Citizens Army Training Hand Book St.

Andrews School

SUBMITTED BY:

Table of contents
I. Drills and Ceremonies1 A. Definition of terms B. Composition of units and their head 2 C. Drills command3 1. School of soldiers without arms7 2. School of soldiers with arms 8 3. Close order drills 9 D. Military drills and ceremonies 10 1. Review 2. Parade 3. Drill commands 11 4. Supplementary commands 5. Mass command 6. Things to observe in giving a command Military courtesy and discipline A. Military courtesy 12 1. Salute 2. Rules in rendering hand salute 3. Types of salute13 B. Reporting an officer 1. Reporting indoors without arms 2. Reporting indoors underarms14 3. Reporting outdoors 4. Reporting for pay C. Other courtesy to individuals D. Honors to the national anthem or to the colors 1. Outdoor14 2. Indoor15 E. Display and salute to the flag F. Military discipline16 1. Relation of courtesy and discipline 2. Importance of discipline 3. Maintenance of discipline Arm forces of the Philippines history17 A. Brief history of the AFP B. Significant facts to remember Military Ranks A. Commissioned officers rank insignias and equivalent to other major services23

II.

III.

IV.

B. Enlisted personnel ranks C. CMP and CATI ranks V. Military leadership and command26 A. Definition B. Command C. Leadership 1. Two types of leader 2. Basic elements of leadership 3. Leadership responsibilities 4. Leadership traits 5. Leadership Principles27 6. Roles of a leader28 7. Objective of a leader Map reading A. Definition28 B. Map colors29 C. Two main parts of the map D. Marginal information 1. Top margin 2. Right margin 3. Bottom margin E. Types of margin30 F. Uses and categories of military maps 1. Types of scale 2. Types of north31 3. Measuring distance 4. Location identifying G. Military symbols34 1. Color 2. Figure 3. Military units 4. Unit representation35 Preparatory Marksmanship36 A. Definition B. Elements of marksmanship C. Steps in preparatory marksmanship D. Sighting and aiming exercise E. Kind of sling adjustment F. Position exercise G. Trigger squeeze37

VI.

VII.

H. Important things to remember37 I. Zeroing the rifle J. Organization of firing line VIII. Basic weapon of the AFP38 A. The U.S. rifle caliber .30M1 (grand) 1. Main group of cal. .30M1 2. Characteristics 3. Other data 4. Sequence of disassembly 5. Operation B. M 16 rifle (5.56 mm armalight)38 1. Characteristics 2. Functioning39 3. General data 4. Sequence of disassembly and assembly40 5. Parts of M 16 rifle41

DRILL AND CEREMONIES All commands in CAT-I drills are given in Filipino language TWO KINDS OF COMMANDS A.) Preparatory commands B.) Command of execution Preparatory command is written in small letters, while the command of execution is written in capital letters as a rule.

FIVE COMMANDS OF EXECUTION 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. TA For manual of arms RAP for facing and movement at rest KAD from rest going to motion NA while in motion to another motion TO while in motion to stop

DEFINITION OF TERMS 1. ELEMENT is a part of unit for example, an individual is an element of a team or a squad, a team is an element of a squad and an element is an element of a platoon. 2. FORMATION The arrangement of elements in a prescribed manner 3. LINE a formation in which the element are placed side by side with each other 4. RANK a single line of individuals or vehicles placed side by side facing to one direction 5. COLUMN a formation where the elements are placed one behind the other 6. FILE a single column of individuals 7. FLANK the right or left side of an individual, unit or formation 8. INTERVAL the space between elements in line. Close interval is four inches while normal is one arm length 9. DISTANCE the space between elements in column 10. CENTER Middle of a formation

11. ALIGNMENT the arrangement of individuals or troops of a straight of a formation 12. GUIDE an individual ahead or at the straight of a platoon or formation designated to control direction and rate of march 13. PACE a step of 28 inches, the length of full step in quick time 14. STEP normal step in marching. A side step is 12 inches; a half step of 14 inches and a back step is 12 inches 15. CADENCE the correct step and timing in marching 16. QUICK TIME a normal cadence in marching at 120 steps per minute 17. DOUBLE TIME a faster cadence in marching at 180 steps per minute 18. DEPTH the space from front to rear of any formation, including the front and rear elements. The depth of a man from his chest to his back is assumed to be 12 inches. 19. BASE the element on which a movement is planned and regulated 20. FRONT the space occupied by an element measures from flank to flank 21. HEAD the leading element in a column 22. in order of march or advance 23. POST the correct place for an officer of non-commissioned officer to stand in a prescribed formation 24. COVER aligning yourself if directly behind the man to your immediate front while maintaining proper distance 25. HALF STEP the rate of marching 60 steps per minute

COMPOSITION OF UNITS AND THEIR HEADS 1. SQUAD composed of 7 or more men in formation (squad leader) 2. PLATOON composed of 2 or more squads plus one guide (platoon leader) 3. COMPANY composed of two or more platoons (company commander) 4. BATTALION composed of two or more companies (battalion commander)

5. REGIMENT composed of 2 or more battalions (regimental commander)

DRILL COMMANDS ENGLISH FILIPINO ENGLISH FILIPINO

File..Hanay Assemble....Magtipan Squad.Tilap Platoon...Pulutong Company....Balanghay Battalion.....Talupad RegimentSampanaw Brigade...Bukluran Division.......Danay Fall In.Humanay Attention....Humanda Parade, Rest...Tikas, Pahinga Stand AT Ease...TindigPaluwag RestPahinga Fall Out..Tumiwalag

Dismissed...Lumansag Left Face....Harapsakaliwa, RAP Right Face..Harapsakanan, RAP Hand Salute....PugayKamay Count Cadence...BilangHakbang, NA Forward March...Pasulong, KAD Halt.Hinto March Time, March....LakadPatakda, KAD Half Step March.Hating Hakbang, AD Double time, MarchTakbongHakbang, KAD Quick Time, March.SiglangHakbang, KAD Route MarchLayangHakbang, KAD Right Step, MarchHakbangPakanan, KAD Left Step March...HakbangPakaliwa, KAD

ENGLISH

FILIPINO

ENGLISH

FILIPINO

Route Step..LayangHakbang, March KAD Rifle Salute.PugaySandata

By the ..................Sabaysa Number Bilang Sling Arms..SakbitSandata Adjust Sling.AyusinangSakbit

Unsling Arms..Ibis Sandata Unfix bayonet.Alisinangsundang Fix Bayonet....Ikabitangsundang Withdraw magazineAlisinangpungluan Raise pistol..Itaasang pistol Insert magazine...Isauliangpungluan Open ChamberBuksanang pistol Sir, the parade..Handanapoang is formed parangal Report..Mag-ulat OfficersMgapinuno pumaCenter, March gitna, KAD Load.Punluan Simulate Lead..MagpungloKunwari Stack arms....BangkoSandata Sound the.Ihudyatangpagbaba retreat ngwatawat Sound OffIhudyatangPangal Attention to..Makinigsa the Order..kautusan Officer of thePunongTagakalinga Day By Order Of..Sautosni Details for...MgaNakatalaga the day Ngayon CommanderPunongTanod of the Guard Officers..Mgapinuno Post, March Balik, Kad Color.Iharappabalikang Reverse, March watawat, KAD Unload..AlisPungla Cease Firing..ItigilangPutukan Take ArmsDampotSandata Adjutants.Panawagansa Call Parangal Publish...Ipahayag and the Order kautusan Take your ...Sumalunan kayo pool Attention to .....Makinigsakautusan Orders

Staff Behind Me/ Change Post..MgaKagawadMagpalitngLunan

ENGLISH

FILIPINO ENGLISH FILIPINO

In place, Halt.Sa lunan, Hinto File from the..Sunuranmulasa Right/Left kanan/kaliwa Guide Left/.GabayasaKaliwa/ Center/Right Gitna/Kanan Stand Fast...Tatag, manatili, Walangkikilos Left olique,..Hiligkaliwa, March KAD Two Arms Length...IbayongDalawang Extended to the Left Pakaliwa, KAD Troop..Tipon One, Two,Isa, Dalawa, Three, Four Tatlo, Apat Assemble to theMagtiponsakanan, Right, left, march Kaliwa Mount...Sakay Close onLumapitsaunang Leading Platoon pulutong Gaiden on Leading...Gabaysaunang Platoons on Line pulutongnghanay Posts..SaLunan Dismiss your...Tiwalaginanginyong Company balangay

Resume march....Magpatuloy, KAD Columns of twos/...Dalawang/Tatluhang/ Threes/fours Apatangtudling All present areNaritopolahat Accounted for napagalaman Right oblique,.Hilispakanan, March Kad Inspection....Pagsisiyasat DetailNakatalaga PatrolTaliba Take interval,Ibayongpatlang, March KAD Unsling equipmentIbabasagamit Company Mass.Pulo-pulotongsa Right/Left, March kanan Garden on the LineMgagabaysahanay Guide Post..Mgagabaysalunan Sir, the Battalion.AngTalupadpo ay is informed handana Persons to be decoratedMgaparangalan at and all colors Center lahatngwatawat March pumagitna, KAD Form the shelter tents.Magsisayosng pagtatayongtolda

