    amplitude, regardless of intensity of
    stimulus.

    * The frequency of action potential increases


    with the increasing intensity of stimulus.
    IV.REFRACTORY PERIOD
    1) Absolute refractory period-
    it is the period during an action potential,
    during which a second stimulus can’t produce
    a second response.

    4) Relative refractory period-


    it is the period during an action potential,
    during which a stimulus of higher intensity can
    produce a second response
    V.ACCOMODATION
    • When a stimulus is applied very slowly, no
    matter however strong it might be, it fails
    to produce an action potential.
    • Cause: a slowly applied stimulus causes
    slower opening of Na+ channels with
    concomitant opening of K+ channels. The
    influx Na+ of is balanced by efflux of K+ .
    COMPOUND ACTION POTENTIAL
    • Multi-peaked action potential recorded
    from a mixed nerve bundle is called a
    compound action potential.

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