OMD6068 Case Analysis--Call Drop ISSUE1.

Wireless Curriculum Development Section

Summary
Principle of call drop rate calculation The cause analysis of call drop Typical call drop cases

Principle of Call Drop Rate Calculation

key points:

Master

the calculation formula of TCH call drop rate and the calculation formula of SDCCH call drop rate and

statistic points.
Master

statistic points.

Overview

There are two types of call drops: TCH call drop and SDCCH call drop:

TCH call drop means TCH channel is released abnormally after it is occupied successfully.

SDCCH call drop means SDCCH channel is released abnormally after it is occupied successfully.

General Concepts of TCH call drop

Formula of TCH call drop rate

TCH call drop rate=Number of TCH call drops/Number of TCH occupied successfully 100%

General Concepts of TCH call drop Rate

Statistic point of TCH call drops

When BSC originates CLEAR_REQ message to MSC, the channel occupied is TCH.

General Concepts of TCH call drop Rate

Usually,The typical cause values for sending the Clear_Request message are:
Radio interface message failure O&M intervention Equipment failure Protocol error between BSS and MSC Preemption

General Concepts of TCH call drop Rate

Analysis of TCH call drop Rate Statistic Points

Statistic Point of TCH Occupied Successfully
(a)when CH_ACT_ACK message is received in the immediate assignment process. Since there is no available SDCCH channel, TCH channel is directly assigned.

(b) When CH_ACT_ACK message is received when the calling status is CS_WAIT_RR_EST(Waiting RR setup status), and the present channel is TCH.

(c) When Assignment complete message is sent in process of assignment.

Analysis of TCH call drop Rate Statistic Points

Statistic Point of TCH Occupied Successfully
d When the MSG_ABIS_HO_DETECT message is received during intercoming BSC handover, and the handover type is non-SDCCH handover;

e When the MSG_ABIS_HO_DETECT message is received during intraBSC handover, and the handover type is non-SDCCH handover;

f When the CLEAR-CMD message with the cause values of HO_SUCC or CALL_CTRL is received from the MSC during inter-BTSC handover , and the handover cause is directed retry;

Analysis of Call Flow Chart and TCH call drop Statistic Points (I)

Immediate assignment flow chart:

Analysis of Call Flow Chart and TCH call drop Statistic Points (II)

Analysis of Call Flow Chart and TCH call drop Statistic Points (III)

Assignment flow chart

MS BTS Ch_Act Ch_Act_Ack Ass_Cmd Ass_Cmp Ass_Cmd Est_Ind Ass_cmp Ass_Cmp BSC Ass_Req MSC

Analysis of Call Flow Chart and TCH call drop Statistic Points (IV)

Intra-BTSC handover flow

Analysis of Call Flow Chart and TCH call drop Statistic Points (V)

Inter-BTSC

handover flow

Analysis of Call Flow Chart and TCH call drop Statistic Points (VI)

Directional re-try flow

When the CLEAR-CMD message with the cause values of HO_SUCC or CALL_CTRL is received from the MSC during inter-BSC handover , and the handover cause is directed retry, one statistic point is counted and added to the times of TCH occupation success.

General Concepts of SDCCH call drop Rate

Formula of SDCCH call drop rate
SDCCH call drop rate=Number of SDCCH call drops/Total successful SDCCH seizures*100 SDCCH call drop include: Number of SDCCH lost connections (connect failure) Number of SDCCH lost connections (error indications) Number of unsuccessful SDCCH seizures due to terrestrial (ABIS)

Analysis of SDCCH call drop Rate Statistic Point (I)

Statistic point of SDCCH call drops

When the CLEAR_REQ and ERR_IND messages are originated to the MSC, the channel currently seized is the SDCCH.

Statistic point of successful SDCCH seizures

(1) CH_ACT_ACK is received in the immediate assignment process. The channel type is SDCCH (2) CH_ACT_ACK message is received in CS_WAIT_RR_EST status and the current channel is SDCCH (3) HO_DETECT is received when incoming SDCCH handover is performed. (4) HO_DETECT is received when intra-BTSC SDCCH handover is performed.