AT NORMAL INTERVAL Dress right,...Tuntonkanan, Dress NA Dress left,.Tuntonkaliwa, Dress NA Cover...Panakip At Close Interval,MasinsinPagitan, Dress right Tunton callow, NA At Close Interval,.....MasinsinPagitan, Dress left Tuntonkaliwa, NA At Close Interval,.....MasinsinPagitan, Fall In Humanay Close MarchLakadpasinsin, KAD Extended March.LakadPadalang, KAD Column Right/.LikoKanan/ Left March Kaliwa, KAD Column Right/.LikoHulingKanan Left March (Half) Kaliwa, KAD Incline to the.Pagawingkanan Right/Left Kaliwa, KAD Change Step,PalitHakbang March KAD Left Shoulder...KaliwangBalikat, Arms Ta Trail ArmsBitbit, TA Port arms..Agap, TA Inspection Arms...Siyasat, TA Right/Left.Kanang/Kaliwang Flank, March Panig, KAD Count offSabayangbilang, NA Call off...Tuluyangbilang, NA Center face.HumarapsaGitna, RAP Prepare for..Humandasa Inspection Pagsisiyasat

Open Rank,PabukangTaludtod March KAD Close Rank.PasinsinTaludtod March KAD Right Turn,.PihitsaKanan March KAD Pass In ReviewPasa, Masid Backward,...LakadPaurong March KAD To the Rear,Pabalik, March KAD Right shoulder.Kanangbalikat, Arms TA Order arms...Baba, TA Present ArmsTangha, TA Ready, Eyes......HandaKanan/ Right/Left Kaliwa, Tingin Ready, Front..Handa, Harap

ENGLISH

FILIPINO

Sir, I present the command... Ihahandogkopoangpamunuan Sir, the Troop is ready for Handanapoangpangkatsa Trooping for the line. LibutinangHanay To the Left/Right, March. Pakaliwa/Pakanan, KAD Column of the Platoon Leading Platoon.. TudlingngpulutongUnangpulutong by the Left/Right Flank, March Kaliwa/Kanangpanig, KAD Dont anticipate the command. Huwagpangunahanangutos Sir, the Honod Guard is formed... Handan a poangTanodPandangal

D. The Salute ( Pagpugay ) 1. Hand Salute 2. Ready Eyes Right 3. Ready Front - PugayKamay - HandaTinginKanan - Handa, RAP

E. Steps and Marching ( Hakbang at Lakad ) 1. Count Cadence, Count 2. Forward, March 3. Platoon, Halt 4. Mark Time, March 5. Half Step, March 6. Double Time, March 7. Quick Time, March 8. Route, March 9. In place, Double Time, March 10. Right Step, March 11. Left Step, March 12. Backward, March 13. To the Rear, March 14. Change Step, March 15. One, Two, Three, Four - BilangHakbang, NA - Pasulong, KAD - Pulutong, Hinto - LakadPatakda, KAD - Hating Hakbang, KAD - TakbongHakbang, KAD/ NA - SiglangHakbang, KAD/NA - LayangHakbang, NA - Sa Lunan, TakbongHakbang, KAD/NA - HakbangPakanan, NA/KAD - HakbangPakaliwa, NA/KAD - LakadPaurong, KAD - Pabalik, NA - PalitHakbang, NA - Isa, Dalawa, Tatlo, Apat

2. SCHOOL OF SOLDIERS WITH ARMS ( PagsasanayngKawalna may sandata ) A. Manual of Arms ( PagsanaysapaghawakngSandata ) 1. Right Shoulder Arms 2. Left Shoulder Arms 3. Order Arms 4. Present Arms 5. Inspection Arms 6. Trail Arms 7. Sling Arms 8. Unsling Arms 9. Fix Bayonet 10. Unfix Bayonet - SaKanangBalikat, TA - SaKaliwangBalikat, TA - Baba, TA - Tanghal, TA - Siyasat, TA - Bitbit, TA - Sakbit, Sandata - AlisSakbit, Sandata - IkabitBayoneta - AlisBayoneta

B. Manual of Gidon( ParaanngPagsasanaysaPaghawakngSagisag ) 1. Order Guidon - IbabaSagisag 2. Carry Guidon - BitbitSagisag 3. Raise Guidon - ItaasSagisag C. Manual of Arms for the Pistol ( PagsasanaysaPaghawakngPistola ) 1. Raise Pistol 2. Withdraw Magazine 3. Open Chamber 4. Close Chamber 5. Insert Magazine 6. Return Pistol - ItaasangPistola - AlisinangPistola - BuksanangPistola - IsaraangPistola - IsuksukangPistola - IsauliangPungluan

3. Close Order Drill ( MalapitangPagsasanay ) a. At Close Interval, Fall In b. Inspection Arms c. Port Arms d. Order Arms - Sa MasinsinPagitan, Humanay - Siyasat, TA - Agap, TA - Baba, TA

A. To Dismiss the Platoon (PagtiwalagngPulutong ) 1. Inspection Arms 2. Port Arms 3. Dismiss - Siyasat, TA - Agap, TA - Lumansag

B. To Form the Platoons ( PaghahanayngPulutong )

1. Inspection Arms 2. Port Arms 3. Order Arms 4. Call, Off 5. Report

- Siyasat, TA - Agap, TA - Baba, TA - TuluyangBilang - Mag-ulat

C. To Align the Squad ( PaghahanayngTilap ) 1. Dress Right, Dress - TuntonKanan, NA 2. Dress Left, Dress -TuntonKaliwa, NA 3. At Close Interval, Dress Right/Dress Left -MasinsinPagitan, TuntonKanan/Kaliwa, NA 4. Ready Fort - Handa, RAP 5. Cover - Tumakip D. To Change Interval while in Line ( PagpalitngpagitanSamantalangNakahanay ) 1. Close March - LakadPasinsin, KAD 2. Extended March - LakadPadalang, KAD 3. Extended to the Left - IbayongLakadPakaliwa, KAD E. Marching the Squad from a line ( PaglakadsaPangkatmulasaHanay ) 1. Right Face - HarapsaKanan, RAP 2. Left Face - HarapsaKaliwa, RAP 3. Forward March - Pasulong, KAD 4. Column Right March - LikosaKanan, KAD/NA 5. Column Left, March - LikosaKaliwa, KAD/NA 6. Column Half Right, March - Liko Hating Kanan, KAD/NA 7. Column Half Left, March - Liko Hating Kaliwa, KAD/NA 8. Incline to the Left - PagawingKanan 9. Incline to the Right - PagawingKaliwa 10. Right Left, March - KaliwaKanangpanig, NA F. Counting of Men ( PagbilangngKawal ) 1. Count Off 2. Call Off - SabayangBilang, NA - TuluyangBilang, NA

G. To Change Interval While in Column ( PagpalitngPagitanSamantalangNakatudling ) 1. Close, March 2. Extend, March - LakadPasinsin, KAD - LakadPadalang, KAD

MILITARY DRILLS AND CEREMONIES

MILITARY CEREMONIES - The movement of the larger unit or troops in a prescribed manner from one place to another. 1. REVIEW - A military ceremony held in honor of a visiting commander, official or dignitary. It is also a fitting affair to present decorations and awards to deserving members or units of the command. A REVIEW IS NORMALLY CONSISTS OF THE FOLLOWING ELEMENTS: a. Formation of troops b. Presentation of troops c. Inspection of troops d. Presentation of awards and decorations 2. PARADE - A more formal ceremony than a review. In this ceremony, the appearance and movement of the troops in the formation are the primary consideration. The preparation and organization of troops for parades are similar to those of a review. The line on which the troops are to be formed and the route of march of the participating units are marked or designated. The distance between the troops and the commander for the parade formation is greater than that of a review. TWO DISTINCT TYPES OF PARADES: 1. Evening Parade 2. Moonlight Parade DRILL COMMANDS - An oral of a commander TWO PARTS: 1. PREPARATORY COMMAND - States the movement or formation to be carried out and mentally prepares the individual for its execution. It is a command which indicates the movement. 2. COMMAND OF EXECUTION - Tells when the movement is to be carried out. It is a command which indicates when a movement is to be executed. EXAMPLE: FORWARD MARCH Forward..................................Preparatory Command March......................................Command of Execution PREPARATORY COMMAND AND COMMAND OF EXECUTION 1. Fall in, Fall out - Humanay, Tumiwalag

2. Rest 3. As you were 4. At ease 5. Change step

- Pahinga - Manumbalik - TindigPaluwag - PalikHakbang

SUPPLEMENTARY COMMAND - The subordinate commander gives a supplementary command. He turns his head towards the majority of his elements and gives command over his shoulder. He does not face about. MASS COMMAND - May be used to develop confidence and enthusiasm. All of the members of the unit being trained speak in unison and execute them. THINGS TO OBSERVE IN GIVING COMMANDS: Inflection - The rise and fall of pitch and the tone changes of the voice Cadence In Command - The uniform and rhythmic flow of words Snap - The extra quality in command that demands immediate response. REMEMBER 1. Correct commands have a tone, cadence and snap that demands willingness, correct and immediate response. 2. The loudness of the command is adjusted to the number of men in the unit. 3. The best posture for giving command is at the position of attention. 4. The most desirable pitch when beginning a preparatory command is near the level of your natural speaking voice. MILITARY COURTESY AND DISCIPLINE MILITARY COURTESY - Is the expression or manifestation of consideration for others. It is a virtue that is expected of all individuals from all walks of life. In the Armed Forces, courtesy is a great requirement because it is the basic upon which military discipline stands. With courtesy and respect among members of the organization would lose its orderliness and later disintegrate. Furthermore, courtesy promotes good relationship, closer coordination and teamwork among members of the organization. It makes the organization dignified and insures good relations with the public. SALUTES - Is the most important form of military courtesy. It is executed by raising the right man smartly Until the tip of the forefinger touches the eyebrow or the front brim of the head gear when covered. Forefingers are extended and joined palm facing the left forearm inclined at an angle of about 45 degrees

and the right upper arm horizontal to the ground. A person saluting looks at the person being saluted. When the salute is returned, he drops the right hand smartly to the side. RULES IN RENDERING HAND SALUTE a. The salute is required on and off military installations during outside office hours b. Persons entitled to the saluted: 1. All commissioned officers of the AFP, both male and female. 2. Commissioned officers of friendly nations when they are recognized as such 3. Officers of the Coast and Geodetic Survey and the Public Health Service when they are serving with the AFP. 4. All civilian who are entitled by custom to salute c. The salute is rendered at a distance of about 6 paces from the person saluted of at the recognizable distances about 30 paces. d. The salute must be rendered to those entitled to it. It is not rendered when running but at halt or walk. Never salute with a cigarette, cigar or pipe in the mouth. The salute should not be executed in a haphazard way or perfunctory manner. Salutes are exchange whether individuals are cover or uncovered. e. The salute is rendered at once if the senior remains in the immediate vicinity and no conversation takes place, the junior again salutes the senior when they are path from each other. f. In making reports, the person reporting salutes first regardless of rank. An example of this case is when the unit commander is reporting to the adjutant during ceremonies g) Whom not to salute: 1. Standing to a horse or leading a horse 2. While at work. In case the officer calls, the soldier stops working, approaches and salutes him, and again when they are part to each other. 3. Indoors, except when reporting to an officer or when the soldier is on duty sentry or guard. 4. When carrying articles with both hands or being so occupied as to make saluting practical. 5. When riding in a fast moving vehicle and the other is dismounted, the salute is not rendered. Exception are when the vehicle is clearly marked to indicate a General Officer and when saluting is a part of the ceremony. 6. When meeting a prisoner of war. Soldier serving as military prisoner are not entitled to salute. 7. In case of doubt due to absence of specific instruction, the salute is rendered.

The term outdoor is constructed to include such buildings as drill halls, gymnasiums and other roofed enclosures used for drill or exercise of troops. Theaters, covered walks and other shelters open on the side are also considered as outdoor. Indoors include offices, hallways, kitchen, orderly rooms, recreation halls, washroom and quarters. Under arms means carrying arms having them attached to the person by sling, holster or other means. In the absence of arms, the wearing of cartridge bells, pistol holsters and automatic rifle belts also mean under arms.

TYPES OF SALUTES

a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.

Hand salute The Rifle Salute at Order Arms The Rifle Salute at Trail Arms The Rifle Salute at Present Arms The Rifle Salute at Shoulder Arms (Right Shoulder) The Rifle Salute at Left Shoulder Arms The Gun Salute Eyes Right by men in ranks when Pass in Review

REPORTING TO AN OFFICER The salute is rendered by a junior when reporting to a senior. He also salutes before leaving.

a. REPORTING INDOORS WITHOUT ARMS A soldier removes his headgear, knocks at the door of the office of the officer and enters when told to do so. Upon entering, he halts at about two paces from the officer and salutes and says, Sir Cadet Airman Dela Cruz reporting to the squadron commander, Sir. The salute will be retained until he completes his report and the officer had returned his salute, execute about face and leaves the office.

b. REPORTING INDOORS UNDER ARMS The procedure for reporting is the same as discussed above except that the soldier remain covered. If carrying a rifle, the soldier carries it and salute at trail arms. Otherwise, the hand salute is given. c. REPORTING OUTDOORS The procedure for reporting to an officer, the head gear is not removed. Rifles should be carried at trail arms or at the right shoulder. The hand salute or rifle salute is given as the case may be. d. REPORTING FOR PAY The soldier reporting for pay answers Here when his name is called, approaches and salutes the officer. He picks up and count his money and leaves without saluting. The officer does not return his salute.

OTHER COURTESY TO INDIVIDUALS a.) When an officer enters the room or tent, officers junior to him and enlisted men present with uncover (if unarmed and stand at attention until the officer directs otherwise or leaves the room). When more than one individual are present the first one who perceive the officer will command Attention loud enough to be heard by everybody present. b.) When an officer enters a room or tent used as an office, working shop or recreation room, those at work or at play are not required to come to attention unless addressed by the officer. A transaction of routine business between individuals at work.

c.) When an officer enters an enlisted menus hall, the group is called to At Ease by the person noticing him first. Men remain seated at ease and continue eating unless the officer directs otherwise. A soldiers addresses stop eating and sits at attention until the conversation has ended. d.) When accompanying a senior, a junior walks or ride on his left except when accompanying senior during inspection. e.) When entering a car or a small boat, the senior goes in first and others follow in the order of rank. In getting off, he junior goes out first and others follow in the inverse order of rank. HONORS TO THE NATIONAL ANTHEM OR TO THE COLORS I. OUTDOOR - Whenever/wherever the National Anthem or the colors is played, military personnel not in the formation must observe the following: 1. At the first note of the music, stand at attention and render the prescribed salute except at the escort of the color or at retreat when they will face toward the color or flag and salute. The salute is retained until the last note of the music. 2. The mounted on animals will halt and render the salute mounted. Individuals loading animals or standing to a horse will stand at attention having the salute.

3. Vehicles in motion will be brought to a halt. Persons riding on a passenger car or a motorcycle will dismount and salute as described above. Occupants of combat vehicles such a tanks, half trucks scout cars and armored cars will remain in their vehicles, but stand at attention and salute. 4. The above respect to the National Color is rendered to the National Anthem or colors of friendly nations.

II. INDOORS - When the national anthem is played, officer and men will stand at attention and face the music or the flag, but do not salute. UNCOVERING - Officer and enlisted men under arms uncover when: a) Seated as a member of or in attendance at a court or board. Sentinels guarding prisoners do not uncover. b) Entering places of divine worship c) Indoors when not in duty d) In attendance at an official reception

DISPLAY AND SALUTE TO THE FLAG

a. The Philippine flag represents our nation and should always be given a place of runner. b. The National Flag is never dipped for salute, nor is it permitted to touch the ground. It is not used as a costume, dress or a drapery. No lettering or object should be placed on it. c. The flag is played in the following manners: 1. When hoisted at a flag pole, it should be hoisted fully at the top of the pole, blue part up or above. During mornings, the flag is hoisted to the top of the pole first, then hauled down until the flag is about midway of the length of the pole. 2. When the national flag is displayed with another flag, whether they are standing side by side or with their staff, crossed, the National Flag is at the right side, blue part up. 3. When placed in the vertical manner, the triangle is up; the blue color at the right. 4. When displayed in the horizontal position, the triangle is at the right side, with the blue part up. 5. When displayed over the casket, the triangle is in the direction of the head of the cadaver, with the blue part on the right side. During the ceremonies wherein the holstering or lowering of the flag is done or when it passes by during parades or reviews all persons present, except those detailed in holstering, lowering and carrying the flag, should face it at attention and salute while those in uniform remove their headdress with their right hand and place them over their left breast. Women should salute by placing their right hand on their left breast. MILITARY DISCIPLINE Military discipline is the mental attitude and state of training which renders obedience and proper conduct instinctive under all conditions. It is founded upon respect for loyalty to properly constituted authority. While it is primarily developed by military drills, every feature in military life has its effect upon military discipline. It is generally indicated in an individual or unit by smartness of appearance and action, cleanliness of dress, equipment or quarters, respect for senior and by the prompt and cheerful obedience by the subordinates of both the latter and spirit of the legal orders. RELATION OF COURTESY AND DISCIPLINE The relation of military discipline to courtesy is clearly explained by the fact that discipline is founded upon by respect and loyalty to superiors and lawfully constituted authorities. In other words, discipline originates and develops mutual respect and goodwill among members of an organization. Without courtesy and respect among members of an organization, discipline disappears, there will be no peace and order in the organization hence, it will disintegrate. IMPORTANCE OF DISCIPLINE Mass discipline and morale are essential factors for securing cohesive action and for ensuring that singleness or purpose which alone can triumph over the most difficult conditions of war. The successful leader will teach his men to recognize and face fear because fear is the enemy of discipline and morale. Fear unchecked will lead to panic and a unit that is panicky is no longer a disciplined one but a mob. There is no same person who is without fear but with good discipline and morale, all will face danger, if not willingly, at least resignedly, because of their inborn sentiment of duty, or courage, of loyalty and because of their sense of pride in their country, in their unit and in themselves; in other words, because of their esprit de corps.