Analysis of SDCCH call drop Rate Statistic Point (II)

Analysis of SDCCH call drop Rate Statistic Point (III)

The following conditions can lead to SDCCH call drop:
When the HO_DETECT message is illegal during incoming SDCCH handover When the HO_CMP message is illegal during incoming SDCCH handover When HO_CMP message transfer fails during incoming SDCCH handover When TN_WAIT_HO_DETECT, and TN_WAIT_HO_CMP (SDCCH handover) are overtime When TN_WAIT_INTER_HO_CMP(SDCCH handover) is overtime When TN_T8 (Out-BTSC handover complete) is overtime When internal clearing is caused by other causes

Analysis of Cause of call drop

key points:
Master Master

to know the main causes of high call drop rate to know the troubleshooting approach of high call drop

rate

Overview of Causes of call drop

According to the definition of call drop statistic point, call drop is usually caused by the following: Radio link fault. During the communication, messages can not be received correctly. T3103 counter gives no response after timeout Other system faults (for example, the matching between BSC timer and MSC timer. Timers that may cause call drops (BSC timer): T3109 T3103

T3103

Time counting from sending up HANDOVER CMD start to receive HANDOVER CMP end or overtime Time counting from sending up CHAN REL to receive REL IND end or overtime

T3109

Wireless Link Fault

Signaling flow chart of radio link fault:

Wireless Link Fault

Diagram

of radio link timeout

T3103 Counter Has No Response After Timeout

Handover

flow (T3103 time counting):

Analysis of Causes of Wireless Link Fault

Analyze the causes of the fault of radio links. The causes can be:

Interference Internal interference, external interference and the equipment interference Poor coverage blind area,isolated island, uplink/downlink imbalance parameter setting not proper radio link timeout counter, SACCH multiframe number, handover,power control etc. Equipment problem (Antenna---Feeder---CDU---TRX) Clock problem Transmission problem

Analysis of Causes of Wireless Link Fault--Interference

Interference
Co-channel interference Adjacent-channel interference Intermodulation interference and other external interferences

Analyze and Locate TCH call drop Problem (Interference)

Solution First check equipment problems. Make an actual drive test, check the interference area and distribution of signal quality. Find the interference frequency. Further search for the interference source with the spectrum analyzer. Activate hopping, DTX and power control functions to rapidly lower the internal cross-interference of the system

Analyze and Locate TCH call drop Problem (Interference)

Process of judgment 1. Analyze the occurring laws of interference band in the traffic measurement. 2. Observe the receiving level performance 3. Find the poor quality handover ratio 4. Observe receiving quality performance 5. Observe call drop performance 6. The handover fails, calling re-establishment also fail too many times.

Analysis of Causes of Wireless Link Fault--Coverage

Coverage: 1. Cross-cell coverage 2. Blind area coverage 3. Signal attenuation 4. Incomplete definition of adjacent cells 5. Imbalance of uplink/downlink

Analyze and Locate TCH call drop Problem (Coverage)

Process of judgment

Power control performance measurement Receiving level performance measurement Cell performance measurement/inter-cell handover performance measurement call drop performance measurement Adjacent cell performance measurement Measurement of undefined adjacent cell average level Power control performance measurement Out-cell handover performance measurement Uplink/downlink balance performance measurement

Analyze and Locate TCH call drop Problem (Coverage)

Solution

Adjust network parameter

Add BTS

Analysis of Causes of Wireless Link Fault---Parameter Setting

Main parameters that may affect the call drop rate: 1. Radio link timeout counter and number of SACCH multi-frames 2. RACH busy threshold and RACH minimum access level. 3. MS minimum receiving signal level 4. Call re-establishment permission. 5. Nation color code (NCC) permission 6. Frequency planning parameters 7. Handover related parameters. Refer to Case 6 8. Power control related parameters. Refer to Case 5 9. Version related parameters. Refer to Case 7

Analyze and Locate TCH call drop Problem (Radio Parameter Setting)

Locate and Clear Fault: System message data table Cell attribute table Radio link connection counter max. repeat times of Physical information call drop rate performance measurement Judge from the cause of call drop: error indication and connection failure.