The need for discipline is recognized in many places outside the Armed Forces. It reaches at highest form in teams, wherein individual desires are subordinated to the interests of the entire team. The Armed Forces are more in need of discipline for several reasons. First, the task of making war is not doing it because we, as individuals have to do it in the interest of our country. Because of that, we cannot be allowed as individual to decide which part of the job each of us will do or how each part to be done. Second, the organization must be prepared for situations wherein leaders may be lost. Personal loyalty for the commandment is not enough. If a leader is killed, his men must accept orders from his successor immediately and without question to carry on the battle. Finally, the tremendous size of all Armed Forces demands that there be uniform ways of doing things. Discipline subordinates personal and self considerations to the interest of the group. MAINTENANCE OF DISCIPLINE Discipline is installed in men through instructions, pride and traditions and regulations. You will develop appreciation of the other factors which build discipline as time passes. One must know and understand the different laws and regulations immediately. Discipline is maintained in much the same manner as it is attained. The article of war punishes military individuals fairness and justice, high moral, pride, and responsibility contribute to maintain discipline as to developing it.

CHAPTER IV ARMED FORCES OF THE PHILIPPINES HISTORY Brief History of the AFP Commonwealth Act no. 1, otherwise known as the National Defense Act, was approved on 21 December 1935 which gave the basic organization of the AFP. General Douglas McArthur served as the Military Adviser to President Manuel L. Quezon, Major General Dwight D. Eisenhower and Major General James Ord, members of the McArthurs Staff helped in the planting of the Philippine Military Establishment as well as organizing it. As President Quezon issued Executive Order no. 11 on January 1936, which formally established the Army of the Philippines, he recalled Colonel Jose Delos Reyes of the Philippine Constabulary to active duty and later promoted him to Brigadier General and designated him as Acting Chief of Staff of the Army. Brigadier General Basilio J. Valdez and Colonel Guillermo B. Francisco were named 1st and 2nd Asst. Chief of Staff, respectively. In the same order, the Philippine Constabulary became the nucleus of the regular forces of the Philippine Army. Filipino citizens were required to go training under the National Defense Act since 1936 that would compose reserve force. By the end of the ten year Commonwealth period in 1946, there would have been a trained Philippine Army, Reserve pool of 400,000 officers and men, including the graduates of the ROTC Basic and Advance Course in accredited colleges and universities.

When the Philippine Constabulary became part of the Philippine Army, the PC Air Corps which was activated on 2 January 1955 was re designated Philippine Air Force on 3 July 1947. On February 1939, an Off-Shore Patrol (OSP) was organized as a unit of the Philippine Army. Initially equipped with three Q-boats (torpedo boats) and a handful of officers and men hurriedly trained in the rudiments of Sea-Warfare the OSP squadron provided coastal support to the beleaguered FilipinoAmerican forces in the battles of Bataan and Corregidor. In October 1947, the OSP was renamed Philippine Naval Patrol and on 5 January 1951, it became the Philippine Navy. The OSP was often referred to as Mosquito Fleet. When President Franklin D. Roosevelt of the USA declared the state of National Emergency on 26 July 1941 and ordered the induction of the Philippine Army units into the US Armed Forces in the Far East under the command of General Douglas Mc Arthur, the Philippine Army had a reserve force of about 100,000 officers and men, at the time of the Japanese Imperial Forces attacked the Pearl Harbor, Clark Field and other targets on 8 December 1941, The Philippine Army Reserve Force totaled around 200,000 officers and men. The Philippine Army retained its own organization while serving with the USAFFE. After the fall of Bataan on 9 April 1942, many officers and men of the Philippine Army continued resistance against the Japanese by forming guerilla forces all over the country. These USAFFE guerilla forces along with other units organized by civilians in various parts of the country fought the Japanese Forces from 1942 to 1945. When the US Liberation Forces landed in Leyte on 20 October 1944, all the guerilla forces participated actively on the liberation on their respective sectors of operations. On October 1947, President Manual A. Roxas issued Executive Order No. 94 which organized all government agencies. The Military establishment was not spared from its official designation as Army of the Philippines and it became the Armed Forces of the Philippines. The ten pre-war military districts were deactivated but 4 Military Areas were also activated to enhance the efficiency of the Constabulary personnel all over the country. The post-war Philippine Army eventually got its forces fighting another battle the battle against the armed elements of the Communist Party of the Philippines, the HUKBALAHAP, later renamed HMB. For the anti0dissident campaign, Army Sector Command and Battalion Combat Teams were formed. During the Korean war, the 10th, 20th, 11th, 19th, and 2nd BCTs were sent as Philippine Expeditionary Force as the member of the United Nations. PEFTOK served in Korea from 1950-1955. On 25 December 1950, President Quirino issued Executive Order No. 389 renaming headquarters AFP to General Headquarters AFP, and activating the 4 major services, The Philippine Army, Philippine Constabulary, Philippine Air Force and Philippine Navy. From the time the Philippines joined the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) in September 1954, the AFP cooperated actively with the other member nations in the enhancing of military preparedness in the area.

As a member of the UN, the Philippines also sent a Philippine Air Force Contingent of 77 officers and men on a pacification campaign to the Congo Republic on 11 February 1963. In 1966, the Philippine Civic Action Group (PHICAG) was activated to implement the provisions of RA 4644. Composed of engineers, medical and rural community development teams, and security personnel, the PHILCAG was sent to the Republic of South Vietnam and engaged in socio-economic projects mutually agreed upon by the governments of the Republic of the Philippines and Republic of South Vietnam. The AFP has shown an increasing awareness of its arrival in the country and its vital role in the political and economic development of the country by engaging are actively in civic action programs. Pursuant to the Socio-economic Military Program under RA 2056, the Chief of Staff, AFP, ordered the assignment of military personnel for public works construction, food production, land settlement and rural development. Several civic centers of the AFP. To give greater impetus on the civic action, the 51st Engineer Brigade consisting of 10 Engineer Construction Battalion was activated on 10 March 1962. This unit had constructed several much needed highways, roads and bridges in various parts of the country. The 52nd Engineer Brigade which was organized on 1 July 1969 also performed similar functions to holster the national program for social and economical developments. Today, the AFP is employing all its resources in assisting the socio-economic development programs of the government without prejudice to its primary missions of improving and maintaining the effectiveness of the countrys defense posture. SIGNIFICANT FACTS TO REMEMBER MACTAN place where the first revolt against Spain took place on April 26, 1951. The first rebellion Spain flared up in Bohol and Leyte. ANDRES MALONG led the first major revolt in Luzon in 1660. He proclaimed himself as a King of Pangasinan. LAPU LAPU was the first Filipino hero. MIGUEL VICOS the Spanish Meztiso who assassinated Diego Silang on May 28, 1863. RED WITH A FIGURE OF A SUN color of the first flag of the Philippines in 1897. ANDRES BONIFACIO was the founder of the Revolutionary Society called Katipunan. GEN. GREGORIO DEL PILAR led the Filipino forces in the Battle of Tirad Pass. AUGUST 29, 1896 the date designated as the start of the revolution which was also known as

Cry of Balintawak. DECEMBER 14, 1897 date when the Treaty of Paris and Fact of Biak-na-bato was signed. FACT OF BIAK-NA-BATO an agreement between the Filipino and the Spanish authorities on December 14, 1897 to stop all hostilities. MARCELA AGONCILLO designed and made the first flag of the first Philippine Republic. JULIAN FELIPE was the composer of the Philippine National Anthem. EMILIO AGUINALDO was the first president of the Philippines. BALANAN, ISABELA the place where Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo was captured. In 1922, the US War Dept. authorized the establishment of the Dept. of Military Science and Tactics under the supervision of the US Army. This was established in the University of the Philippines. MANUEL LUIS QUEZON the first president of the Philippine Commonwealth. COMMONWEALTH ACT NO.1 is otherwise known as the National Defense Act issued by President Quezon and approved on December 21, 1935 and gave the basic organization of the AFP. GENERAL DOUGLAS MCARTHUR served as the Military Adviser to President Manuel L. Quezon during the Commonwealth period that helped in the planning and organization of the Philippine Military Establishment. GEN/DOUGLAS MCARTHURS STAFF: 1. MAJ. GEN. DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER 2. MAJ. GEN. JAMES ORD JANUARY 11, 1936 the date President Manuel L. Quezon issued Executive Order No. 11 on the establishment of the PA. BRIG GEN. BASILIO J. VALDEZ first assistant Chief of staff. BRIG GEN. JOSE DELOS REYES designated as the first Chief of Staff of the Philippine Army. COL. GUILLERMO B. FRANCISCO 2nd assistant Chief of Staff. The PHILLIPINE CONSTABULARY became the nucleus of the Philippine Army and the Philippine Constabulary Air Corps (PCA) was activated on January 2, 1937. FEBRUARY 9, 1939 the Off-Shore Patrol (OSP) was activated and organized as a unit of the Philippine Army. The Off-Shore Patrol was equipped with Q-Boats (Torpedo Boat) and referred to as the Mosquito Fleet.