Analyze and Locate TCH call drop Problem (Handover Parameter Setting)
Process of Judgment
Inter-cell handover performance measurement: it occurs frequently that the handover fails and the calling re-establishment also fails. Inter-cell handover performance measurement: handover occurs many times and re-establishment succeeds many times. Measurement of undefined adjacent cell performance: level of the undefined adjacent cells and number of reports. Out-cell handover performance measurement: the success ratio of outcell handover is low (for a specific cell). Find the adjacent cell where the handover success ratio is low and find the cause. In-cell handover success ratio is low. The handover verdict parameter setting of the opposite cell is not proper. TCH performance measurement: handover times are not in proportion to the success times of TCH call occupation.(handover/call>3)

Analyze and Locate TCH call drop Problem (Handover Parameter Setting)

Solution:
Add adjacent cells as necessary Adjust improper handover parameters

Value Parameter name PBGT watch time PBGT valid time

Hando PBGT HO threshold ver

before Value change 5 4 72 70 4 3 68 60

after

change

UL qual. threshold

Min. DL level candidate cell

Analyze and Locate TCH call drop Problem (Power Control Parameter Setting)

Parameter name
Power control

Value before change 50 8

Value after change 80 5

UL Qual. Or RX_LEV compensation PC interval

filter length for stable

10

Analysis of Causes of Wireless Link Fault--Equipment Problem

call drop arising from equipment problem Hardware problem Transmission problem Antenna & feeder fault Other causes

Analyze and Locate TCH call drop Problem by Traffic Measurement (Equipment Fault)

Process of judgment

TCH performance measurement

Excessive failure times of A interface when TCH is occupied TCH availability abnormal. Excessive call drop and disconnection times of terrestrial links.

If a cell always suffers from high call drop rate and congestion rate, some equipment in this cell may be faulty.

Typical call drop Cases

Case 1 l Fault Description
The BTS distribution of an area is as illustrated in the diagram (red numbers stand for BCCH frequency. No hopping, DTX). Some users complained that call drop in cell 2 of base station C is serious. (hardware fault is ruled out). Step 1: please confirm whether the frequency distribution in the BTS cells are correct?

Case Analysis
Here is the conclusion from the analysis of BTS topology: the frequency are well planned. Next step: View the interference band of traffic measurement: 09:00~10:00 IB1 IB2 IB3 IB4 IB5

cell 1: cell 2: cell 3:

2.85 4.09 0

14.25 12.57 2.92

1.14 3.14 13.27

0.27 0.03 0.25

0.54 0.01 0.37

03:00~04:00 IB 1

IB2

IB3

IB4

IB5

cell 1: cell 2: cell 3:

2.85 4.09 0

4.28 2.89

0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00 0.00

2.12 0.00

Is there anything abnormal indicated by the interference? What does it imply?

Case Analysis
Actual drive tests: It is found that the quality is lower when the receiving level is high. Observe traffic measurement: It is found that when the call drop rate is high, the handover is mostly caused by quality problems and channel allocation failure ratio is also high. Here is the conclusion from the analysis of comprehensive traffic measurement and route test result: there is interference.

What index can support this conclusion from the traffic measurement?

Case Analysis

A site investigation shows that the operator has a repeater . It is a broadband repeater . It transmits the signals from a remote TACS site through optical fiber to the local end for amplification and sends it. In this way, digital signals are amplified and then interference occurs, interfering cell 2 of base station C.

Fault has been located: Interference causes the call drop. Please take proper measures.

Troubleshooting Procedure

Finally, lower the power of the repeater and it works. The interference band is lowered immediately from IB2, IB3 to IB1. Now the high call drop rate problem at site C is solved.

Summary

Discussion

Common methods and procedures of Checking and clearing call drop due to interference.

Typical call drop Cases

Case 2
Fault Description 13 RF hopping is used in a specific site. After expansion, TCH channel allocation failure rate is continuously high (due to radio link fault), accompanied by high TCH call drop rate and incoming handover failure rate. SDCCH call drop rate is normal.

Since the channel allocation failure rate and Incoming handover failure rate are high, what are the causes?