PRESIDENT FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT President of the USA who set July 26, 1941 as the date for the declaration of State of National Emergency and at the same time the induction of the Philippine Army to United States Armed Forces to the Far East (USAFFE) with a total force of 160,000 officers and men. GEN DOUGLAS MCARTHUR was designated as the USAFFE COMMANDER. DECEMBER 8, 1941 the date the Japanese Imperial Forces attacked Pearl Harbor, Clark Field and other targets. APRIL 9, 1942 fall of Bataan. MAY 6, 1942 fall of Corregidor. MAJOR FERDINAND EDRALIN MARCOS was the most decorated soldier during the World War II and was a recipient of 27 medals. OCTOBER 20, 1944 the date the US Liberation Forces landed in Red Beach in Palo, Leyte. JULY 3, 1947 the date the PC Air Corps was re-designated as the Philippine Air Force. OCTOBER 1947 the Off-Shore Patrol was renamed Phil. Naval Patrol. the date President Manuel Roxas issued Executive Order No. 94 remaining the Army of the Philippines as Armed Forces of the Philippines and activating the 4 military areas. ARAW NG KAGITINGAN a day set to commemorate the Fall of Bataan, Fall of Corregidor and Fall of Bessang Pass. Based on the historical records, the independence of the Republic of the Philippines was on June 12, 1898. JULY 4, 1946 declaration of the Independence by the USA celebrated today as Philippine American Friendship Day. JULY 1950 the Philippine Army was separated from the Gen. Headquarters Philippine Army. DECEMBER 23, 1950 President ElpidioQuirino issued Executive Order No. 389 renaming the Headquarters, AFP to Gen. Headquarters, AFP (GHQ, AFP). JANUARY 5, 1951 the Phil. Naval Patrol was renamed the Philippine Naval of the PHILIPPINE NAVY. 1959 1955 the Battalion Combat Teams were sent to Korea to comply with the commitments of the Philippines as member of the UN. The BCT was known as the PHILIPPINE EXPEDITIONARY FORCE TO KOREA (PEFTOK)

SEPTEMBER 1954 The Philippines joined the Southeast Asian Treaty Org. (SEATO) APRIL 11, 1963 the PAF contingent of 77 officers and men were sent to Congo Republic of South Vietnam. PHIL. CIVIC ACTION GROUP (PHILCAG) the group of engineers, medical and rural community development team and security personnel were sent by the Philippines to the representative of South Vietnam. FEBRUARY 22-25, 1986 the bloodless peoples revolution which deposed Ferdinand Marcos from the presidency and as Commander in elected President of the Philippines, commonly referred to as the EDSA Revolution. ACRONYMS: BCT Battalion Combat Team GHQ General Headquarters HMB HukbongMapagpalayang Bayan (HUKBALAHAP) PHILCAG-V Philippine Civic Action Group to Vietnam SEATO Southeast Asian Treaty Organization OSP Off-Shore Patrol PEFTOK Philippine Expeditionary Force to Korea

MILITARY RANKS COMMISSIONED OFFICERS RANK INSIGNIAS AND EQUIVALENT TO OTHER MAJOR SERVICE

ENLISTED PERSONNELS RANKS Marines/Army Navy Constabulary Air Force

C Cadet/Cadette

M- Midshipman/Midshipwoman

CHAPTER V MILITARY LEADERSHIP AND COMMAND

A. Leadership is the art of influencing and directing men to an assigned goal is such a way to obtain their obedience, respect and loyal cooperation. Leadership can be exercised by anyone at anytime respective of the frame work of the command. Command is the authority which an individual in the military service lawfully exercised over subordinates by virtue of his rank and assignment. Command and leadership are inseparable whether the function of the command is complex or simple, the commander should always be the controlling head. B. TWO TYPES OF LEADER 1. Authoritarian a leader who leads his men by means of rank and position. 2. Persuasive a leader who leads his men by always setting examples.

C. BASIC ELEMENTS OF LEADERSHIP 1. Character to be a leader, a person must be of good character. Some indications are honesty, good manners, industrious, self-control and bravery. 2. Intelligence is the ability to grasp knowledge easily. It includes native ability, good common sense and judgment. 3. Alertness is mental and physical watchfulness, vigilance and observance to his planned and future activity.

D. LEADERSHIP RESPONSIBILITIES 1. Accomplishment of the assigned mission or task. 2. Work for the welfare of his men.

E. LEADERSHIP TRAITS 1. Knowledge professional knowledge of the job. Understands the characteristics of his men. 2. Bearing dignified appearance and behavior. 3. Courage physical and moral ability to act in spite of danger or hardship. 4. Decisiveness ability to decide promptly and correctly the proper time, and to announce his decision clearly and briefly with authority. 5. Dependability performance of duty with or without supervision. 6. Endurance physical and mental strength to continue or complete a task. 7. Enthusiasm interest in his work or task at hand. 8. Force the ability to compel obedience. 9. Humility state of being reasonable and proud but not arrogant and boastful. 10. Humor ability to appreciate and narrate amusing incidents of everyday life. 11. Initiative ability to start or originate an idea or work even when others are absent. 12. Judgment power of mind to weight factors affecting a problem and to decide properly. 13. Integrity good moral character. 14. Justice impartiality in dealing with others, giving credit when due and punishment when so demanded. 15. Loyalty - sincerity and faithfulness to superiors for the good of the unit. 16. Sympathy mutual feelings to others. 17. Tact ability to deal with people without hurting their feelings.

18. Unselfishness - avoidance of personal consideration that gives a disadvantage to others. F. PRINCIPLES IN LEADERSHIP 1. Know your job - must have thorough professional knowledge of his duties and responsibilities to command and gain respect from his men. 2.Know yourself and seek self-improvement - a leader should analyze himself to determine his good qualities and learn to recognize and correct his weakness. 3. Know your men and look after their welfare - understand each of your men personally, psychologically in order to effectively lead them. 4. Keep your men informed - keep your men knowledgeable background in all aspects, its organization and mission in order to function effectively. 5. Set an example -set a good example as a model in loyalty in superiors and subordinates, good bearing and attitudes, pride and faithfulness to the organization. 6. Insure the task is understood, supervised and accomplished - a leader should give a clear and concise order that can be understood. He supervises his men to accomplish the assigned mission. 7. Train your men as a team - teamwork is a must within and among units from the smallest to the largest. Each men should understand that he has a job to perform and must cooperate with others in achieving the common objective. 8. Make sound and timely decisions - the ability to make raid estimate of the situation. Arrive at the sound decision and announce his decision in the correct form of the proper is essential to a leader. For any situation that may arise, the leader should be able to act logically. 9. Develop a sense of responsibility among your subordinates - the leader should train his subordinates to act in the absence of orders when the situation so demands. He develops responsibility among his subordinates byproper delegation of his authority and holding them responsible for theaccomplishment of their mission.

10. Employ your commands in accordance with its capability - the leader must have thorough knowledge of the capabilities and limitations of his command. He must assign objectives that is responsible to be attained. However, when the situation so demands then men must be forced to action beyond their normal endurance so as to avoid a harder or more costly consequence on their part. 11. See responsibility and take responsibility for your action - learn the senior's job for you may assume his position later on. Take advantage of the responsibility delegated to you and do not back out in case of failure. ROLES OF A LEADER 1. The leader is a model soldier 2. The leader is a commander 3. The leader is an instructor 4. The leader is a personal manager 5. The leader is a councilor 6. The leader is a custodian of his men's welfare OBJECTIVES OF A LEADER 1. MORALE - the mental and emotional state of an individual 2. DISCIPLINE - the prompt and willing obedience to orders. Complying to regulations and initiating appropriate action even in the absence of orders. 3. PROFICIENCY - the technical, tactical and physical ability of an individual to perform their mission. 4. ESPRIT DE CORPS - More than the aggregate personality it is how the individuals feel about their unit. Jealous of, enthusiastic for, pride in; and devotion for. MAP READING MAP - is a graphical representation of the earth's surface drawn to a scale on a plane. When you look at the map, you are actually looking at a picture of the ground from a high spot in the air. MAP COLOR - different colors are used on the printing of the map's to assist the use understanding it. A. GREEN - represents all types of vegetables B. BLUE - signifies bodies of water, such as rivers, lakes, swamps and streams C. RED - indicates first class roads and prominent locations such as the Provincial or Municipal Capitals. May be used to stress the significance of important map locations D. BROWN - depicts contour lines which are representation of the relatives elevation and relief of the terrain

A MILITARY MAP HAS TWO MAIN PARTS: The MAP ITSELF and the MARGINAL INFORMATION. Printed in the margin around it.

MARGINAL INFORMATION - in order to use your map intelligently you must read and be able to understand the information printed in the margin. This information is like a book of instructions telling what is printed on the face of the map and how to use it. The marginal information is divided into three parts such as TOP MARGIN, RIGHT MARGIN and BOTTOM MARGIN.

TOP MARGIN: 1. SERIES NAME AND SCALE indicates the name of the map series of which particular map is apart. The series name is followed by the numerical scale of the map. 2. MAP TITLE it is the title by which the map is referred to. It is usually the name of the most prominent geographical place found in the map. 3. SHEET NUMBER represents the specific sheet number of the map in relation with the other sheets of the same map series of which it is a part of.

RIGHT MARGIN: 1. INDEX TO BOUNDARIES indicates the relative location of boundaries of provinces and Municipalities included in the place. 2. COVERAGE DIAGRAM represents the manner by which the information included in the map on every particular area were compiled. It signifies the degree of reliability of information of a part of the map compared with others. 3. INDEX TO ADJOINING SHEETS shows the location of different adjoining map sheets in relation with this particular map. This information is important when requesting for sheets of adjoining areas.

BOTTOM MARGIN: 1. LEGEND list of all symbols used in the map and their respective meanings 2. GRAPHIC SCALE it is the graphic representation of the map scales. It is used in converting map distance without going through mathematical computations. 3. CONTOUR INTERVALS indicates intervals in meters of contour lines used in the map as reckoned from the mean sea level. 4. DECLINATION DIAGRAM shows relative location of the grid and magnetic north in relation with the true north. Tis information is particularly important when you are orienting your map.

TYPES OF MAP 1. PLANIMETRIC MAP A map which represents only the horizontal position for features presented. It is distinguished from Topographic map 2. TOPOGRAPHIC A map which portrays terrain and landforms in a measurable form, as well as the horizontal position of the features presented. 3. PLASTIC RELIEF MAP A topographic map reprinted on plastic material and formed by heat and vacuum, over a reproductive positive mold thus giving the same information as contained on topographic map. 4. PHOTO MAP A reproduction of an oral/aerial photograph or photomosaic made from a series of photographs upon grid lines, marginal data, places name, route members, important elevations, boundaries, approximate scale and approximate direction have been needed. 5. JOINT OPERATIONS GRAPHIC MAP Use for ground and air operations. The maps are published in ground and air direction. 6. PICTO MAP It is a map on which the photographic imagery of standard photomap has been converted into interpretable colors and symbols. 7. PLASTIC RELIEF MAP A photomap made on plastic in the same manner as a topographic map. 8. PHOTOMOSAIC MAP An assembly of aerial photograph to form a composite picture. 9. HYDROGRAPHIC MAP A nautical map used as a navigational aid either below or above surface. 10. MILITARY CITY MAP A topographic map usually 1:12,500 scale of a city, delineating streets and showing street names and showing important buildings and other urban elements of military importance which are compatible with the scale of the map. 11. SPECIAL MAP Maps for special purposes such as traffic, ability, transportation, boundaries, population, etc. 12. TERRAIN MODEL It is designed to provide means for visualizing the terrain for planning or indoctrination purpose and briefing assault landings. USES AND CATEGORIES OF MILITARY MAPS

SCALE Is expressed as a fraction and gives the ration of map distance to ground distance.

TYPES OF SCALE:

1. SMALL SCALE Maps at scale of 1:600,000 and smaller are used for general planning and strategical studies at high echelons. The standard small scale is 1:1,000,000 2. MEDIUM SCALE Maps at scale of 1:600,000 but smaller than 1:75,000 are used for planning operations, including the movement and concentration of troop supplies. The standard medium scale is 1:250,000

3. LARGE SCALE Maps at scale of 1:75,000 and larger are used to meet the tactical, technical and administrative needs of field units. The standard large scale is 1:50,000 THREE TYPES OF NORTH: 1. GRID NORTH Always vertical. It is established by the vertical gridlines on the map. Grid north may be symbolized by the letters Gn or the letter Y. 2. TRUE NORTH A line from any position of the earths surface to the north pole. All lines of longitude are true north lines. True north is usually symbolized as a star. 3. MAGNETIC NORTH The direction to the north magnetic pole, as indicated by the north seeking needle of the magnetic instrument. Magnetic north is usually represented by a half arrowhead. MEASURING DISTANCE Since the maps are drawn to scale, it is possible to determine the actual ground distance between two points depicted in the map. We have ways or methods in getting the distance of two points. To convert map distance to actual ground distance. a. USE OF NUMERICAL SCALE Represents the equivalent in the ground distance of every unit of measurement use in the map. Hence, the scale is 1:50,000. Meaning if the distance of two objects on the map is measured to be 1 cm., the actual ground distance between them on the ground is 50,000 cm or 500 m. (100 cm = 1m) therefore, when converting map distance to ground distance, it is simply multiplying the map distance to the right figure of the ratio. MAP DISTANCE the measurement of two points depicted on the map EXAMPLE: Scale is 1;25,000 Question: What is the actual ground distance? Map distance: 3cm 3cm x 25,000 = 75,000 cm 75,000 100 = 750 meters

b. USE OF THE GRAPHIC SCALE This is a faster way of converting map distance to actual ground distance. You may use a strip of paper or piece of paper on relatively straight. For example, you are using a piece of paper, transfer the map distance on a paper strip and lay them or put them over the graphic scale, see to it that one end of the distance is on the zero mark. Read the whole unit of measurement on the scale, right of the zero mark (primary scale). If there is a fraction of a unit, lay the right end of the paper on the mark of the nearest graduation of the primary scale and read the fraction of the unit that extends beyond the zero mark into the secondary scale. That is your actual ground distance. LOCATION IDENTIFYING Procedure on how to locate grid square (GS) and grid coordinates (GC)

GD = 2.16 km (216,00) RF = 1/X= 4.32/216,000 cm X = 216,000/4.32 RF = 1/50,000 OR 1 : 50,000 OR

I km = 100,000 cm 4.32 X = 216,000 X = 50,000 therefore

The amount of time required to travel a certain distance on the ground is an important factor in most military operations. This can be determined if the map of the area is available and graphic time distances scale is considered/constructed for used with the map as follows; R = Rate of travel D = Distance (ground distance) T = Time FOR EXAMPLE: If an infantry unit is marching at an average speed of 4 kilometers per hour (R), it will take approximately 3 hours (T) to travel 12 kilometers (D). 12(D) 4 (R) = 3(T) PROBLEM: You are a flight leader of the 1st flight of Alpha sqdn. Your flt CP (command post) is located at the school at GS 0736. You just received a radio message directing you to report at the sqdn CP and the sqdn CP is 16.5 km. QUESTION: FORMULA: T = DB

1. If your service jeep will be traveling at an average speed of 30 km/hr. a. What will be your travel time in minutes? b. What time will you arrive at the company CP. If you will at 0830 H? GIVEN: D = 16.5 km A. T = 16.5 km 30 km/hr = .55 hrs = 1/60 minutes T = 60 x .55 = 33 minutes B. 0830H + 0033H = 0903 H

GENERAL RULE IN MAP READING READ RIGHT UP You must read the vertical grid lines from left side going to the right and read the horizontal grid lines from the bottom going up. EXAMPLE OF GRID SQUARE The grid square id in four (4) digits meaning the first two digits represents the vertical grid lines then the second two digits represents the horizontal grid lines. GS 1701 GS 1824

GRID COORDINATES (GC) Nearest to 100 meters (6 digits) GC 173017 GC 18422467

Before reading of locating the grid coordinates, you must get first the grid square then after getting the grid square divide it into ten (10) equal parts vertical and horizontal, then apply the basic rule. GRID COORDINATES (GC) Nearest to 10 meters (8 digits) GC 17320174 GC 1842124671

The same sequence in nearest to 100 meters, but after getting the grid coordinates in 100 meters, divide it again into 10 equal parts vertical and horizontal. GRID COORDINATES (GC) Nearest to 1 meter (10 digits) GC 1732101743 GC 1842124671

The same sequence in nearest to 10 meters, but after getting the grid coordinates in nearest to 10 meters, divide it again into 10 equal parts vertical and horizontal. The situation may arise where a map or sketch map has no RF (represented fraction or scale). The RF must be determined so that you can determine the actual ground distance by using numerical scale. a. Measure the distance between two points on the map (MD) b. Determine the actual ground distance of two points by using the graphic scale. c. Utilizing the RF formula and remembering that RF must be in general form. 1/X x RF = MD/GD d. Both the MD and GD must be in the same order of unit of measurement and the MD must be reduced to one (1) MD = 4.32 CM

MILITARY SYMBOLS a symbol used by the map user when he wants to show the disposition of the troops and overlaying of military installations. A. COLORS 1. Blue or Black color used to indicate friendly units/forces, installation, equipment and activities. 2. Red color used to indicate enemy/hostile units/forces, installation, equipment and activities. 3. Green color used to indicate engineering obstacle activities either enemy of friendly units/forces. 4. Yellow color used to indicate contaminated areas such as gases and radioactives( chemicals, biological and radiological ) B. FIGURES 1. Troop units Fire team Squad - Section - Brigade x Company I Division Battalion II Corps Regiment III Army Army Group xxxxx xx xxx xxxx