Case Analysis

Since assignment failure is accompanied with high call drop rate and incoming handover failure rate, basically the causes may be as follows: A problem occurs when TCH channel is assigned The band or timeslot occupied by this communication is not stable or affected by interference Since SDCCH call drop rate is normal, it is unlikely that the interference comes from the carrier of BCCH band and the BCCH band. Accordingly, the carrier of non-BCCH band and hopping band may attribute to the interference.

Case Analysis
Find the problem:
1. Check the equipment hardware, antenna & feeder and the transmission stability. No problem is found. 2. In the drive test, it is found that high level and low quality problem is very serious. 3. Make a site calling test to find that the communication quality is poor. 4. In checking the parameter, it is found that the MAIO of the new carrier is the same as that of another carrier.

The fault: There exists conflict of hopping bands.

Case Analysis

Troubleshooting:

Set a new value for the MAIO of the new carrier. The related indexes such as call drop rate are normal.

What other hopping parameters may cause the co-channel or adjacent-channel conflict?

Typical call drop Cases

Case

III

Fault description In a drive test, it is found that an MS occupies a cell but can not call out. Communication is unidirectional. call drop occurs frequently at a specific distance from the cell frequently handover. and after

Analysis It may be caused by ?

Case Analysis
The drive test phenomena as mentioned above is usually caused by: Uplink/downlink imbalance It is possible that the power is unbalanced because uplink signal is much lower than the downlink signal. Make a driving test During the test, move the MS to the cell boundary. At the same time, trace and capture data at the BTS side with an MA10 signaling analyzer. (see the figure below).

Case Analysis
Capture data with MA10:

Case Analysis

Judge, check and clear the problem of unlink/downlink imbalance

1. Check whether the service area of the cell is too large. 2. When the unlink power control is enabled, improper setting Of power control parameters will also cause obvious unbalanced Power.

Summary

call drop due to unbalanced uplink/downlink 1. If the cell coverage is too Large, reduce the BTS transmit power or increase MS access threshold And handover threshold of the cell. 2. Adjust Higher the uplink compensation factor and shorten the stable signal Filter.

Typical call drop Cases

Case 4 call drop due to interference at the repeater Fault description

The call drop rate in CELL3 of a BTS is 10%, while the call drop rate and congestion ratio in CELL1 and CELL2 are normal.

Case Analysis
Fault analysis and clearing 1. The congestion rate remains high even if the RC channel of the cell is blocked in rotation. 2. Check and analyze the traffic measurement task data, interference band and traffic and call drop rate. They are all regular. 3. Change band. Change the band of CELL3 to 1M away from the previous band. But the problem persists. 4. Judge whether The equipment itself is faulty. 5. Locate external interference.

Case Analysis

5. Make a scanning test with a spectrum analyzer. A suspect signal with 904.14 center frequency, 300K spectrum bandwidth is found. It is similar to an analog spectrum and it exists continuously. At the distributor output port of CELL3, the signal intensity is 27dBm. CELL2 is 40dBm, CELL3 is 60dBm. It accord with the degree of interference. Traffic is higher in the day time than that at night. Now the problem is found: 904M external interference source.

Case Analysis

Perform a drive test with a spectrum analyzer to locate the problem. Perform all tests on top of buildings. Acknowledge interference signal by interrupting test.

Typical call drop Cases

Case 5 call drop due to island effect Fault description Users complained that telephone calls often drop out from the 5th floor and above in a building.

User complaint is also an important source of information about the network quality.

Case Analysis

Step 1: Perform site test There is call drop and noise on the site The test mobile phone shows that before the call drop the phone is always in a service zone of a remote BTS-A. Step 2: Check traffic measurement Make sure the cell in the BTS-B is 3-4 kilometers from this building. It is determined that the BTS cell signal received in this area is the reflection of a obstacle . Thus an isolated island coverage is formed in this area.

Case Analysis
Step

3: Check data configuration

In BSC data configuration, only cell 2 but not cell 3 of BTS-A is configured as the adjacency of BTS-B

Analyze

the call drop

When the MS uses the signal of cell 2 of BTS-B in this area, the signal of cell 3 of BTS-A is strong. But cell2 of BTS-B and cell3 of BTS-A are not adjacent, therefore, handover fails. The signal in cell 2 of BTS-B is the result of multiple reflections. When the signal of BTS-B received by the mobile phone is weakened suddenly, an emergency handover is needed. However, cell2, cell3 of BTS-A are not best candidate cells for cells of BTS-B, so the signal may be handed over other BTS-C. But the mobile phone can not receive signals from BTS-C, hence the call drop occur.

Case Analysis
Solution
Modify the data in BA1 (BCCH) table, BA2 (SCCH) table and cell adjacency relation table in BSC data configuration. Set cell 3 of BTS-A as an adjacent cell of cell 2 of BTS-B. Optimize the network parameter to eliminate the island effect.

The test results show that the call drop problem is solved.

Summary

Commentary
Two methods to solve island problem:
Adjust the antenna of the isolated cell, to eliminate the island problem. Define new adjacent cells for the isolated cell.

Typical call drop Cases

Case 6 Optimize handover parameter to reduce call drop

In a drive test from A to B, it is found that the call drop occurs many times at the tunnel near the BTS due to the failure of handover immediately.

Case Analysis

The tunnel is near the BTS. When the MS enters the tunnel, the power of the destination cell is satisfactory, 80dbm. But the signal of source cell goes down quickly to less than 100dbm. Before the MS enters the tunnel, the downlink power of the two cells is good and no handover is triggered. When the MS enters the tunnel, the level of the source cell goes down rapidly. The call drop occurs before the time statistics are received.

Think it over: How to solve problems of this type?

Case Analysis

Modify related parameter table as follows:

Parameter name

Value change

before Value change 3 2 68

after

hand

PBGT watch time

5 4 72

over PBGT valid time PBGT threshold

Case Analysis
Modify related parameter table as follows:

Parameter name Hand over UL qual. threshold

Value change of 70

before Value change 60

after

emergency handover Min. DL level on candidate cell 10 15

Summary

Optimize and adjust handover parameter to reduce call drop

On condition that there is no ping-pong handover and excessive voice interruption, PBGT handover take places easily, so as to resist interference and lower call drop rate. Set emergency handover trigger threshold properly, make sure the emergency handover is triggered correctly before the call drop so as to reduce call drops.

Typical call drop Cases

Case 7 call drop due to faulty TRX board

Fault description In the calling test, it is found that call drop occurs frequently in cell 2. Fault analysis Check the traffic measurement to find that TCH congestion ratio of this cell is over 10% and inward handover failure rate is high. Check the remote maintenance console to find that one TRX board of this cell is abnormal. A preliminary conclusion is that board problem causes the call drop.

Typical call drop Cases

Fault clearing Lock the band with a test mobile phone and perform dial test for many times. It is found that call drop only occurs in timeslots 1, 3, 5,7 while communication is timeslots 2, 4, 6, 8 are normal. Move this board to another slot, and the problem exists. Move other good boards to this slot, and the communication is normal.Move this defective board to other cabinet, the problem arises. This TRX proves defective. When it is replaced with a standby board, the communication is recovered.

Typical call drop Cases

Comments:
The BTS side test should guarantee that communication should be successful not only in each RC but also in each timeslot of each RC. It must ensured that each TCH channel provides bidirectional communication and the communication is of high quality.

Typical call drop Cases

Case 8 call drop due to clock problem Fault description

A cell 1800A in an area is connected to the network. When site address. After 2~5 communication is set up in a cell of Site B, the call is handed over to the 900M cell located the same seconds, call drop is found in 900M, and at a high call drop rate.

Typical call drop Cases

Fault analysis In the test it is found that the clock synchronization between 900 and 1800 is slow. When a call created on 1800 is handed over to 900, the drive tester shows that FER soars to the maximum suddenly and then it goes down gradually to zero. And it is the same case with the handover from 900 to 1800. Monitor the signaling to find that the conversation before the call drop for several seconds is actually call re-establish, but the test mobile phone indicates the call is already handed over to cell 900. The clock synchronization problem is serious. Then the manufacturer of 900M adjust the clock, The abnormal call drop problem is cleared.

Typical call drop Cases

Comments Dual frequency requires that the clocks of 900 and 1800 should be exactly synchronous.