Platoon - 2. Military units

Troop units

First Aid station

Engineering

Quarter Master

Message Center

Finance

Artillery

Airborne Infantry

Armor

Ordinance

Airborne

Cavalry

Anti- Aircraft

Infantry

Transportation

Armored Cavalry

Air force

Military Police

Observation Post

Signal

Engineering Airborne

Supply Installations

Medical

Civil Affair

Chemical

Shipyard

3. Unit Representation SUB SUB SUB SUB UNIT EXAMPLE: 4/6 9/6 2/6

SIZE BRANCH OF SERVICE MOTHER UNIT

1 - 4th section, 6 platoon, 1st Armor company

5 9th platoon. 6th company, 5th Infantry Battalion

7 - 2nd squad, 6 section, 7th Medical Platoon

BASIC COMMUNICATION RADIO COMMUNICATION Communication A two way process of conveying information from one person to another. Two-way process 1. Talking Means of communication: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. RADIO Has speed and flexibility WIRE More secure and reliable than radio MESSENGER More secure and reliable means VISUAL Limited in use ( must have pre arrangement meaning ) SOUND Limited in use ( must have pre arrangement meaning )

2. Listening

PRINCIPAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RADIO: 1. Types of Radio Sets: a. Portable handy from one place to another; operational while moving b. Transportable not operational while moving c. General use of utility combination of portables and transportable types d. Vehicular operates through the use of the battery of a vehicle 2. Types of Modulation: a. AM amplitude modulation b. FM frequency modulation 3. Types of Emission: a. CW or MCW continuous wave or moderate continuous wave b. Voice AM, FM, SSB (single side band ) c. KSK frequency shift keying 4. Frequency Spectrums a. AM FM medium wave = .3 to 3mhz ( 300-3,000khz ) b. HF high frequency = 3 to 30mhz c. VHF very high frequency = 30 to 300mhz d. UHF ultra high frequency = 300 to 3,000mhz 5. Transmission Range depend on Radio type used 6. Power Source a. Dry cell b. Wet cell or secondary battery c. Generator d. Alternating current ADVANTAGES OF RADIO 1. 2. 3. 4. Speed installation Can be integrated with wire Flexibility Provides aid to ground communications

DISADVANTAGES OF RADIO 1. Least secured communications 2. Subject to interference FACTORS AFFECTING THE RELIABILITY OF RADIO 1. Antenna sighting 2. Antenna choice 3. Operator training 4. Circuit discipline

SAMPLES OF RADIO SETS A AN - system indicator P - Portable R - Radio C - Communication 77 - model number AN/URC 77 AN/URC 734B utility AN/PRC77 30 to 75.95 mhz. Modulation FM Emission voice Transmission Range 5 miles Power output -1.5 to 4 watts FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN THE PROPER USE OF RADIO SETS: 1. Same emission 2. Modulation 3. Frequency HOW TO ESTABLISH RADIO STATIONS 1. Individual 2. Net 3. Collective INTERNATIONAL MORSE CODE standard of naval communication transmitted by flashing of radio telegraph. It is dot-dash system. LETTER A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O PHONETIC ALPHABET ALFA BRAVO CHARLIE DELTA ECHO FOXTROT GOLF HOTEL INDIA JULIET KILO LIMA MIKE NOVEMBER OSCAR INTL MORSE CODE PRONUNCIATION ALFA BRAH VO TSAR LEH DELL TAH ECK OH FOKS TROT GOLF HOH TELL IN DEE AH JEW LEE ETT KEY LOH LEE MAH MIKE NO VEM BER OSS CAR * Never operate the radio without antenna

LETTER P Q R S T U V W X Y Z NUMBER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

PHONETIC ALPHABET PAPA QUEBEC ROMEO SIERRA TANGO UNIFORM VICTOR WHISKY X-RAY YANKEE ZULU

INTL MORSE CODE

PRONUNCIATION PAH PAH KEH BECK ROW ME OH SEE AIR RAH TANGO YOU NEE FORM VIK TAH WISS KEY ECKS REY YANG KEY ZOO LOO

ONE TWO THREE FOUR FIVE SIX SEVEN EIGHT NINE ZERO

WUN TOO THUH REE FO WER FII VIV SIX SEVEN ATE NINE ZERO

SURVIVAL SURVIVAL continuation or method by which life can exist S U R V I V A L Size up the situation Undo ways and wake ways Remember where you are Vanquish fear and panic Improvise Value of living Act like a native Learn basic skill

JUNGLE AND SEA SURVIVAL POLAR COORDINATE It has specific starting point and has direction

ROUTE SECTION 1. Terrain Analysis 2. Following a ridge 3. Following streams 4. Following shore lines / coast lines 5. Traveling the mountain 6. Crossing the water 7. Vegetation route

GORGE - a deep narrow cut in the mountain often with river on the bottom. WATER SOURCES I. FINDING WATER A. Ground of surface water or surface water 1. rivers 2. springs 3. streams 4. swamps 5. ponds 6. lakes 7. sea B. Earth's water table, run-off water for soil 1. rocky soil 2. loose soil 3. along the sea shore 4. indecent or arid lands 5. on mountains C. Plants 1. plant tissues 2. vines 3. palms 4. coconuts 5. plants that catch and hold water (bamboo) II. IMPURE WATER - is dangerous to drink classified by: 1. stagnant water 2. muddy water 3. polluted water III. IMPURE WATER ( treated to become potable ) 1. Boil for at least one (1) minute 2. Clear it by letting it stand for 12 hours or pass it through about 3 feet of bamboo filled with sand and staff with grass in one end to keep in or pour in into a clean clothe with sand. 3. All charcoal from the fire to get rid of odors. 4. Let it stand for about 45 minutes before drinking. 5. Use water purification tables if availabe. FOOD SOURCES I. VEGETABLE FOODS A. Wild plant foods 1. Roots and other underground parts. a. Tubers Ex. wild potato b. Roots and stalks Ex. maniac plant, cattail and wild onion 2. Shoots and stems - Ex. bamboo, ferns 3. Leaves - Ex. papaya, lotus and lily 4. Nuts -Ex. pine nuts, coconuts and cashew nuts

5. Seeds and grains - Ex. rice and beans 6. Fruits - Ex. will grape vines 7. Barks 8. Fungi - Ex. Mushrooms 9. Senweeds - Ex green, brown, red, fresh water algae B. Cultivated Foods II. ANIMAL FOODS A. Water Foods 1. Fish, frog and salamander 2. Mollusks - Ex snails, clams mussel, and sea orchids 3. Crustacean - Ex. crabs, crayfish, lobster and shrimps B. Reptiles - Ex. snakes, lizards, alligator, and turtles C. Insects - Ex. grasshoppers and termite D. Birds and mammals FIRE MAKING Fire - is very important to our daily needs. It is used for cooking, boiling water and heater. \ HOW TO PRODUCE FIRE 1. Eye glasses or glass * Don't panic in the 2. Flint or steel JUNGLE SURVIVAL IN THE JUNGLE NEEDS: 1. Discipline 2. Teamwork THINGS TO REMEMBER ( FOR JUNGLE SURVIVAL ) 1. Native - be friendly with the native 2. Jungle a. primary jungle b. secondary jungle c. cultivation jungle d. tropical rain jungle TRAVELING ON THE MOUNTAIN 1. Travel by day 2. When traveling by night pick the easiest way possible 3. Travel along with the animal tracks 4. Travel along with stream 5. Travel in steady phase 6. Use loose clothing

SURVIVAL IN SPECIAL A EVADER - a person that includes by dexterity or stratagem ESCAPEE - any person who is captured and freed himself RETURNEE - any person who captured and returned to his troops E & E NET - An escapee net

BODY - a person who pass through the net DEAD BODY - any person who pass through the net who is blind folded and know who is his contact RECOVERY POINT - a friendly point or area in which the net personnel contacted SAFE HOUSE - a safe area or building guard by security personnel; S - selected A - area F - for E - evasion FACTORS CONSIDERED IN ESCAPE/EVASION 1. Terrain Physical 2. Location of neutral territory 3. Counter measures of enemy

1. Preservation of man power 2. Safe guarding military information 3. Enhance moral of troops 4. Provides good source and latest information TYPE OF E&E 1. Uncontrolled escape 2. Controlled escape OBJECTIVE OF E&E 1. Train the officer and men the technique 2. Enhance the information regarding the subject 3. Familiarize everybody the technique 4. Familiarize each of leadership 5. Instead everyone CLASSIFICATION OF EVASION 1. Short range evasion 2. Long range evasion A SUCCESSFUL 1. Prepare 2. Survival 3. Observe the elementary movement, comouflage/concealment 4. Conserve food 5. Conserve so much strength 6. Rest/sleep as much as possible TECHNIQUE OF EVASION 1. Initial action 2. The time that remains in the initial condition 1. Travel - scouting/patrolling

As major rule - avoid the major trial/tracks and populated areas 2. Concealment camouflage 3. Day versus night travel 4. Maps 5. Progress and many stop point 6. Shelters 7. Speed and distance is primarily needed OBSTACLES 1. Natural obstacles - river, streams and mountain 2. Human obstacle - guard and patrol 3. Artificial obstacle - contaminated area, unexplained dead animals 4. Boarder crossings 5. Front-line crossing 6. Distance and friendly force CONDUCTS OF ESCAPE AND EVASION LINES 1. Advantage of early escape attempt 2. Opportunity of early escape 3. Air stink train.

PREPARATORY MARKSMANSHIP A. DEFINITION MARKSMANSHIP Is a skillful art of shooting and hitting a target at a given or known distance. B. ELEMENTS OF MARKSMANSHIP 1. Aiming 2. Position 3. Trigger squeeze

4. Sustained fire 5. Sight setting

C. STEPS IN PREPARATORY MARKSMANSHIP 1. Sighting and Aiming exercise 2. Position exercise 3. Trigger squeeze exercise 4. Sustained fire exercise 5. Effect of wind, sight changes, use of score card 6. Examination before range fire D. SIGHTING AND AIMING EXERCISE 1. CORRECT SIGHT ALIGNMENT When the front and rear sight are both into correct adjustment with the eye, the sights are said to be in alignment. 2. SIGHT PICTURE Is the pattern seen by the riflemen when he aims his rifle. This includes the front sight and rear sight and if the bulls eye of some other object if aimed at it includes the object. 3. TO GET THE CORRECT PICTURE OF THE SIGHT ALONE: A. Look through the rear sight. B. Move your rifle until an imaginary horizontal line passing through the center of the rear sight passes through the center of front sight. 4. COMPLETE SIGHT PICTURE A. Is made by adding the bulls eye. B. The bulls eye should be centered over the front sight and should appear to barely touching it. 5. SIGHTING AND AIMING CONSIST OF THREE EXERCISES A. Practical exercises on correct sight alignment and sight picture with the use of the sighting and aiming bar. B. Making correct sight alignment and correct picture using the rifle sights. C. Testing your sight picture by having three sight picture marked at distance of 50 ft. These three markings will form a shot group ( Triangulations ) E. KINDS OF SLING ADJUSTMENT A. Loop sling ( web for Prone, Sitting, Squatting and Kneeling position ) B. Hasty sling ( web for Standing position ) F. POSITION EXERCISE ( FIRING POSITION ) 1. Prone position 4. Kneeling position 2. Sitting position 5. Standing position 3. Squatting position G. TRIGGER SQUEEZE It is defined as the independent action of the forefinger straight to the rear, with uniform increasing pressure has been taken up so that the riflemen does not know the instant falling of the hammer.

H. IMPORTANT THINGS TO REMEMBER : A. Squeeze the trigger in such a way as to fire the rifle without affecting the aim. B. Hold the aim and align accurately as possible on the target and maintain a steady increasing pressure upon the trigger, until the hot is fired. Slight movement of the sight will spoil a good shot. C. Sequence in trigger squeeze. B Breath Hold Breath R Relax Release a little air and hold it A Aim Complete sight alignment S Slack Take slack with heavy initial pressure S Squeeze Apply correct squeeze to the remaining resistance I. ZEROING THE RIFLE A. Each rifle has certain characteristics and you must be familiar with them. Correcting the characteristics by adjusting the rear sight is called ZEROING THE RIFLE. B. Initial setting of the rear sight. 1. ELEVATION 12 clicks up from the bottom 2. DEFLECTION zero or at the center of the index line J. ORGANIZATION OF FIRING LINE ( PURPOSE ) 1. To ensure safe and orderly conduct of firing 2. To facilitate supervision A. Line of Scores B. Telephone Operators C. Ready Line D. Line of Rifle Racks and Cleaning Racks 5 yards at the rear of the ready line E. Line of Ammunition Table F. Individuals who are to fire

REAR SIGHT REAR SIGHT

COVER

FRONT SIGHT FRONT SIGHT

Correct Sight Alignment

Correct Sight Picture

THE U.S. RIFLE CAL. .30M1 (GARAND) INTRODUCTION: The CAL. .30M1 is basically an infantry weapon. Its capabilities and limitations are guiding factors on how this weapon will eventually help an individual. Every soldier should have a basic knowledge of the organizational and maintenance of this rifle because in the event of war all regular and reserve forces will need this weapon very badly to achieve victory. Therefore, it is our prime duty as citizen of the Phil. to learn how to repair and maintain this weapon for the future use and thus be of service to our country. This weapon was invented by JOHN GARAND. THREE MAIN GROUPS OF CAL. .30M1 1. Trigger Housing Group 2. Stock Group 3. Barrel and Receiver Group CHARACTERISTICS S Semi-Automatic C Clip Fed A Air Cooled G Gas Operated S Shoulder Weapon OTHER DATA Diameter of Bore - .30 Overall Length w/o Bayonet 43.6 Weight Without Bayonet 9.5 lbs. Maximum Range 3,500 yrds Weight with Bayonet 10.5 lbs. Effective Range 500 yrds Weight with Bayonet and sling 11 lbs. Chamber Pressure 50,000 lbs/sq in Length of Barrel 24 Muzzle Velocity 2,600 2,800 ft/se Sustained Rate of Fire 16 rnds/min. Clip capacity 8 rounds Maximum Rate of Fire 16 rnds 32 rnds/ min Trigger Pull 4.5 Minimum Approximation 6.5 Maximum SEQUENCE OF DISASSEMBLY 1. Trigger Housing Group 2. Stock Group 3. Barrel and Receiver Group A. Follower Rod B. Operating Rod Spring C. Bullet Guide D. Operating Rod Catch Assembly

E. Follower Arm Pin F. Operating Rod Handle G. Bolt

OPERATION The clip holding 8 rounds is inserted with the gun locked. To load, pull the operating handle up to the point where it catches and breach open. Press the clip on the receiver until it engages, the bolt will move forward automatically. To unload, pull back and hold the operating handle and press the clip catch. M16 RIFLE ( 5.56 mm ARMALITE) CHARACTERISTICS: A.SHOULDER WEAPON It is an individual weapon fired from the shoulder. B. GAS OPERATED The rifle goes through the entire sequence of firing by the action of the expanding gas on its machine C.MAGAZINE FED The ammunition is fed into the rifle through either a short magazine ( 20 rounds) or a long magazine ( 30 rounds )

D. BOTH AUTOMATIC AND SEMI-AUTOMATIC MODE The weapon by changing the setting of the selector lever can be made to fire either automatic or semi-automatic. E. OTHER CHARACTERISTICS The rifle is equipped with a flash suppressor mounted on the muzzle. The barrel is surrounded by a heat resistant material made of fiberglass which is shaped into a handguard. A rubber pad is mounted on the butt of the stock to help absorb the recoil of the rifle when firing. The weapon has a forward assist assembly which is located on the rear of the upper rear receiver. Pressure on the assembly will assist the action spring in driving the bolt fully home should it fail to do so. 2. FUNCTIONING: A. FEEDING This action occurs when a round of ammunition is placed in the receiver ready for chambering. This is accomplished by the pressure of the magazine spring when you pull the charging handle to the rear. B. CHAMBERING In this action the first or new round is securely placed inside the chamber. This action takes place almost simultaneously with feeding. C. LOCKING In this action, the bolt rotates in a counterclockwise position. Locking is complete when the slugs on the bolt and barrel extension are aligned. This is necessary to prevent the loss of gas pressure until after the projectile has left the muzzle. D. FIRING In this action the explosive composition of the primer after it has been struck by the firing pin, ignites and explodes the propellant powder inside the cartridge shell. The explosion forces the bullet out of the barrel. E. UNLOCKING After the firing, the bolt as it move to the rear rotates clockwise until the locking slugs of the bolt are no longer aligned with the slugs in the barrel extension. F. EXTRACTING In this action, the bolt carrier continues to move rearward and withdraws the extended cartridge shell from the chamber by the extraction claw. G. EJECTING Here the ejector is compressed into the face of the bolt. As the bolt carrier clears the ejector port, the empty cartridge is thrown out by the ejector and spring. H. COCKING In this action, all the operating parts of the rifle are again position in readiness to fire another round. Here, the lower hook of the hammer is engaged by the disconnector and is caught by the nose of the trigger preventing the hammer from going forward. 3. GENERAL DATA: A. WEIGHTS B. LENGTHS Rifle without magazine and sling - 6.5 lbs. Rifle with m7 Bayonet 44.25 inches Magazine - .2 lbs. Rifle with Flash Suppressor 39 inches Full Magazine ( 20 rounds ) - .7lbs. Barrel with Flash Suppressor 21 inches Sling - .4 lbs. Barrel w/o Flash Suppressor 20 inches C. MUZZEL VELOCITY 3,250 ft. per sec. D. CYCLIC RATE OF FIRE 700 800 rnd/min E. MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE RATES OF FIRE F. RANGES Semi-automatic mode 45-65 rnd/min maximum 2,653 meters Automatic mode 150-200 rnd/min maximum effective 460 meters G. SUSTAINED RATE OF FIRE 12-15 rnds per min